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Essential oils supplementation has potential growth-promoting, antibacterial, and immunostimulatory effects for various fish species. Dietary supplementation with essential oils improves Nile tilapia's growth and intestinal morphology. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of supplementation with microencapsulated essential oils (MEOs) containing cinnamaldehyde (53.9 %), thymol (24.2 %), and carvacrol (18.7 %) in Nile tilapia fingerlings on growth parameters and foregut histomorphometry. Six thousand fishes with initial body weights and lengths of 1.20 ± 0.32 g and 2.03 ± 0.40 cm, respectively, were reared in two separate 60 m3 circular tanks (control and supplemented with 500 mg/kg of MEOs) at a 5 kg/m3 density. Growth parameters included weight and length. Ten foregut samples per tank were collected at 0-, 15- and 30-days post-treatment. The histological analysis involved the size of intestinal folds and the number of goblet cells. Our results showed that fingerling growth parameters such as final body weight and length increased by 16.9 % and 10.43 %, respectively, with MEOs supplementation compared to the control group. Furthermore, histomorphometry results showed that the supplementation of MEOs led to a significant increase in the growth of both the width and length of intestinal folds and the number of goblet cells (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the early supplementation with MEOs improved the number, length, and width of intestinal folds and increased the number of goblet cells, positively influencing intestinal morphology and health. Additionally, MEOs improved growth parameters in Nile tilapia at 30 days of supplementation.

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The digestive tract of fish has many morphological adaptations related to habitat and nutrition. Intestinal biometry may reflect these adaptations. Here, we aimed to describe histometric patterns in farmed fish and their relationship with feeding by using a standardized protocol considering cell density by tissue area. Five juvenile specimens of each species (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, Piaractus mesopotamicus, and Oreochromis niloticus) were used. O. niloticus possessed higher intestinal weight and length besides higher intestinal quotient and intestinal somatic index than the other species. The general histological composition was similar between species. However, P. corruscans showed differences in thickness between the anterior and posterior segments. O. niloticus had thinner serosa and muscularis layers than the other species. The cell density was distinct in both species and segments. Comparing the intestinal segments, O. niloticus displayed the lowest count of granulocytes. Goblet cell density was lower in P. mesopotamicus in all segments. However, the volume of these cells was higher in the anterior and middle anterior segments. Our data demonstrated that intestinal structural plasticity is associated with the difference in feeding habits. Here, we used quantitative standardized histometric criteria to understand the morphophysiological diversity of the fish digestive tract, and this technique can be applied in future studies to evaluate changes in the digestive tracts of vertebrates.

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Pygocentrus nattereri is a widely distributed species in the Neotropical region and a potential bio-indicator. Kidneys have functions in fish physiology, allowing them to live in different environments. We aimed to compare the histological characteristics of caudal kidneys between males and females, associating them with the renosomatic index (RSI). For this purpose, 15 males and 14 females were used for biometric and histological analyses. Structural volumetric density (SVD), renal corpuscle histometric measures, and hemosiderin and lipofuscin deposit frequency in macrophages melanogenic (MMs) were assessed. No biometric differences were observed between the sexes, but body weight and standard length were correlated with RSI. The SVD showed difference in hematopoietic tissue between female and males, whereas the density of the other structures was not different. The RSI was positively associated with hematopoietic tissue and proximal tubule density in contrast to distal tubules, blood vessels, collecting ducts and MMs. Females exhibited a higher renal corpuscle area, glomerulus area, distal tubule diameter, collecting tubule area, and collecting tubule lumen area. These differences may be due to metabolic differences between males and females. Sex effect in P. nattereri may define punctual differences in future studies on the metabolism and immunity of this species.

Pygocentrus nattereri é uma espécie amplamente distribuída na região Neotropical e pode ser considerada como um potencial bioindicador ambiental. Os rins têm funções cruciais na fisiologia dos peixes, permitindo-lhes viver em diferentes ambientes. Nosso objetivo foi comparar as características histológicas dos rins excretores entre machos e fêmeas, associando-as ao índice renossomático (IRS). Para tanto, 15 machos e 14 fêmeas foram utilizados para análises biométricas e histológicas. Amostras do tecido renal foram processadas para densidade estrutural volumétrica, medidas histométricas do corpúsculo renal e frequência dos depósitos de hemossiderina e lipofuscina nos macrófagos melonogênicos (MMs). Não foram observadas diferenças biométricas entre os sexos, mas a massa corporal e o comprimento padrão foram correlacionados com IRS. Apenas a densidade estrutural volumétrica do tecido hematopoiético foi diferente entre machos e fêmeas. Não houve diferença nas demais estruturas. O IRS associou-se positivamente com o tecido hematopoiético e densidade dos túbulos proximais e negativamente com os túbulos distais, vasos sanguíneos, ductos coletores e MMs. As fêmeas apresentaram maior área do corpúsculo renal, área do glomérulo, diâmetro do túbulo distal, área do túbulo coletor e área do lúmen do túbulo coletor. Essas diferenças podem ser devida às diferenças metabólicas entre machos e fêmeas. Particularidade do efeito de sexo em P. nattereri pode definir diferenças pontuais em futuros estudos sobre o metabolismo e imunidade nesta espécie.

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The morphology of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) is a strong indicator of a species' dietary habits. The objective of this study was to describe and quantitatively analyze the gross and microanatomy of the digestive tract of the orange/red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) and relate it to the feeding habits of this animal. The digestive tracts of six adult males were used for this study. The results showed that the esophagus was thick (mean thickness of 1023.78 ± 28.97 µm) and lined by keratinized epithelium with scant esophageal glands. Mucosa-associated lymphocytic infiltration was robust throughout the GI tract. These findings suggest that the esophagus was well adapted to a coarse diet. The simple stomach with well-developed gastric glands in the fundus region (mean thickness of 605.39 ± 28.68 µm) was indicative of an adaptation to a carnivorous diet. The small intestine constituted approximately 80% of the length of the GI tract. The remarkable development of the jejunum with a greater villus length (mean thickness of 182.50 ± 27.38 µm) indicated a greater absorptive capacity in frugivorous and carnivorous diets. The long cecum and well-developed colon clearly indicated that the GI tract was well adapted to frugivorous and herbivorous diets. Overall, D. leporina showed that it is well adapted to an omnivorous diet. These results suggest that D. leporina can be fed a balanced omnivorous dry diet with a high protein content of plant or animal origin that is well suited to the architecture of the GI tract in captivity.

