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O artigo é uma revisão sobre os aspectos relacionados ao envelhecimento masculino e necessidades de tratamentos, com ênfase no hipogonadismo tardio, baixa produção de testosterona e possível desenvolvimento do Distúrbio Androgênico do Envelhecimento Masculino (DAEM). O objetivo foi apresentar o DAEM e suas implicações sobre a qualidade de vida do paciente para promover e validar o tratamento, quando realmente for apropriado, para esse quadro clínico. Utilizou-se como a fonte de pesquisa Google Acadêmico, banco de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e do PubMed foram obtidos artigos com as aplicações dos seguintes filtros: 2010-2023 e descritores em saúde (andropausa, reposição hormonal, testosterona, DAEM, hipogonadismo e síndromes metabólicas). Os critérios de inclusão utilizados foram a disponibilidade integral dos artigos, ter os idiomas inglês e português, e abordar o tema da Doença Androgênica do Envelhecimento, todas as suas repercussões sobre a qualidade de vida do homem e, sobretudo, o seu tratamento. Para excluir artigos encontrados na busca, foram observadas obras que apenas tangenciam o tema e tinham enfoque em outros aspectos, como: estética e esporte. Após a aplicação do método, 14 trabalhos foram selecionados por estabelecerem grande relação com o tema. Esse distúrbio acarreta para o indivíduo um conjunto de sinais e sintomas capazes de comprometer sua qualidade de vida: disfunção erétil, baixa libido, obesidade, redução de massa magra ou sarcopenia, osteoporose e distúrbios do humor. O diagnóstico é feito clinicamente e através de exames laboratoriais de dosagem sérica de testosterona. Perante a confirmação diagnóstica e sem patologizar processos fisiológicos do envelhecimento, o tratamento indicado é a reposição de testosterona que tende a normalizar o quadro do idoso por amenizar ou finalizar os sinais e sintomas desse paciente, proporcionando-o uma terceira idade com qualidade de vida. Vale destacar que as disposições de formulações de testosterona são inúmeras: orais, transdérmicas, intramusculares ou injetáveis. A via de administração depende da situação individual de cada paciente e cada tipo de medicamento tem seus benefícios se comparado aos outros, seja por comparação entre efeitos colaterais, estabilidade de níveis séricos hormonais, custo e acesso. O DAEM precisa ser identificado e diagnosticado naqueles pacientes que necessitam de um tratamento por apresentar sinais e sintomas prejudiciais ao bem-estar. Para isso, a indústria farmacêutica disponibiliza uma gama de formas de administração de testosterona. Entretanto, é preciso ter clareza sobre a real necessidade de medicar um paciente.

The article is a review of aspects related to male aging and treatment needs, with an emphasis on late-onset hypogonadism, low testosterone production and the possible development of Androgenic Male Aging Disorder (AMAD). The aim was to present the AMAD and its implications for the patient's quality of life in order to promote and validate treatment, where appropriate, for this clinical condition. The search source used was Google Scholar, the Virtual Health Library database and PubMed, where articles were obtained using the following filters: 2010-2023 and health descriptors (andropause, hormone replacement, testosterone, AMAD, hypogonadism and metabolic syndromes). The inclusion criteria used were that the articles were available in full, that they were in English and Portuguese, and that they dealt with the subject of Androgenic Ageing Disorder, all its repercussions on men's quality of life and, above all, its treatment. To exclude articles found in the search, we looked at works that only touched on the subject and focused on other aspects, such as aesthetics and sport. After applying the method, 14 articles were selected because they were closely related to the topic. This disorder leads to a set of signs and symptoms that can compromise the individual's quality of life: erectile dysfunction, low libido, obesity, reduced lean mass or sarcopenia, osteoporosis and mood disorders. The diagnosis is made clinically and through laboratory tests of serum testosterone levels. Once the diagnosis has been confirmed and without pathologizing the physiological processes of ageing, the treatment indicated is testosterone replacement, which tends to normalize the condition of the elderly by easing or ending the signs and symptoms of the patient, providing them with a quality old age. It's worth noting that there are many different formulations of testosterone: oral, transdermal, intramuscular or injectable. The route of administration depends on the individual situation of each patient and each type of medication has its benefits compared to the others, whether it's a comparison of side effects, stability of serum hormone levels, cost and accessibility. AMAD needs to be identified and diagnosed in those patients who need treatment because they have signs and symptoms that are detrimental to their well-being. To this end, the pharmaceutical industry offers a range of forms of testosterone administration. However, it is necessary to be clear about the real need to medicate a patient.

