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Alcohol consumption, associated with various cancers, mental disorders, and aggressive behavior, leads to three million deaths globally each year. In Brazil, the alcohol per capita consumption among drinkers aged 15 and over is 41.7 g of pure alcohol/day (~1 L beer/day), which falls into the risky consumption category and exceeds the global average by almost 30%. An effective way to mitigate alcohol-related harm is to increase its retail price. This study assesses the costs of consuming leading brands of beer and sugarcane spirit cachaça (Brazil's most popular alcoholic beverages) against the expenditure on staple foods. Data on food and alcoholic beverage prices were collected in João Pessoa, Brazil, for 2020 and 2021. The cost per gram of pure alcohol and food were considered to establish consumption patterns of 16.8 g/day (moderate), 41.7 g/day, and 83.4 g/day (heavy), distributed in three scenarios involving the beverages alone or combined (64% beer and 36% cachaça), and a balanced 2000 kcal/day staple diet. The study finds that all heavy consumption scenarios cost less or significantly less (cachaça alone) than a 2000 kcal/day staple diet, highlighting an urgent need for fiscal policies, such as a minimum unit pricing for alcohol, to address public health concerns.

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Agriculture worldwide faces the need to reduce chemical pesticides and produce healthier food. In Latin America, research on the organic food sector primarily focuses on supply. Consumption analysis is crucial for providing information about customers' needs. This paper aims to analyze the Ecuadorian organic food sector, which is an interesting case for investigating the relationship between willingness to consume organic food and socioeconomic factors. To this end, 382 consumers were surveyed. The study applied a logit regression analysis to assess the role of socioeconomic factors in the willingness to consume organic food. Radar diagrams depict the percentage of respondents who checked a particular reason for choosing or refusing organic food. A cross-location comparison analysis was applied to identify differences between locations within the Central Ecuador region. Results reveal that Ecuadorian consumers' awareness rate of organic food is only 53.5%. Regarding organic food's price, 24% of consumers perceive it to be overly expensive. Based on strengthening the supervision of organic food production, various channels should be used to promote organic food consumption and facilitate the recognition of available organic food.

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In this study, we explore how to use household expenditures and income surveys (HEIS) to provide replicable and comparable measures of nutrients availability at the population level. Our method formalizes the common practice in the literature and consists of three steps: identification of relevant food categories, pairing of food contents food groups in HEIS data, and calculation of the typical amount of nutrients by food group. We illustrate the usage of the method with Mexican data and provide a publicly available data set to readily convert food purchases into six nutrients: calories, proteins, vitamins A and C, iron, and zinc. We perform a descriptive analysis of the evolution of nutrients intake among Mexican households between 2008 and 2020, considering differences by income level. Our results reflect the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on nutrient availability in Mexican households, mainly driven by a substantial reduction in the expenditure in food consumed away from home, although for most nutrients the trend was stable over most of the period.

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There is an inverse association between bioactive compounds intake and disease risk. The knowledge of its consumption according to socio-economic strata is important, which allows identification of potential intervention targets. Thus, we aimed to investigate bioactive compounds intake according to income level in Brazilian population. Data were obtained from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey, a cross-sectional survey which included data on individual food intake of 34,003 subjects aged 10 years and over collected using two 24-h dietary records. Polyphenol and carotenoid content of foods was identified using published databases. Total polyphenol and carotenoid intake were determined according to per capita income, as well as main food sources. Total polyphenols and flavonoids intake increased with income level, and subjects with lower income showed higher phenolic acids intake than individuals in highest income (p = 0.0001). Total carotenoids and classes intake (with exception to ß-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin) were higher among subjects in highest income quartile, compared to the lowest quartile (p = 0.0001). Coffee was major source to total polyphenols and phenolic acids intake, and orange juice was main flavonoid provider in individuals from all income levels. In the upper income quartile, total carotenoid was supplied mainly by tomato and kale, and fruits had important contribution to carotenoid intake in the lowest income quartile. There is important influence of income level on diet quality regarding intake of foods with bioactive compounds, and individuals with lower income may experience lower quality diets due to less availability of foods with bioactive compounds.