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The liver is an important metabolic organ in vertebrates. In anurans, the hepatosomatic index (HSI) reflects differences in energy storage and reproductive activities between males and females. The objective of this study was to describe the histological and histometric parameters of the livers of five species of Neotropical anurans, taking sex-related differences into account. We also tested how the relationship between quantitative histometric variables and HSI varied between males and females in different species. Five males and five females of Elachistocleis matogrosso, Leptodactylus podicipinus, Lysapsus limellum, Pseudis platensis, and Trachycephalus typhonius were captured in central Brazil during the rainy season. HSI did not vary according to sex, but it varied among species. Elachistocleis matogrosso had the highest HSI due to the large hepatocyte size. The percentage of melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) was higher in P. platensis and L. limellum. In T. thyphonius, hepatocyte area was negatively associated with HSI, while the MMC percentages were positively associated with HSI. The liver plays a key role in reproductive activities, especially for species with explosive reproduction. Additionally, histometric patterns and volumetric structural density varied between males and females due to energy utilization for reproduction. Not only are these results important for future studies on hepatic morphophysiology but they also provide tools for evolutionary and phylogenetic studies.

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Resumo Introdução A quantidade e qualidade óssea na implantodontia é um fator de alta relevância quando se tem por objetivo instalar implantes e reabilitar pacientes. No entanto, essa disponibilidade é comprometida na maioria dos casos, havendo a necessidade da busca de novos biomateriais, membranas e substâncias para uma regeneração mais favorável. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta da neoformação óssea em defeitos críticos em calvárias de ratos utilizando scaffolds de fibras de blenda polimérica a partir de poli (ácido láctico-co-glicólico) e poli-isopreno (Cellprene®). O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Experimentação Animal. Material e método Neste estudo, foram utilizados 36 ratos (Rattus Norvegicus), variação albinus, Holtzman, adultos. Os animais foram submetidos à tricotomia na região da calota craniana e à confecção de defeitos ósseos circulares bilaterais com 5 mm de diâmetro. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos: GC - defeito sem colocação de biomaterial; GCol - scaffolds de colágeno (Bio-Gide, da empresa Geistlich Pharma Ag - Biomaterials); GPoli - scaffolds de fibras de blenda polimérica a partir de poli (ácido láctico-co-glicólico - Cellprene®). Cada grupo foi avaliado em quatro períodos experimentais (7, 15, 30 e 60 dias). Após esses períodos, os animais foram sacrificados, e as peças passaram por tramitação laboratorial de rotina e inclusão em parafina. Foram obtidos cortes semisseriados e corados pela técnica de hematoxilina e eosina para análise histométrica e histológica. Foi executada análise histométrica para avaliar a composição do tecido ósseo reparado (% osso). Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente com nível de significância de 95%. Resultado Foi verificado que o GCol apresentou maior preenchimento do defeito nos períodos de 30 e 60 dias em comparação aos GC e GPoli. Conclusão Os scaffolds de fibras de blenda polimérica a partir de poli (ácido láctico-co-glicólico) e poli-isopreno (Cellprene®) não apresentaram vantagens quando utilizados em defeitos críticos.

Abstract Introduction The bone quantity and quality in implant dentistry is a highly relevant factor when it aims the use of implants and rehabilitation in patients. However, this availability is compromised in most cases, with the need to research new biomaterials, membranes and substances for more favorable regeneration. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of bone neoformation in critical defects in rat calvaries using polymeric blend fiber scaffolds from Poly (Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) and Polyisoprene (Cellprene®). The project was approved by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee. Material and method In this study 36 rats (Rattus Norvegicus), variation albinus, Holtzman, adults were used. The animals had trichotomy in the region of the skull and the confection of bilateral circular bone defects with a diameter of 5 mm. The animals were divided into 3 groups: Group GC - defect without biomaterial placement, Group GCol - collagen scaffolds (Bio-Gide, from Geistlich Pharma Ag - Biomaterials), Group GPoli - polymeric blend fiber scaffolds from Poly (Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid)-Polyisoprene. Each group was evaluated in 4 experimental periods (7, 15, 30 and 60 days). After these periods the animals were sacrificed and the pieces underwent routine laboratory procedures and paraffin embedding. Semi-serial sections were obtained and stained by hematoxylin and eosin technique for histometric and histological analysis. Histometric analysis was performed to evaluate the composition of repaired bone tissue (% Bone). The data obtained were statistically analyzed with a significance level of 95%. Result It was found that the GCol group presented greater defect filling in the 30 and 60 days periods compared to the GC and GPoli groups. Conclusion Polymer blend fiber scaffolds from Poly (Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) and Polyisoprene (Cellprene®) did not have advantages when used in critical defects.

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Foi realizada a avaliação morfológica da veia cefálica submetida à pinçamento em cinco equinos hígidos. Foram testadas as pinças hemostáticas: Diffenbach bulldog, De Bakey bulldog, Rochester reta e De Bakey com cremalheira. Após 15 minutos da aplicação das referidas pinças, foi realizada a flebectomia parcial e coletadas as amostras referentes a cada segmento do vaso pinçado e do segmento controle sem pinçamento. Das peças procedeu-se as preparações histológicas dos segmentos da veia nas colorações de Hematoxilina-Eosina e Tricrômio de Masson. Os cortes histológicos foram avaliados por microscopia óptica. Foi realizada análise morfológica das veias, utilizando para isto uma escala de avaliação de lesões vasculares após pinçamento. As pinças com serrilhamento transversal e fechamento tipo cremalheira causaram as maiores alterações, observou se marcada vacuolização das células musculares e desarranjo na túnica media com perda marcada das células endoteliais da túnica intima do vaso estudado. (AU)