El artículo es una revisión de los aspectos relacionados con el envejecimiento masculino y las necesidades de tratamiento, con énfasis en el hipogonadismo de inicio tardío, la baja producción de testosterona y el posible desarrollo del Trastorno Androgénico del Envejecimiento Masculino (TAME). El objetivo fue presentar el TAME y sus implicaciones en la calidad de vida del paciente, con el fin de promover y validar el tratamiento de esta condición clínica, cuando sea apropiado. La fuente de búsqueda utilizada fue Google Scholar, la base de datos de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud y PubMed, donde se obtuvieron artículos utilizando los siguientes filtros: 2010-2023 y descriptores de salud (andropausia, reemplazo hormonal, testosterona, TAME, hipogonadismo y síndromes metabólicos). Los criterios de inclusión utilizados fueron que los artículos estuvieran disponibles en su totalidad, en inglés y portugués, y que abordaran el tema del Trastorno Androgénico del Envejecimiento, todas sus repercusiones en la calidad de vida de los hombres y, sobre todo, su tratamiento. Para excluir los artículos encontrados en la búsqueda, se consideraron los trabajos que sólo tocaban el tema y se centraban en otros aspectos, como la estética y el deporte. Tras aplicar el método, se seleccionaron 14 artículos por estar estrechamente relacionados con el tema. Este trastorno conlleva un conjunto de signos y síntomas que pueden comprometer la calidad de vida del individuo: disfunción eréctil, libido baja, obesidad, reducción de la masa magra o sarcopenia, osteoporosis y trastornos del estado de ánimo. El diagnóstico se realiza clínicamente y mediante pruebas de laboratorio de los niveles séricos de testosterona. Una vez confirmado el diagnóstico y sin patologizar los procesos fisiológicos del envejecimiento, el tratamiento indicado es el reemplazo de testosterona, que tiende a normalizar la condición del anciano, aliviando o terminando con sus signos y síntomas, proporcionándole una vejez con calidad de vida. Cabe destacar que existen diversas formulaciones de testosterona: oral, transdérmica, intramuscular o inyectable. La vía de administración depende de la situación individual de cada paciente y cada tipo de medicación tiene sus ventajas frente a las demás, ya sea en comparación con los efectos secundarios, la estabilidad de los niveles séricos de la hormona, el coste y la accesibilidad. Es necesario identificar y diagnosticar el TAME en aquellos pacientes que necesitan tratamiento porque presentan signos y síntomas perjudiciales para su bienestar. Para ello, la industria farmacéutica ofrece diversas formas de administración de testosterona. Sin embargo, es necesario tener clara la necesidad real de medicar a un paciente.

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The objective of study was to characterize HPV in vaginal samples from women being seen at the Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility at Weill Cornell Medicine before and following ovarian stimulation. A total of 29 women made samples available for analysis by viral metagenomics. Eighteen women were HPV-positive, six (33.3%) at their initial visit and 15 (83.3%) following hormone stimulation (p = 0.0059). Pairwise comparison of nucleotide sequences and phylogenetic analysis showed the classification sequences into two genera: Alphapapillomavirus and Gammapapillomavirus. Sequences were from 8 HPV types: HPV 51 (n = 2), HPV 68 (n = 1), HPV 83 (n = 9), HPV 84 (n = 2), HPV 121 (n = 6), HPV 175 (n = 1) and HPV 190 (n = 1). Additionally, C16b and C30 likely represent new types. In summary, multiple HPV types are present in the vagina of reproductive age women and are induced by hormone used to stimulate ovulation.