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BACKGROUND: Having high-quality data available by 2020, disaggregated by income, is one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SGD). We explored how well coverage with skilled birth attendance (SBA) is predicted by asset-based wealth quintiles and by absolute income. METHODS: We used data from 293 national surveys conducted in 100 low and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 1991 to 2014. Data on household income were computed using national income levels and income inequality data available from the World Bank and the Standardized World Income Inequality Database. Multivariate regression was used to explore the predictive capacity of absolute income compared to the traditional measure of quintiles of wealth index. RESULTS: The mean SBA coverage was 68.9% (SD: 24.2), compared to 64.7% (SD: 26.6) for institutional delivery coverage. Median daily family income in the same period was US$ 6.4 (IQR: 3.5-14.0). In cross-country analyses, log absolute income predicts 51.5% of the variability in SBA coverage compared to 22.0% predicted by the wealth index. For within-country analysis, use of absolute income improved the understanding of the gap in SBA coverage among the richest and poorest families. Information on income allowed identification of countries - such as Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Egypt, Nepal and Rwanda - which were well above what would be expected solely from changes in income. CONCLUSION: Absolute income is a better predictor of SBA and institutional delivery coverage than the relative measure of quintiles of wealth index and may help identify countries where increased coverage is likely due to interventions other than increased income.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of food choices according to adolescent individual earnings in Brazil. DESIGN: Adolescents were classified according to their individual earnings as having or not having spending power for their own expenses. Food records from two non-consecutive days of the Brazilian National Dietary Survey (NDS 2008-2009) were used to estimate food intake. Quality of food choices was based on two approaches: (i) the NOVA classification, which classifies processed and ultra-processed foods and drinks as unhealthy food groups; and (ii) traditional classification, with beans, milk, fruits and vegetables as healthy food groups, and soft drinks, sweets, snacks and crackers classified as unhealthy. We compared mean food intake (g/kJ or ml/kJ) according to per capita household income (tertiles) and adolescent individual earnings, with adolescent earnings adjusted for household income, using multiple linear regression. SETTING: Brazilian households (n 13 569). SUBJECTS: Adolescents aged 14-18 years (n 3673). RESULTS: Males without individual earnings had higher per capita household income than those with individual earnings. Household income was associated with all three food groups of the NOVA classification and seven of the eight groups of the traditional classification. However, only beans and snacks were consumed in significantly greater quantities by adolescents with individual earnings compared with those without earnings. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent individual earnings were not the main driver of food choices; however, per capita household income was associated with food choices. The consumption of both healthy and unhealthy items increased with increasing household income.

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Wool production oriented sheep keeping is the most important rural activity in Patagonia, Argentina, followed by goat and at a lower extent cattle production. The existing perception on the smallholder production systems from most decision makers (e.g., policy) is that they are marginal, with low productivity and have negative returns. Since the Argentinean economic scenario has changed drastically in the last decade, the aim of this study was to analyze the economic and productive contribution of different livestock species in smallholdings. The results showed that the post-1990's economic scenario turned most smallholder livestock systems to have positive economic performance, but there were still productive restrictions that limited to fully benefit from these favorable circumstances. Goats were the most profitable livestock due to their higher productive performance, followed by sheep and cattle, with poorer performances. A strong cooperation between the intervention programs and research institutions is recommended to overcome the current production bottlenecks, by focusing on cattle and sheep production systems.

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Os programas de transferência condicionada de renda têm crescentemente desempenhado um papel importante no combate à pobreza em vários países da América Latina, principalmente no Brasil. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a contribuição do programa Bolsa Família na diminuição da desigualdade da renda domiciliar per capita no Brasil, entre 2006 e 2011. Para isso, analisa-se a participação relativa de oito fontes de renda ­ trabalho, aposentadorias, programa Bolsa Família (variável proxy), pensões, abonos, doações, aluguéis e juros ­ no Brasil e nas suas cinco macrorregiões. Assim, além do artigo detalhar a técnica matemática utilizada para decompor o Índice de Gini, apresenta e discute os resultados empíricos encontrados para o Brasil e suas macrorregiões. Dentre os resultados, destaca-se a capacidade do programa Bolsa Família em contribuir para a queda da desigualdade da renda domiciliar nacional, o que se explica por sua acentuada focalização.

The programs of conditional cash transfer has played an increasingly important role in combating poverty in several countries in Latin America, mainly Brazil. The objective of this paper is to analyze the contribution of the Bolsa Família program in reducing inequality in per capita household income in Brazil between 2006 and 2011 For this, we analyze the relative participation of eight sources of income ­ working, retirements, Scholarship Program family ( proxy variable), pensions, allowances, grants, rents and interest ­ in the five macro-regions of Brazil. Thus, besides the article detailing the mathematical technique used to decompose the Gini Index, presents and discusses the empirical results found for Brazil and its geographical regions. Among the results highlighted the ability of the Bolsa Família program in contributing to the downfall of the national household income inequality, which is explained by its sharp focus.