Morphologic evaluation of the cephalic vein of five healthy horses submitted to clamping was done. Hemostatic clamps tested were Dieffenbach bulldog, De Bakey bulldog, Rochester straight and De Bakey with ratchets. Fifthen minutes after mentioned clamps were applied partial phlebotomy was performed and histologic sections of the veins were prepared and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson Trichrome. After the stained preparations were evaluated by light microscopy. The morphological analysis of the veins was performed using a rating scale of vascular lesions after clamping. The hemostatic clamps with transverse serration and ratcheted mechanism caused major changes, pronounced vacuolization of the muscle cells, derangement of the medium tunic and marked loss of endothelial cells of the intima tunic was observed in the vessel studied.(AU)

Evaluacion morfológica de la vena cefálica de cinco equinos saludables sometida a pinzamiento fue realizada. Las pinzas hemostáticas evaluadas fueron Diffenbach bulldog, De Bakey Bulldog, Rochester recta y De Bakey cremallera. Despues de 15 minutos de aplicadas las pinzas mencionadas fue realizada la flebectomía y los diferentes cortes histológicos de las venas fueron preparados y coloraciones de Hematoxilina-Eosina y Tricrimico de Mansson fueron evaluadas por microscopia de luz. El análisis morfológico de la vena fue realizado usando una escala de lesiones vasculares post pinzamiento. Las pinzas hemostáticas con serrillamiento transversal y cierre de tipo cremallera fueron las que generaron mas cambios, marcada vacuolizacion de las células musculares en la túnica media y perdida evidente del numero de células endoteliales en la túnica intima de la vena estudiada.(AU)

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Foi realizada a avaliação morfológica da veia cefálica submetida à pinçamento em cinco equinos hígidos. Foram testadas as pinças hemostáticas: Diffenbach bulldog, De Bakey bulldog, Rochester reta e De Bakey com cremalheira. Após 15 minutos da aplicação das referidas pinças, foi realizada a flebectomia parcial e coletadas as amostras referentes a cada segmento do vaso pinçado e do segmento controle sem pinçamento. Das peças procedeu-se as preparações histológicas dos segmentos da veia nas colorações de Hematoxilina-Eosina e Tricrômio de Masson. Os cortes histológicos foram avaliados por microscopia óptica. Foi realizada análise morfológica das veias, utilizando para isto uma escala de avaliação de lesões vasculares após pinçamento. As pinças com serrilhamento transversal e fechamento tipo cremalheira causaram as maiores alterações, observou se marcada vacuolização das células musculares e desarranjo na túnica media com perda marcada das células endoteliais da túnica intima do vaso estudado.

Morphologic evaluation of the cephalic vein of five healthy horses submitted to clamping was done. Hemostatic clamps tested were Dieffenbach bulldog, De Bakey bulldog, Rochester straight and De Bakey with ratchets. Fifthen minutes after mentioned clamps were applied partial phlebotomy was performed and histologic sections of the veins were prepared and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson Trichrome. After the stained preparations were evaluated by light microscopy. The morphological analysis of the veins was performed using a rating scale of vascular lesions after clamping. The hemostatic clamps with transverse serration and ratcheted mechanism caused major changes, pronounced vacuolization of the muscle cells, derangement of the medium tunic and marked loss of endothelial cells of the intima tunic was observed in the vessel studied.

Evaluacion morfológica de la vena cefálica de cinco equinos saludables sometida a pinzamiento fue realizada. Las pinzas hemostáticas evaluadas fueron Diffenbach bulldog, De Bakey Bulldog, Rochester recta y De Bakey cremallera. Despues de 15 minutos de aplicadas las pinzas mencionadas fue realizada la flebectomía y los diferentes cortes histológicos de las venas fueron preparados y coloraciones de Hematoxilina-Eosina y Tricrimico de Mansson fueron evaluadas por microscopia de luz. El análisis morfológico de la vena fue realizado usando una escala de lesiones vasculares post pinzamiento. Las pinzas hemostáticas con serrillamiento transversal y cierre de tipo cremallera fueron las que generaron mas cambios, marcada vacuolizacion de las células musculares en la túnica media y perdida evidente del numero de células endoteliales en la túnica intima de la vena estudiada.

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Two groups were formed in order to evaluate the effect of an obesogenic diet on body and liver weight, body fat accumulation and the histometric characteristics of liver and testicles of New Zealand rabbits during the peripuberal period. One group received a standard farm diet and the other received a standard farm diet with canola oil added. During the study, weight of both groups was recorded. At the end of the study, the rabbits were euthanized and liver, testicles, and visceral, scapular and scrotal fat were weighed. Tissue samples were obtained from liver and testicles to carry out histometric analysis. Body weight, body mass index, liver and visceral fat weight were significantly different (P<0.01) in the obesogenic diet when compared to the control group. Notwithstanding, there were no significant differences between both groups in testicular weight, and scapular and scrotal fat (P>0.01). Histometry of the liver of the obesogenic diet group showed the greater total area and greater nucleus area of hepatocytes in the square lobe, right lobe and left lobe medial segment (P<0.01). Histometry of both testicles of individuals from the obesogenic diet group had a greater germinal epithelial thickness and intertubular intersticium (P<0.01). It is concluded that New Zealand male rabbits that received an obesogenic diet during 12 weeks had a higher liver and body weight, as well as, an important increased visceral fat. Furthermore, said diet caused histometric changes in liver and testicles. This set confirms that the domestic rabbit is a good model for the study of the body fat accumulation process associated to the consumption of an obesogenic diet and its effects on liver and testicles.