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The aim of this study was to investigate whether baseline values and acute and chronic changes in androgen receptors (AR) markers, including total AR, cytoplasmic (cAR), and nuclear (nAR) fractions, as well as DNA-binding activity (AR-DNA), are involved in muscle hypertrophy responsiveness by comparing young nonresponder and responder individuals. After 10 wk of resistance training (RT), participants were identified as nonresponders using two typical errors (TE) obtained through two muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) ultrasound measurements (2 × TE; 4.94%), and the highest responders within our sample were numerically matched. Muscle biopsies were performed at baseline, 24 h after the first RT session (acute responses), and 96 h after the last session (chronic responses). AR, cAR, and nAR were analyzed using Western blotting, and AR-DNA was analyzed using an ELISA-oligonucleotide assay. Twelve participants were identified as nonresponders (ΔmCSA: -1.32%) and 12 as responders (ΔmCSA: 21.35%). There were no baseline differences between groups in mCSA, AR, cAR, nAR, or AR-DNA (P > 0.05). For acute responses, there was a significant difference between nonresponders (+19.5%) and responders (-14.4%) in AR-DNA [effect size (ES) = -1.39; 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.53 to -0.16; P = 0.015]. There were no acute between-group differences in any other AR markers (P > 0.05). No significant differences between groups were observed in chronic responses across any AR markers (P > 0.05). Nonresponders and responders presented similar baseline, acute, and chronic results for the majority of the AR markers. Thus, our findings do not support the influence of AR markers on muscle hypertrophy responsiveness to RT in untrained individuals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We explored, for the first time, the influence of androgen receptor (AR) through the separation of cytoplasmic and nuclear cell fractions [i.e., cytoplasmic androgen receptor (cAR), nuclear androgen receptor (nAR), and androgen receptor DNA-binding activity (AR-DNA)] on muscle hypertrophy responsiveness to resistance training. The absence of muscle hypertrophy in naïve individuals does not seem to be explained by baseline values, and acute or chronic changes in AR markers.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) use on the incidence of acne in adolescents and young women. METHODS: A narrative review was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and SciELO assessing the incidence of acne in adolescents and young women using LNG-IUD (13.5, or 19.5 mg, or 52 mg). Cohort, cross-sectional studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses were included, without a date limit. Studies that didn't evaluate women in the age of interest were excluded. Only articles in English were selected. RESULTS: Nine articles were included in this narrative review. Only clinical trials, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies were evaluated. Two cross-sectional studies evaluated the incidence of acne in women using any contraceptive methods, with the incidence of acne being 36% in women aged 17 to 47 using LNG-IUD in one study. In another study, acne incidence ranged from 2 to 8% in women using any contraceptive methods, with higher rates in younger women and LNG-IUD users. The incidence of acne varies and participants between 16 to 35 years were more likely to report new acne or worsening of pre-existing acne. In a prospective cohort study of women between 16 and 24 years, acne was a common adverse effect, with 44% in the first year. CONCLUSION: The data indicate variability in the incidence of acne among LNG-IUD users, with a higher prevalence observed in younger women. Further research should focus on the effects of LNG-IUD on acne in young populations, with rigorous study designs and consideration of previous contraceptive use.

The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) is an important tool in the prevention of unplanned pregnancies in adolescents and young women. Acne is a possible adverse effect that could lead to discontinuation of the method.

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BACKGROUND: Hormonal contraceptive use has been related to adverse effects, including impacts on sexual function and sexual satisfaction, although the difference in the effects on sexual function with the use of hormonal vs nonhormonal contraceptive methods remains controversial. AIM: In this study we sought to compare the prevalence of dyspareunia, sexual function, sexual satisfaction, quality of life, anxiety, and depression between women using hormonal, nonhormonal, or no contraceptive methods and to compare these outcomes between the most frequently used contraceptive methods. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included sexually active women of reproductive age who were stratified into 3 groups: women using hormonal, nonhormonal, or no contraceptive methods. Based on the use of questionnaires administered to the study participants, we compared sexual function in the 3 groups and more specifically among users of oral contraceptives, copper and hormonal intrauterine devices, and barrier methods. OUTCOMES: Participants completed 4 questionnaires to assess sexual function (Female Sexual Function Index), sexual satisfaction (Sexual Quotient-Feminine Version), quality of life (12-item Medical Outcomes Short Form Health Survey), and anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). RESULTS: This study included 315 women classified into 3 groups on the basis of contraceptive use: 161 in the hormonal contraceptives group (median [interquartile range] age, 24 [23-28] years), 97 in the nonhormonal contraceptives group (age 26 [23-30] years), and 57 in the no contraceptive methods group (age 28 [24-35] years). Dyspareunia prevalence showed no difference between the groups. In the quality of life domain, compared with women in the nonhormonal contraceptive group, women in the hormonal contraceptive group were younger and had lower sexual function satisfaction, reduced arousal, and heightened pain (P < .05), as well as higher anxiety and depression levels (P = .03, for both), increased pain (P = .01), and poorer overall health (P = .01). No difference was found between these groups in other quality of life domains. Regarding contraceptive methods, women using copper intrauterine devices had better sexual function, including higher rates of arousal and lower anxiety, than women using oral contraceptives (P < .05). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results of this study highlight worse sexual function and sexual satisfaction and higher levels of anxiety and depression in women using hormonal contraceptive methods than in women using nonhormonal methods. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: The findings of this study strengthen the evidence of differences in sexual function between women using oral contraceptives and those using copper intrauterine devices. Sexual function was also compared among users of oral contraceptives, copper and hormonal intrauterine devices, and barrier methods. However, less frequently used contraceptive methods, such as hormonal injections and vaginal rings, could not be compared in this sample. CONCLUSION: Women using hormonal contraceptive methods were younger, had lower sexual function and satisfaction, and experienced higher anxiety and depression levels than women using nonhormonal contraceptive methods.