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A transição para a vida adulta é um momento-chave do curso de vida dos sujeitos. É uma fase marcada por importantes mudanças de status, como a passagem de estudante para trabalhador, de membro dependente de um domicílio para chefe de domicílio, de solteiro para pessoa em união, de filho(a) para pai ou mãe. A partir da aplicação de uma metodologia nova, que mede mudanças na estrutura do curso de vida, desenvolvida por pesquisadores associados à IUSSP, comparou-se a transição para a vida adulta no Brasil em dois momentos, 1970 e 2000, segundo a renda domiciliar per capita, a situação de domicílio e o sexo dos indivíduos. Em síntese, a técnica - conhecida como análise de entropia de combinações de status de coortes sintéticas - consiste em construir índices que combinam a proporção de pessoas em determinada idade que freqüentam escola, trabalham e formaram família, ou não. A partir dos resultados é possível identificar quando a transição para a vida adulta começa e termina, bem como quando atinge um pico. O recurso gráfico permite visualizar que, partindo de idades mais próximas à infância (quando a maioria das pessoas encontra-se em uma combinação de status bem característica: estudante, não trabalha, é membro dependente no domicílio, sem experiência conjugal e sem filhos), em direção à adolescência/juventude, em algum ponto o índice de entropia aumenta significativamente, o que evidencia mudança de status, sinalizando o início da passagem para a vida adulta. O que se explora nesse texto são as desigualdades nos marcos temporais e na extensão da transição para a vida adulta de jovens de diferentes estratos de renda, segundo o sexo.

The transition to adult life is a key phase in young person's life. It is a phase marked by important changes in status, such as the passage from student to worker, from dependent member of a household to the head of a family, from single to married person and from child to parent. By applying a new methodology which measures changes in the structure of a person's life course, developed by researchers associated with IUSSP, the transition to adult life in Brazil in two different periods, 1970 and 2000, was compared. The subjects were classified according to per capita household income, household situation and gender. In synthesis, the technique - known as analysis of entropy of status combinations of synthetic cohorts - consists of constructing indexes that combine the proportion of persons of a given age who attend school, have a job, and have or have not set up a family. Based on the findings, it is possible to identify when the transition to adult life begins and ends, and when it reaches a peak. The graphic resource makes it possible to visualize that, starting from the ages closest to childhood (when most people are located in a very characteristic status combination: student, does not work, is dependent on the household, without conjugal experience and without children), toward adolescence/youth, at some point the entropy index increases significantly. This represents a change in status and is an indication of the beginning of the passage to adult life. This article explores the inequalities in temporal milestones and in the length of the transition to adult life of young people of different income levels, according to gender.

La transición a la vida adulta es un momento clave del curso de vida de los sujetos. Es una fase marcada por importantes cambios de status, como el pasaje de estudiante a trabajador, de miembro dependiente de una familia a jefe de familia, de soltero a persona en unión, de hijo(a) a padre o madre. A partir de la aplicación de una metodología nueva, que mide cambios en la estructura del curso de vida, desarrollada por investigadores asociados a IUSSP, se comparó la transición a la vida adulta en Brasil en dos momentos, 1970 y 2000, según los ingresos domiciliarios per cápita, la situación de familia y el sexo de los individuos. En síntesis, la técnica - conocida como análisis de entropía de combinaciones de status de cohortes sintéticas - consiste en construir índices que combinan la proporción de personas de determinada edad que frecuentan la escuela, trabajan y formaron familia, o no. A partir de los resultados es posible identificar cuando la transición a la vida adulta comienza y termina, así como cuando alcanza un pico. El recurso gráfico permite visualizar que, partiendo de edades más próximas a la infancia (cuando la mayoría de las personas se encuentran en una combinación de status muy característica: estudiante, no trabaja, es miembro dependiente de la familia, sin experiencia conyugal y sin hijos), en dirección a la adolescencia/juventud, en algún punto el índice de entropía aumenta significativamente, lo que evidencia cambio de status, señalizando el inicio del pasaje a la vida adulta. Lo que se explora en este texto son las desigualdades en los marcos temporales y en la extensión de la transición a la vida adulta de jóvenes de diferentes estratos de ingresos, según el sexo.

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