Con el propósito de evaluar el efecto de una dieta obesogénica sobre el peso corporal, hepático, acumulo de grasa corporal y las características histométricas del hígado y testículo de conejos Nueva Zelanda durante el período peripuberal, se formaron dos grupos; a uno se le proporcionó una dieta estándar de granja y el otro recibió una dieta estándar de granja adicionada con aceite de canola. Durante el estudio se registró el peso corporal de ambos grupos. Al final del estudio los conejos fueron eutanasiados y se pesó el hígado, testículos, la grasa visceral, escapular y escrotal. Se obtuvieron muestras de tejido hepático y testicular para realizar el análisis histométrico. El grupo con dieta obesogénica presentó diferencias significativas con respecto al grupo testigo, en las variables: peso corporal, índice de masa corporal, peso del hígado y de la grasa visceral (P<0,01). Por otra parte, no hubo diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos para las variables: peso de testículos, grasa escapular y escrotal (P>0,01). En la histometría del hígado el grupo con la dieta obesogénica presentó mayor área total y mayor área del núcleo de los hepatocitos en el lóbulo cuadrado, lóbulo derecho y lóbulo izquierdo segmento medial (P<0,01). En la histometría de ambos testículos del grupo con la dieta obesogénica se encontró mayor grosor del epitelio germinal y perímetro del intersticio intertubular (P<0,01). Se concluye que los conejos Nueva Zelanda machos que recibieron una dieta obesogénica durante 12 semanas presentaron mayor peso corporal, hepático y aumento de la grasa visceral. Además, presentaron cambios histométricos en hígado y testículo. Estos resultados en conjunto confirman que el conejo doméstico es un buen modelo para el estudio del proceso de acumulo de grasa corporal asociado al consumo de una dieta obesogénica y de sus efectos en el hígado y testículos.

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The present observation was aimed to evaluate the gross and histometric parameters of the vesicular glands of indigenous bulls. Twenty-eight bulls of three age groups were selected from the local market: the pre pubertal group A (<1 year n=4), pubertal group B (1.5­2.5 years, n=16) and post pubertal or adult group C (above 3 years, n=8). The weight, length (anterio-posterior), width (latero-medial) and the thickness (dorso-ventral) of the both left and right vesicular glands were recorded separately after slaughter of each animal. The left and right vesicular gland shows significantly different (p<0.01), in weight and length in every group. Left vesicular glands were slightly higher than the right in all parameters. The lobules of the gland showed folded mucosa, lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Three types of cells were identified in the epithelium containing A, B and C cell. Type A cells were tall columnar cells having distinct cell boundaries with the oval, round or elongated nucleus. Type B cells were located in the basal lamina having round or oval nucleus with indistinct cell boundaries. Type C cells were narrow columnar cells interspersed between A cells with darkly stained cytoplasm. Lamina propria consisted of loose connective tissue surrounded the alveoli, tubules and some solid end pieces. The numbers of secretory end pieces were variable. The diameters of luminated or non-luminated acini of the glandular end pieces and ducts were increased gradually and significantly (p<0.01) with the advancement of age. The epithelial height of the duct and alveoli were increased with the advancement of age, but no significantly differences among them. Tunica adventitia and muscularis grew with the advancement of age while the interstitial tissue shrunk equally. Above all parameters help to conclude that the vesicular glands of the pubertal indigenous bulls were more functional.

El presente estudio tuvo como propósito evaluar los parámetros macroscópicos e histométricos de las glándulas vesiculares de toros autóctonos. Veinticuatro toros fueron seleccionados en el mercado local y agrupados según la edad en: grupo prepuberal A (<1 año; n=4), grupo puberal B (1.5­2,5 años; n=16) y postpuberal o adulto C (por sobre 3 años; n=8). Se registró el peso, longitud (antero-posterior), ancho (latero-medial) y espesor (dorso-ventral) de las glándulas vesiculares izquierda y derecha por separado, después de sacrificado cada animal. Las glándulas vesiculares izquierda y derecha presentaron diferencia significativa (P<0,01) en cuanto al peso y longitud en cada grupo. Las glándulas vesiculares izquierdas fueron ligeramente mayores en relación a la derecha en todos los parámetros. Los lóbulos de la glándula mostraron una mucosa plegada, cubierta con epitelio columnar pseudoestratificado. Se identificaron tres tipos de células en el epitelio, conteniendo células de tipo A, B y C. Las células de tipo A eran células columnares altas con núcleos ovalados, redondos o alargados. Las células de tipo B se localizaron en la lámina basal, presentando un núcleo redondo o oval con límites celulares indistintos. Las células de tipo C eran células columnares estrechas intercaladas entre las células de tipo A, presentando un citoplasma oscuro. La lámina propia estaba constituida por tejido conectivo laxo, rodeada de alvéolos, túbulos y algunas piezas terminales sólidas. El número de extremos de secreción fue variable. El diámetro de los acinos con luz y sin luz de las piezas terminales y conductos glandulares aumentaron de manera gradual y significativa con el avance de la edad (P<0,01). La altura del epitelio del conducto y alvéolos aumentó con el avance de la edad, pero sin diferencias significativas entre ellos. Las túnicas adventicia y muscular aumentaron con el avance de la edad, mientras que el tejido intersticial se retrajo de manera proporcional. A partir de todos los parámetros analizados, se puede concluir que las glándulas vesiculares de los toros del grupo puberal fueron las más funcionales.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the sequential healing at immediately loaded implants installed in a healed alveolar bony ridge or immediately after tooth extraction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the mandible of 12 dogs, the second premolars were extracted. After 3 months, the mesial roots of the third premolars were endodontically treated and the distal roots extracted. Implants were placed immediately into the extraction sockets (test) and in the second premolar region (control). Crowns were applied at the second and third maxillary premolars, and healing abutments of appropriate length were applied at both implants placed in the mandible and adapted to allow occlusal contacts with the crowns in the maxilla. The time of surgery and time of sacrifices were planned in such a way to obtain biopsies representing the healing after 1 and 2 weeks and 1 and 3 months. Ground sections were prepared for histological analyses. RESULTS: At the control sites, a resorption of the buccal bone of 1 mm was found after 1 week and remained stable thereafter. At the test sites, the resorption was 0.4 mm at 1-week period and further loss was observed after 1 month. The height of the peri-implant soft tissue was 3.8 mm both at test and control sites. Higher values of mineralized bone-to-implant contact and bone density were seen at the controls compared with the test sites. The differences, however, were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Different patterns of sequential early healing were found at implants installed in healed alveolar bone or in alveolar sockets immediately after tooth extractions. However, three months after implant installation, no statistically significant differences were found for the hard- and soft-tissue dimensions.