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Background: Breast cancer continues to be a significant global health issue, necessitating advancements in prevention and early detection strategies. This review aims to assess and synthesize research conducted from 2020 to the present, focusing on breast cancer risk factors, including genetic, lifestyle, and environmental aspects, as well as the innovative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in prediction and diagnostics. Methods: A comprehensive literature search, covering studies from 2020 to the present, was conducted to evaluate the diversity of breast cancer risk factors and the latest advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) in this field. The review prioritized high-quality peer-reviewed research articles and meta-analyses. Results: Our analysis reveals a complex interplay of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental risk factors for breast cancer, with significant variability across different populations. Furthermore, AI has emerged as a promising tool in enhancing the accuracy of breast cancer risk prediction and the personalization of prevention strategies. Conclusion: The review highlights the necessity for personalized breast cancer prevention and detection approaches that account for individual risk factor profiles. It underscores the potential of AI to revolutionize these strategies, offering clear recommendations for future research directions and clinical practice improvements.

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Previously considered a skin disease exclusively affecting adolescents, characterized by inflammatory and non-inflammatory skin lesions, acne vulgaris is now increasingly observed in adult life, including post-menopause. Today, adult female acne (AFA) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit, with polymorphic lesions presenting as open or closed comedones, papules, pustules, and even nodules or cysts, often with the presence of sequelae. AFA may persist from adolescence or manifest de novo in adulthood. Its etiology is multifactorial, involving genetic, hormonal, dietary, and environmental factors, yet still incompletely understood. Increased sebum production, keratinocyte hyper-proliferation, inflammation, and reduced diversity of Cutibacterium acnes strains are the underlying disease mechanisms. During menopausal transition, a relative increase in androgen levels occurs, just as estrogens begin to decline, which can manifest itself as acne. Whereas most AFA exhibit few acne lesions with normo-androgenic serum levels, baseline investigations including androgen testing panel enable associated comorbidities to be eliminated, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, or tumors. Another interesting feature is AFA's impact on quality of life, which is greater than in adolescents, being similar to other chronic diseases like asthma. The therapeutic approach to AFA depends on its severity and associated features. This review investigates the intricate facets of AFA, with a specific focus on incidence rates, treatment modalities, and the curious impact of menopause. Utilizing insights from contemporary literature and scientific discussions, this article seeks to advance our understanding of AFA, offering new perspectives to shape clinical practices and improve patient outcomes.

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Introducción: El envejecimiento de la población en todo el mundo es un fenómeno progresivo y Chile no se queda atrás frente a esto. Actualmente existe un subprograma de climaterio mujeres entre los 45 a 64 años, que presenta diversas acciones y propósitos. Objetivo: Describir la cobertura de la aplicación de la Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) e indicación de terapia de reemplazo hormonal en mujeres inscritas en los CESFAM de la comuna de Pedro Aguirre Cerda. Método: Descriptivo transversal. Resultados: La cobertura de aplicación de MRS en mujeres entre 45-64 años fue de un 62,6%. Un 34,3% de mujeres presentaron un puntaje MRS alterado, indicándose terapia hormonal en un 37,8% de los casos, en las indicaciones un 21,8% eran usuarias candidatas acorde a criterios médicos y un 78,2% no lo eran. Conclusiones: Se debe aumentar la cobertura de MRS y recursos para exámenes de laboratorio, de imágenes y capacitaciones, esto para mejorar la entrega de las prestaciones en el subprograma climaterio.

Introduction: The aging of the population worldwide is a progressive phenomenon and Chile is not lagging behind in this. Currently, there is a climacteric subprogram for women between 45 and 64 years of age, which has various actions and purposes. Objective: To describe the coverage of the application of the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) and indication of hormone replacement therapy in women enrolled in the CESFAM of the commune of Pedro Aguirre Cerda. Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Results: The coverage of the MRS application in women between 45-64 years old was 62.6%. A 34.3% of women presented an altered MRS score, indicating hormone therapy in 37.8% of the cases, 21.8% of the indications were candidates according to medical criteria and 78.2% were not. Conclusions: There is a lack of labs and images tests in the climacteric controls, resulting in a mayor number of women no candidates to the hormonal therapy according to medical criteria.

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Estrone (E1) constitutes the primary component in oral conjugated equine estrogens (CEEs) and serves as the principal estrogen precursor in the female circulation in the post-menopause. E1 induces endothelium-dependent vasodilation and activate PI3K/NO/cGMP signaling. To assess whether E1 mitigates vascular dysfunction associated with postmenopause and explore the underlying mechanisms, we examined the vascular effects of E1 in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, a postmenopausal experimental model. Blood pressure was measured using tail-cuff plethysmography, and aortic rings were isolated to assess responses to phenylephrine, acetylcholine (ACh), and sodium nitroprusside. Responses to ACh in rings pre-incubated with superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), or apocynin were also evaluated. Protein expression of SOD, CAT, NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4 was determined by Western blotting. E1 treatment resulted in decreased body weight and retroperitoneal fat, increased uterine weight, and prevented elevated blood pressure in the OVX group. Furthermore, E1 improved endothelium-dependent ACh vasodilation, activated compensatory antioxidant mechanisms - i.e. increased SOD and CAT antioxidant enzymes activity, and decreased NOX4 expression. This, in turn, helped prevent oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in OVX rats. Additionally, E1 treatment reversed the increased total LDL cholesterol observed in the OVX group. The findings underscore protective effects of E1 on the cardiovascular system, counteracting OVX-related oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in Wistar rats. E1 exhibits promising therapeutic benefits for managing cardiovascular health, particularly in postmenopausal conditions.

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This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the efficacy and safety of fezolinetant for the treatment of moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms (VMS) associated with menopause. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and Web of Science were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from inception to June 2023, comparing fezolinetant to placebo in postmenopausal women suffering from moderate-to-severe VMS. The mean difference and risk ratio were calculated for continuous and binary outcomes, respectively. R software was used for the statistical analysis, and RoB-2 (Cochrane) to assess the risk of bias. We performed subgroup analysis based on different dosing regimens. Five RCTs comprising 3302 patients were included. Compared with placebo, at 12-week follow-up, fezolinetant significantly reduced the daily frequency of moderate-to-severe VMS (weighted mean difference [WMD] - 2.36; 95% confidence interval [CI] - 2.92, -1.81) and daily severity of moderate-to-severe VMS (WMD -0.22; 95% CI -0.31, -0.13). Also, fezolinetant significantly improved the quality of life (WMD -0.42; 95% CI -0.58, -0.26) and sleep disturbance (WMD -1.10; 95% CI -1.96, -0.24). There were no significant differences between groups in adverse events. These findings support the efficacy and safety of fezolinetant for the treatment of VMS related to menopause.

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Objetivo: Determinar los factores que se asocian con el uso de la doble protección anticonceptiva en estudiantes de obstetricia de una universidad pública de Lima, Perú. Métodos: Estudio analítico transversal, realizado en 217 estudiantes de obstetricia de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Se aplicó la prueba chi cuadrado, además de la razón de prevalencia cruda y ajustada. Resultados: La prevalencia del uso de la doble protección anticonceptiva fue 41,5 %. En el análisis bivariado los factores asociados incluyeron la edad de 25 a 29 años (razón de prevalencia cruda: 1,57), procedencia de Lima (razón de prevalencia cruda: 2,07), embarazo previo (razón de prevalencia cruda: 1,91), aborto previo (razón de prevalencia cruda: 1,92), antecedente de infecciones de transmisión sexual en la pareja (razón de prevalencia cruda: 1,81), conocimiento sobre la doble protección (razón de prevalencia cruda: 3,16) y orientación en planificación familiar (razón de prevalencia cruda: 1,76). En el análisis multivariado, el conocimiento sobre la protección anticonceptiva mantuvo la asociación significativa (razón de prevalencia ajustada: 2,44). Conclusión: El conocimiento sobre la protección anticonceptiva es el único factor reproductivo que se asoció con una mayor probabilidad de uso de este método(AU)