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The objective of this study was to establish in New Zealand female rabbits, the effect of ordinal number of parturitions on some histological parameters on the day after weaning. Tissue fragments of uterus and vagina were obtained from females of first, second and third parturitions and were processed imbedding them in paraffin in order to do histological cuts. In eight microscope fields captured by a camera connected to an optic microscope, the lumen and glandular endometrial epithelium height, as well as the thickness of vaginal and myometrium epithelium thickness were measured. From the results that were obtained it was concluded that there are significant differences (p<0.05) in histological parameters evaluated in uterus and vagina between does of different parturitions, which indicates that the number of parturitions has an effect on histometric characteristics of genital tract organs in breeder female rabbits.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar en conejas Nueva Zelanda el efecto del número ordinal de partos sobre algunos parámetros histológicos, en el día posterior al destete. A partir de hembras de primero, segundo y tercer parto se obtuvieron fragmentos de tejido uterino y vaginal los que se procesaron mediante la técnica de inclusión en parafina para efectuar cortes histológicos. En ocho campos microscópicos capturados con una cámara conectada a un microscopio óptico se midió la altura del epitelio luminal y glandular del endometrio; el grosor del epitelio de la vagina y del miometrio. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se concluye que existen diferencias significativas (p<0,05) en los parámetros histológicos evaluados en útero y vagina entre las conejas de distintos partos, lo que indica que el número de partos tiene un efecto sobre las características histométricas de los órganos del tracto genital de la coneja.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of the presence or absence of keratinized mucosa on the alveolar bony crest level as it relates to different buccal marginal bone thicknesses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In six beagle dogs, the mandibular premolars and first molars were extracted bilaterally. In the right side of the mandible (test), flaps were elevated, and the buccal as well as part of the lingual masticatory mucosa was removed. The flap was released coronally to allow a primary wound closure. In the left side, the wounds were left unsutured with the keratinized mucosa remaining (control). After 3 months of healing, a complete absence of keratinized mucosa was found at the test sites. Two recipient sites were prepared at each side of the mandible, one in the premolar and one in the molar region. A buccal bony ridge width of approximately 1 and 2 mm was obtained at the premolar and molar region, respectively. Implants were installed with the shoulder flush with the buccal alveolar bony crest, and abutments were connected to allow a nonsubmerged healing. At least 2 mm of keratinized mucosa was surrounding the control sites, while at the test sites, the implants were bordered by alveolar mucosa. After 3 months, the animals were euthanized and ground sections obtained. RESULTS: A higher vertical bony crest resorption was observed at the test compared with the control sites both at the premolar and molar regions, the differences being statistically significant. The top of the peri-implant mucosa was located more coronally at the control compared with the test sites. The horizontal resorption measured 1 mm below the implant shoulder was similar at the test and control sites. Only limited differences were found between premolar and molar sites, with the exclusion of the horizontal resorption that was higher at the test compared with the control sites. CONCLUSIONS: A higher alveolar buccal bony crest resorption and a more apical soft tissue marginal position should be expected, when implants are surrounded with thin alveolar mucosa at the time of installation, independently of the thickness of the buccal bony crest.

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A criação de jacaré-do-Pantanal tem se consolidado no estado de Mato Grosso como atividade alternativa e legal para as propriedades rurais na área de ocorrência natural da espécie, coibindo a caça predatória e colaborando na preservação da espécie.(AU)

Commercial breeding of Caiman yacare has been consolidated in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, as an alternative and legal activity for rural properties in the area of its natural occurrence, to restrain predatory hunting and for preservation of the species. Rationalization of the production process in alligator breading is a relatively new action, which allows a better skin quality and integral use, different from the production of skins from animals in nature. Considering the importance of the intestines as being the main place of the major events related to nutrients obtainment for the body metabolism, this study aimed to characterize qualitative and quantitatively the mucosa of the small and large intestine of young C. yacare. For the characterization of the intestinal wall structure in optical microscopy and histometry of the mucosa were collected intestinal samples from 16 animals, three of which were also used for the histochemical study. The samples were obtained from five regions, four from the small intestine and one from the large intestine. They were fixed in Bouin solution and processed according to the techniques recommended for paraffin inclusion. Semiserial histological sections (about four micrometers) were obtained and the specimen was deparaffinized, hydrated, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for the general description and histometric study, which consisted of measuring the frequency of intestinal villi, lengths of epithelium and lamina propria of the mucosa, and mucosal thickness. In the statistical analysis was applied the variance analysis and Tukey test. For the histochemistry study were used the reaction to periodic acid-Schiff, alcian blue pH 1.0 counterstained with hematoxylin and alcian blue pH 2.5 conjugated to the periodic acid-Schiff. For description of the histological structures was used the terminology available in the Histological Nomina. ..(AU)

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A criação de jacaré-do-Pantanal tem se consolidado no estado de Mato Grosso como atividade alternativa e legal para as propriedades rurais na área de ocorrência natural da espécie, coibindo a caça predatória e colaborando na preservação da espécie. A racionalização do processo produtivo na criação de jacaré é uma ação relativamente nova, que permite obter pele de melhor qualidade e de utilização integral, diferentemente daquelas oriundas de animais da natureza. Considerando a importância dos intestinos como sede dos principais eventos relacionados à obtenção de nutrientes para o metabolismo corpóreo, este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar qualitativa e quantitativamente a mucosa dos intestinos delgado e grosso de jacaré-do-Pantanal jovens. Para a caracterização ao microscópio óptico da estrutura da parede intestinal e da histometria da mucosa foram coletadas amostras intestinais de 16 animais, sendo três deles também destinados ao estudo histoquímico. As amostras foram obtidas de cinco regiões, sendo quatro do intestino delgado e uma do intestino grosso. Elas foram fixadas em solução de Bouin, processadas de acordo com técnicas preconizadas para inclusão em parafina. Cortes histológicos semi-seriados (quatro micrômetros) foram obtidos e o material foi desparafinizado, hidratado e corado pela hematoxilina-eosina para a descrição geral e estudo histométrico, que consistiu da mensuração da freqüência das vilosidades intestinais; dos comprimentos do epitélio e da lâmina própria da mucosa e da espessura da mucosa. Na análise estatística foi empregada a análise de variância e Teste de Tukey. Para o estudo histoquímico foram utilizadas a reação ao ácido periódico de Schiff, alcian blue pH 1,0 contrastado com hematoxilina e alcian blue pH 2,5 conjugado ao ácido periódico de Schiff. Para a descrição das estruturas histológicas foi empregada a terminologia disponível na Nomina Histologia. A estrutura da parede do intestino delgado e grosso do jacaré-do-Pantanal era constituída pelas túnicas mucosa, muscular e serosa. A mucosa era formada por epitélio de revestimento do tipo cilíndrico simples constituído por epiteliócitos colunares e por exocrinócitos caliciformes; lâmina própria de tecido conjuntivo frouxo e muscular da mucosa única. A túnica muscular era constituída por dois estrados, o circular e o longitudinal, sendo o estrato circular o mais desenvolvido. A serosa era típica. As especializações da mucosa observadas no intestino delgado e grosso, respectivamente, foram vilosidades e pregas intestinais, e ao longo das regiões dos intestinos, apresentaram diminuição de sua complexidade. O estudo histométrico da mucosa demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significante entre o intestino delgado e grosso. Embora a estrutura da parede intestinal de C. yacare seja semelhante à de outros crocodilianos, a da tartaruga verde e avestruz, ainda se faz necessário estudos sobre a histofisiologia para que o manejo nutricional da espécie em cativeiro seja incrementado.

Commercial breeding of Caiman yacare has been consolidated in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, as an alternative and legal activity for rural properties in the area of its natural occurrence, to restrain predatory hunting and for preservation of the species. Rationalization of the production process in alligator breading is a relatively new action, which allows a better skin quality and integral use, different from the production of skins from animals in nature. Considering the importance of the intestines as being the main place of the major events related to nutrients obtainment for the body metabolism, this study aimed to characterize qualitative and quantitatively the mucosa of the small and large intestine of young C. yacare. For the characterization of the intestinal wall structure in optical microscopy and histometry of the mucosa were collected intestinal samples from 16 animals, three of which were also used for the histochemical study. The samples were obtained from five regions, four from the small intestine and one from the large intestine. They were fixed in Bouin solution and processed according to the techniques recommended for paraffin inclusion. Semiserial histological sections (about four micrometers) were obtained and the specimen was deparaffinized, hydrated, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for the general description and histometric study, which consisted of measuring the frequency of intestinal villi, lengths of epithelium and lamina propria of the mucosa, and mucosal thickness. In the statistical analysis was applied the variance analysis and Tukey test. For the histochemistry study were used the reaction to periodic acid-Schiff, alcian blue pH 1.0 counterstained with hematoxylin and alcian blue pH 2.5 conjugated to the periodic acid-Schiff. For description of the histological structures was used the terminology available in the Histological Nomina .The wall structure of the small and large intestine of the C. yacare was formed by mucosa, muscular and serosa tunics. The mucosal consisted of lining epithelium type simple cylindrical formed by columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells; lamina propria of loose connective tissue and a single layer of muscularis mucosa. The muscular tunic consisted of two stratums, the circular and the longitudinal, being the circular stratum more developed. The serosa was typical. The specializations of the mucosa observed in the small and large intestines respectively, were intestinal villi and folds, and along the regions of the intestines, showed a reduction of its complexity. The histometric study of the mucosa showed statistically significant difference between the small and large intestines. Although the structure of the intestinal wall of C. yacareis similar to other crocodilians, the green turtle and the ostrich, it's still necessary studies about the histophysiology that the nutritional management of the species in captivity be incremented.

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Objetivo: avaliar a regeneração da crista óssea alveolar e o processo de osseointegração de implantes instalados em sítios enxertados com blocos de osso autógeno e osso bovino mineral (DBBM), associado a membrana de colágeno. Material e método: em 6 cães labradores foram extraídos os molares inferiores bilateralmente, nos quais foi removida a tábua óssea vestibular, criando-se um defeito em formato de caixa. Após 3 meses de regeneração, os retalhos foram elevados e posicionado um guia com uma lima endodôntica, com a finalidade de alinhar paralelamente à parede vestibular do defeito. O guia foi removido e, no lado direito inferior (grupo controle), foi obtido um enxerto ósseo do ramo ascendente da mandíbula, que foi fixado a parede lateral do defeito por meio de parafusos. No lado esquerdo inferior (grupo teste), foi fixado um bloco de DBBM no defeito mandibular. Em ambos os lados, os blocos enxertados foram protegidos por uma membrana de colágeno reabsorvível. Em seguida os retalhos foram suturados. Após elevação do retalho, utilizou-se o guia para instalação de um implante de cada lado da mandíbula, entre o enxerto e o osso remanescente. Após 3 meses, os animais foram eutanasiados para obtenção das peças a serem processadas laboratorialmente para análise histológica. Resultados: Todos os implantes apresentaram-se clinicamente estáveis. A espessura da crista alveolar no grupo teste foi de 5.4, 9.4 e 9.3 mm, antes, imediatamente após a enxertia, e no momento da instalação dos implantes respectivamente. No grupo controle (enxerto ósseo autógeno), a espessura da crista alveolar foi de 5.2, 9.0 mm antes e imediatamente após o procedimento de enxertia (reconstrução). Após 3 meses de regeneração, a espessura foi de 8,7 mm. Apenas um bloco de enxerto ósseo autógeno foi perdido antes da instalação do implante. Todos demais implantes instalados permaneceram-se viáveis para a avaliação histológica (n = 5). No grupo controle, o enxerto ósseo autógeno, apresentou-se...