Objective: To determine which factors are associated with the use of dual protection in obstetrics students from a public university in Lima, Peru. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study, done in 217 obstetrics students from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. The chi-squared test was applied, in addition to the raw and adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) Results: The prevalence of the use of dual protection was 41.5%. In the bivariate analysis, the factors associated with it included: age from 25 to 29 years old (raw prevalence ratio: 1.57), Lima as a place of origin (raw prevalence ratio: 2.07), previous pregnancy (raw prevalence ratio: 1.91), previous abortion (raw prevalence ratio: 1.92), antecedent of STI in the couple (raw prevalence ratio: 1.81), knowledge about dual protection (raw prevalence ratio: 3,16), and orientation in family planning (raw prevalence ratio: 1.76). In the multivariate analysis, knowledge about contraceptive protection maintained its significant association (adjusted prevalence ratio: 2.44). Conclusions: Knowledge about contraceptive protection is the only reproductive factor that was associated with a higher probability of using this method(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To verify, based on a systematic literature review, the effects of the main analgesics on male fertility. DATA SOURCES: The studies were analyzed from the PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases. STUDY SELECTION: The articles selected for the present review included: cohort studies; cross-sectional studies, clinical trials; complete studies; studies with animal models that addressed the proposed theme and that were published within the stipulated period from March 1, 2013, to March 31, 2023, in English, Portuguese and Spanish. These would later have to go through inclusion stages such as framing the type of study and exclusion criteria. DATA COLLECTION: Author's name, year of publication, study population, number of patients, analgesic, administration time, dose, and effect. CONCLUSIONS: There are in vitro and in vivo studies that link paracetamol and ibuprofen to endocrine and seminal changes that are harmful to male fertility. However, more clinical research is needed to determine the doses and timing of administration that affect fertility. The effects of aspirin on male fertility are still unclear due to the lack of studies and consistent methodologies. There is not enough research on dipyrone and its relationship with male fertility, requiring more studies in this area.

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Se ha señalado al uso de los métodos anticonceptivos hormonales como una de las posibles causas que explican el exceso de depresión en mujeres. Objetivo: Explorar la literatura sobre la asociación entre uso de anticoncepción hormonal y depresión en adolescentes y jóvenes. Método: Se llevó a cabo una revisión de alcance de la literatura identificando estudios empíricos cuantitativos enfocados en la asociación entre uso de anticonceptivos hormonales y depresión en mujeres entre 11 y 24 años, publicados entre enero de 2017 y septiembre de 2022 e indexadas en Web of Science y SCOPUS. Resultados: Se incluyeron 12 artículos que mostraron asociaciones positivas, negativas y no concluyentes o con resultados mixtos. Conclusiones: La relación entre el uso de anticonceptivos hormonales y depresión es compleja y multifacética. Los resultados presentados resaltan la necesidad de una investigación continua y más específica para comprender mejor las posibles asociaciones y proporcionar orientación clínica más precisa.

Abstract. The use of hormonal contraceptive methods has been pointed out as one of the possible causes that explain the excess of depression in women. Objective: To explore the literature on the association between the use of hormonal contraceptives and depression in adolescents and young women. Methods: We conducted a scoping review of the literature identifying quantitative empirical studies focused on the association between hormonal contraceptive use and depression in women aged 11-24 years, published between January 2017 and September 2022, and indexed in Web of Science and SCOPUS. Results: In total, 12 articles showing positive, negative, and inconclusive or mixed associations were included. Conclusions: The relationship between hormonal contraceptive use and depression is complex and multifaceted. The results presented highlight the need for continued and more specific research to better understand possible associations and provide more accurate clinical guidance.