Aim: To evaluate the healing of the alveolar bony crest and the integration of implants installed in augmented sites with autologous bone or DBBM blocks, concomitantly with a collagen membrane. Material & methods: Mandibular molars were extracted bilaterally in 6 Labrador dogs, the buccal bony wall was removed and a box-shaped defect was created. After 3 months, flaps were elevated and a device was applied to a stent and used for the placement of an endodontic file that was lined up parallel to the buccal wall of the defect. The stent was removed and, in the right mandibular side, a bony graft was harvested from the ascending ramus and secured to the lateral wall of the defect by means of screws. In the left mandibular side, a DBBM block was fixed to the defect. A resorbable membrane was applied both sides. The flaps were sutured. After three months, one bone graft was exposed, and the dog was excluded from further analysis. After flap elevation, the stent and the device were used as guide to install one implant in each mandibular side, between the graft and the parent bone. After 3 months, biopsies were harvested and ground sections prepared for histological evaluation. Results: All implants were clinically stable. The width of the alveolar crest at the test sites was 5.4mm before, 9.4mm immediately after grafting, and 9.3mm at implant installation. At the control sites (autologous bone graft), the width of the alveolar crest was 5.2mm before and 9.0mm immediately after the grafting procedure. After 3 months of healing, the width was 8.7mm. One autologous bone block graft was lost before implant installation. All implants installed were available for histological evaluation (n=5). The autologous bone grafts, rich in vessels and cells, were integrated in the parent bone. Only little non-vital bone was found. A high degree of bone-to-implant contact percentage (BIC%) was observed at the buccal (grafted site; 57%) and at the lingual aspects (parent bone; 54%)…

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Objetivo: avaliar a influência da instalação de implantes em alvéolos imediatamente após a extração do elemento dental na regeneração dos tecidos peri-implantares com implantes de diferentes configurações Material e métodos: Nos alvéolos distais dos quartos pré-molares mandibulares de cães, imediatamente após as extrações das raízes dentais, foram instalados implantes cilíndricos com 3,3 mm de diâmetro (grupo controle) e implantes cônicos com 5,0 mm de diâmetro (grupo teste). Foram avaliados histologicamente a regeneração dos tecidos duros e moles peri-implantares após 4 meses do procedimento cirúrgico. Resultados: Todos os implantes apresentaram-se osseointegrados ao tecido ósseo maduro mineralizado. A crista óssea alveolar sofreu reabsorção tanto no grupo teste como controle. A superfície óssea vestibular dos implantes do grupo teste (cônico; 3,6 mm) apresentou maior grau de reabsorção em comparação ao grupo controle (cilíndrico; 1,6 mm). As dimensões dos tecidos moles apresentaram-se semelhantes em ambos os grupos. No entanto, em relação ao ombro do implante, a mucosa peri-implantar localizou-se mais apicalmente no grupo teste em relação ao grupo controle. Conclusão: Este estudo confirmou que a distância entre a superfície do implante e o contorno externo da crista óssea alveolar vestibular influenciou no grau de reabsorção da tábua óssea vestibular. Consequentemente, em relação ao ombro do implante, a mucosa peri-implantar será estabelecida em um nível mais apical, se a distância entre a superfície do implante e o contorno externo da crista óssea alveolar for menor

Aim: the aim of the present experiment was to study the influence of implant installation into sockets immediately after tooth extraction on the healing periimplant tissues with implants of various configurations. Material & methods: Transmucosal cylindrical 3.3mm in diameter implants in the control sites, and conical 5.0mm in diameter in the test sites, were installed into the distal socket of the forth mandibular premolars in dogs immediately after tooth extraction. After 4 months, the hard and soft tissue healing was evaluated histologically. Results: All implants were integrated in mineralized mature bone. Both at the test and control sites, the alveolar crest underwent resorption. The buccal bony surface at the implant of the test sites (conical; 3.6mm) was more resorbed compared to the control sites (cylindrical; 1.6mm). The soft tissue dimensions were similar in both groups. However, in relation to the implant shoulder, the periimplant mucosa was located more apically at the test compared to the control sites. Conclusion: The present study confirmed that the distance between the implant surface and the outer contour of the buccal alveolar bony crest influenced the degree of resorption of the buccal bone plate. Consequently, in relation to the implant shoulder, the peri-implant mucosa will be established at a more apical level if the distance between the implant surface and the outer contour of the alveolar crest is small

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Objetivo: estudar as fases iniciais da regeneração óssea de implantes instalados sobre a crista óssea alveolar desdentada. Material e Métodos: Em 12 cães labradores, foram extraídos bilateralmente todos os pré-molares inferiores e primeiros molares. Após 3 meses de regeneração, foi realizada a incisão sobre o rebordo alveolar desdentado do lado direito da mandíbula e descolamento do retalhos de espessura total. Foram instalados dois implantes e finalizado com a suturas dos retalhos para permitir a regeneração totalmente submersa. Posteriormente, foram realizados os mesmos procedimentos experimentais no lado esquerdo da mandíbula. Os sacrifícios dos animais foram planejados de forma a obter biópsias com pós-operatórios de 5, 10, 20 e 30 dias. Um implante de cada lado da mandíbula foi processado laboratorialmente para cortes histológicos em tecido mineralizado (inclusão em resina) e outro para cortes histológicos em tecido desmineralizado (inclusão em parafina). Resultados: Foi observada apenas uma reação celular importante ao redor do implante no compartimento da medula óssea. Observou-se a formação de matriz óssea provisória e, posteriormente, osso esponjoso ao redor e em contato com o implante. O contato osso-implante melhorou durante os períodos de regeneração avaliados. Conclusão: Com este estudo pode-se mostrar que a preparação do sítio cirúrgico e a instalação do implante produziram reação celular evidente no osso circunjacente. No compartimento da medula óssea, a aposição de matriz óssea provisória e formação de osso esponjoso ocorreram sequencialmente durante o primeiro mês de pós- operatório. Na região em que o osso apresentou contato com a superfície do implante, os processos de remodelação óssea (reabsorção e aposição óssea) ocorreram através da intervenção das BMUs (Bone Multicellular Units)

Objective: the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the early phases of bone response to implants installed in edentulous alveolar bony crest. Material & Method: In 12 Labrador dogs, all mandibular premolars and first molars were extracted bilaterally. After 3 months of healing, full-thickness flaps were elevated in the edentulous region of the right side of the mandible. Two implants were installed and the flaps were sutured to allow a fully-submerged healing. The experimental procedures were subsequently performed in the left side of the mandible. The timing of the experiments and sacrifices were planned in such a way to obtain biopsies representing the healing after 5, 10, 20, 30 days. One implant from each side of the mandible was processed for ground sections and the other for paraffin sections. Results: only an important cellular reaction was observed around the implant in the bone marrow compartment. Provisional matrix and, subsequently, woven bone were formed around and in contact with the implant. Bone-to-implant contact improve duign the healing period. Conclusions: In conclusion, the present experiment showed that site preparation and implant placement produced an evident cellular reaction within the surrounding bone. In the bone marrow compartment, provisional matrix apposition and woven bone formation occurred sequentially during the first month of healing. Where mineralized bone was in contact with the implant surface, bone remodeling processes (bone resorption and apposition) occurred through the intervention of BMUs (Bone Multicellular Units)

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Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da plataforma Switching sobre a remodelação dos tecidos peri-implantares. Material e métodos: Em 6 cães labradores, foram extraídos os pré-molares e primeiro molares inferiores bilateralmente. Após 3 meses de cicatrização, na região correpondente ao 1º molar, foi instalado um implante cônico em cada lado da mandíbula, com o ombro do mesmo posicionado ao nível da crista óssea alveolar vestibular. No lado direito da mandíbula, foi utilizado um pilar de diâmetro reduzido em relação à plataforma do implante, criando uma incompatibilidade de 0,85 milímetros (grupo teste), enquanto no lado esquerdo selecionou-se um pilar do mesmo diâmetro da plataforma do implante (grupo controle). Os retalhos foram suturados permitindo a cicatrização não-submersa. Após 4 meses, os animais foram eutanasiados para obtenção dos cortes histológicos para avaliação histométrica. Resultados: Todos os implantes apresentaram-se completamente osseointegrados. No grupo teste foram observados que os níveis ósseos apresentaram-se superiores ao grupo controle. No entanto, a diferença estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada apenas na região vestibular e na região proximal. A dimensão vertical dos tecidos moles foi maior no grupo controle em comparação ao grupo teste. No entanto, foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa apenas na vestibular. Conclusões: O presente estudo demonstrou diferenças nas dimensões dos tecidos duros e moles peri-implantares (vestibular e proximal) como resultado da incompatibilidade do implante / pilar de 0,85 milímetros, quando o ombro do implante foi posicionado ao nível da crista óssea vestibular...

Aim: to evaluate the effect of platform switching on the peri-implant tissue remodeling. Material & methods: Mandibular premolars and first molars of 6 Labrador dogs were extracted bilaterally. After 3 months of healing, 1 tapered implant was installed on each side of the mandibular molar region with the implant shoulder placed at the level of the alveolar buccal bony crest. On the right side of the mandible, an abutment of reduced diameter in relation to the platform of the implant was used creating a mismatch of 0.85mm (test), while an abutment of the same diameter of the implant platform was affixed in the left side of the mandible (control). The flaps were sutured to allow a non-submerged healing. After 4 months, the animals were sacrificed and ground sections were obtained for histometric assessment. Results: All implants were completely osseointegrated. Bone levels were superior at the test than at the control sites. However, statistically significant differences were found only at the buccal and proximal aspects. The soft tissue vertical dimension was higher at the control compared to the test sites. However, statistically significant differences were demonstrated only or at the buccal aspects. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated differences in peri-implant (buccal and proximal) hard and soft tissue dimensions as a result of an implant/abutment mismatch of 0.85mm, when the implant shoulder was placed at the level of the buccal bony crest

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Objetivo: avaliar a influência da instalação de implantes em alvéolos imediatamente após a extração do elemento dental na regeneração dos tecidos peri-implantares com implantes de diferentes configurações Material e métodos: Nos alvéolos distais dos quartos pré-molares mandibulares de cães, imediatamente após as extrações das raízes dentais, foram instalados implantes cilíndricos com 3,3 mm de diâmetro (grupo controle) e implantes cônicos com 5,0 mm de diâmetro (grupo teste). Foram avaliados histologicamente a regeneração dos tecidos duros e moles peri-implantares após 4 meses do procedimento cirúrgico. Resultados: Todos os implantes apresentaram-se osseointegrados ao tecido ósseo maduro mineralizado. A crista óssea alveolar sofreu reabsorção tanto no grupo teste como controle. A superfície óssea vestibular dos implantes do grupo teste (cônico; 3,6 mm) apresentou maior grau de reabsorção em comparação ao grupo controle (cilíndrico; 1,6 mm). As dimensões dos tecidos moles apresentaram-se semelhantes em ambos os grupos. No entanto, em relação ao ombro do implante, a mucosa peri-implantar localizou-se mais apicalmente no grupo teste em relação ao grupo controle. Conclusão: Este estudo confirmou que a distância entre a superfície do implante e o contorno externo da crista óssea alveolar vestibular influenciou no grau de reabsorção da tábua óssea vestibular. Consequentemente, em relação ao ombro do implante, a mucosa peri-implantar será estabelecida em um nível mais apical, se a distância entre a superfície do implante e o contorno externo da crista óssea alveolar for menor

Aim: the aim of the present experiment was to study the influence of implant installation into sockets immediately after tooth extraction on the healing periimplant tissues with implants of various configurations. Material & methods: Transmucosal cylindrical 3.3mm in diameter implants in the control sites, and conical 5.0mm in diameter in the test sites, were installed into the distal socket of the forth mandibular premolars in dogs immediately after tooth extraction. After 4 months, the hard and soft tissue healing was evaluated histologically. Results: All implants were integrated in mineralized mature bone. Both at the test and control sites, the alveolar crest underwent resorption. The buccal bony surface at the implant of the test sites (conical; 3.6mm) was more resorbed compared to the control sites (cylindrical; 1.6mm). The soft tissue dimensions were similar in both groups. However, in relation to the implant shoulder, the periimplant mucosa was located more apically at the test compared to the control sites. Conclusion: The present study confirmed that the distance between the implant surface and the outer contour of the buccal alveolar bony crest influenced the degree of resorption of the buccal bone plate. Consequently, in relation to the implant shoulder, the peri-implant mucosa will be established at a more apical level if the distance between the implant surface and the outer contour of the alveolar crest is small

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