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Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and lethal disease with a poor prognosis. This study aims to share our 41-year experience as a referral center, focusing on identifying risk factors associated with ACC mortality. Our retrospective analysis included a cohort of 150 adult patients with ACC in all stage categories, treated between 1981 and 2022. Tumor hormonal hypersecretion was observed in 78.6% of the patients, and the median age of diagnosis was 40 years. The majority presented as European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors (ENSAT) III or IV (22.9% and 31.2%, respectively), and the overall mortality rate was 54.6%. Independent predictors of death were elevated secretion of cortisol (HR = 2.0), androstenedione (HR = 2.2), estradiol (HR = 2.8), 17-OH progesterone (HR = 2.0), and 11-deoxycortisol (HR = 5.1), higher Weiss (HR = 4.3), modified Weiss (HR = 4.4), and Helsinki scores (HR = 12.0), advanced ENSAT stage (HR = 27.1), larger tumor size (HR = 2.7), higher Ki-67 percentage (HR = 2.3), and incomplete surgical resection (HR = 2.5). Mitosis greater than 5/50 high-power field (HR = 5.6), atypical mitosis (HR = 2.3), confluent necrosis (HR = 15.4), venous invasion (HR = 2.8), and capsular invasion (HR = 2.4) were also identified as independent predictors of death. Knowing the risk factors for ACC's mortality may help determine the best treatment option.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate gene expression associated with vaginal bleeding in the 52-mg hormonal intrauterine device (IUD) users. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study involving 100 women seeking to use the 52-mg hormonal IUD for contraception. We excluded women with a history or current condition of abnormal uterine bleeding and who were unable to attend a 1-year follow up. Women who expelled the device, removed it for reasons unrelated to vaginal bleeding, or were lost to follow up were discontinued. We collected endometrial biopsies immediately before IUD placement and assessed 20 selected genes using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Users maintained a uterine bleeding diary for 12 months following IUD insertion. For statistical analysis, participants were categorized into groups with or without vaginal bleeding at 3 and 12 months. RESULTS: Women with elevated CXCL9 expression had an 8.15-fold higher likelihood of experiencing vaginal bleeding at 3 months (odds ratio [OR] 8.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.24-29.61, P = 0.001). At 12 months of follow up, women with increased TIMP1 expression had a 2.74-fold higher chance of experiencing vaginal bleeding (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.08-6.95, P = 0.033). CXCL9 ≥ 1.5 and IL17A ≥ 0.68 were associated with a higher probability of vaginal bleeding at 3 months, while TIMP1 levels ≥0.943 were linked to an increased risk of bleeding at 12 months. CONCLUSION: Users of the 52-mg hormonal IUD with elevated relative CXCL9 expression face an increased risk of vaginal bleeding at 3-month follow up, whereas those with heightened TIMP1 expression are more likely to experience vaginal bleeding at 12 months.

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Light provides seeds with information that is essential for the adjustment of their germination to the conditions that are most favorable for the successful establishment of the future seedling. The promotion of germination depends mainly on environmental factors, like temperature and light, as well as internal factors associated with the hormonal balance between gibberellins (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA), although other hormones such as auxins may act secondarily. While transcriptomic studies of light-germinating Arabidopsis thaliana seeds suggest that auxins and auxin transporters are necessary, there are still no functional studies connecting the activity of the auxin transporters in light-induced seed germination. In this study, we investigated the roles of two auxin efflux carrier (PIN3 and PIN7) proteins and one auxin influx (AUX1) carrier protein during Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination. By using next-generation sequencing (RNAseq), gene expression analyses, hormonal sensitivity assays, and the quantification of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels, we assessed the functional roles of PIN3, PIN7, and AUX1 during light-induced seed germination. We showed that auxin levels are increased 24 h after a red-pulse (Rp). Additionally, we evaluated the germination responses of pin3, pin7, and aux1 mutant seeds and showed that PIN3, PIN7, and AUX1 auxin carriers are important players in the regulation of seed germination. By using gene expression analysis in water, fluridone (F), and ABA+F treated seeds, we confirmed that Rp-induced seed germination is associated with auxin transport, and ABA controls the function of PIN3, PIN7, and AUX1 during this process. Overall, our results highlight the relevant and positive role of auxin transporters in germinating the seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana.

RESUMO

Pubertal mammary branching morphogenesis is a hormone-regulated process susceptible to exposure to chemicals with endocrine disruptive capacity, such as the UV-filter benzophenone-3 (BP3). Our aim was to assess whether intrauterine or in vitro exposure to BP3 modified the branching morphogenesis of the female mouse mammary gland. For this, pregnant mice were dermally exposed to BP3 (0.15 or 50 mg/kg/day) from gestation day (GD) 8.5 to GD18.5. Sesame oil treatment served as control. Changes of the mammary glands of the offspring were studied on postnatal day 45. Further, mammary organoids from untreated mice were cultured under branching induction conditions and exposed for 9 days to BP3 (1 × 10-6 M, 1 × 10-9 M, or 1 × 10-12 M with 0.01% ethanol as control) to evaluate the branching progression. Mice that were exposed to BP3 in utero showed decreased mRNA levels of progesterone receptor (PR) and WNT4. However, estradiol and progesterone serum levels, mammary histomorphology, proliferation, and protein expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and PR were not significantly altered. Interestingly, direct exposure to BP3 in vitro also decreased the mRNA levels of PR, RANKL, and amphiregulin without affecting the branching progression. Most effects were found after exposure to 50 mg/kg/day or 1 × 10-6 M of BP3, both related to sunscreen application in humans. In conclusion, exposure to BP3 does not impair mammary branching morphogenesis in our models. However, BP3 affects PR transcriptional expression and its downstream mediators, suggesting that exposure to BP3 might affect other developmental stages of the mammary gland.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In 2007 the Nordic group came to the following unanimous conclusions: In general, hormonal treatment is not recommended, considering the poor immediate results and the possible long-term adverse effects on spermatogenesis. Thus, surgery is to be preferred. However, defective mini puberty inducing insufficient gonadotropin secretion is one of the most common causes of nonobstructive azoospermia in men suffering from congenital isolated unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism. The extent of alteration in the unilateral undescended testis correlate with the contralateral descended testis, indicating that unilateral cryptorchidism is a bilateral disease. Idiopathic central hypogonadism explains the phenomenon of defective mini puberty in otherwise healthy cryptorchid boys. We therefore recommend hormonal treatment for cryptorchid boys with defective mini puberty. Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) treatment following surgery to correct cryptorchidism restores mini puberty via endocrinological and transcriptional effects and prevents adult infertility in most cases. Several genes are important for central hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in mammals, including many that are transcribed in both the brain and testis. At the molecular level, there is no convincing evidence that heat shock is responsible for the observed pathological testicular changes. Thus, impaired transformation of gonocytes is not the result of temperature stress but rather a hormonal imbalance. Cryptorchidism should therefore be considered a serious andrological problem that cannot be successfully treated by early orchidopexy alone.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT In 2007 the Nordic group came to the following unanimous conclusions: In general, hormonal treatment is not recommended, considering the poor immediate results and the possible long-term adverse effects on spermatogenesis. Thus, surgery is to be preferred. However, defective mini puberty inducing insufficient gonadotropin secretion is one of the most common causes of nonobstructive azoospermia in men suffering from congenital isolated unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism. The extent of alteration in the unilateral undescended testis correlate with the contralateral descended testis, indicating that unilateral cryptorchidism is a bilateral disease. Idiopathic central hypogonadism explains the phenomenon of defective mini puberty in otherwise healthy cryptorchid boys. We therefore recommend hormonal treatment for cryptorchid boys with defective mini puberty. Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) treatment following surgery to correct cryptorchidism restores mini puberty via endocrinological and transcriptional effects and prevents adult infertility in most cases. Several genes are important for central hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in mammals, including many that are transcribed in both the brain and testis. At the molecular level, there is no convincing evidence that heat shock is responsible for the observed pathological testicular changes. Thus, impaired transformation of gonocytes is not the result of temperature stress but rather a hormonal imbalance. Cryptorchidism should therefore be considered a serious andrological problem that cannot be successfully treated by early orchidopexy alone.

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Pre-treatment (PT) therapies in IVF are known to be used as pre-stimulation modality to improve cycle outcomes. This study aims to assess whether PT in GnRH antagonist cycles triggered with GnRH-agonist impact oocyte maturation response. METHODS: Data were retrospectively collected for patients who underwent GnRH antagonist cycle with agonist triggering with and without PT. The patients were allocated to groups according to their PT status. The primary outcome evaluated was suboptimal maturation response. Suboptimal maturation to trigger was defined as no oocyte upon retrieval when adequate response was expected. RESULTS: The study population included 196 patients who underwent GnRH antagonist cycle with agonist triggering. The study group included 69 patients who received PT. The control group included 127 patients with no PT. In univariate analysis, the PT group significantly displayed suboptimal response compared to the controls (p = 0.008). All the patients in the study group with suboptimal response (with or without hCG re-triggering) were treated with GnRH-agonist as PT. Basal and pre-trigger LH values were significantly lower in the study group compared to controls (p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that PT with GnRH agonist was a significant predictor for suboptimal response. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-treatment, and particularly the use of GnRH-agonist as PT in antagonist cycles triggered with agonist, increases the risk of suboptimal response to GnRH-agonist trigger. This might be explained by prolonged pituitary suppression, which lasts beyond the PT cessation.

Assuntos