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The most widely used herbicides in the world are glyphosate formulations. These have been used in self-poisoning and accidental poisoning. Dermestes maculatus (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are associated with decomposing human and animal remains. The aim of the study was to evaluate Roundup Full® II effects on saprophagous insects´ development. For this, green bottle flies and hide beetles were exposed to different doses of the herbicide. The duration of life cycles was recorded by observations made every 8 and 24 h. To register possible variations in size, external morphology, and female proportion, specimens of all developmental stages were collected. The duration of developmental stages in L. sericata did not change due to the herbicide, but this reduced all size parameters of puparium with pupae inside, the weight of L1, and of adults. The larval stage and total duration in D. maculatus were decreased by the highest dose, while size parameters of hide beetles remained unchanged at all development stages. In both flies and beetles, there was no evidence of abnormal external morphology and the female proportion did not change in response to the herbicide. Finally, this study exhibited an impact on L. sericata and D. maculatus, so the possibility that the herbicide may affect other forensically important species should be considered, but more work is needed. Taxonomic determination could be done as usual; however, caution should be exercised when estimating the postmortem interval. This study represents the first to analyze a glyphosate-based herbicide associated with Forensic Entomology.

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Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, commonly used for the treatment of a variety of psychopathological conditions. As such, fluoxetine may be expected to appear in clinical and forensic cases. Dermestes maculatus De Geer (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) has been recognized as a relevant component of the insect fauna associated with decomposing human and animal remains. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of fluoxetine on developing D. maculatus using two-drug administration models: a non-living animal model (pork muscle) and a living one (Sus scrofa L. pigs). We assessed the duration of immature stages and total life cycle, as well as morphological parameters (body length, cephalic width, and weight). The effect of fluoxetine was studied at an overdose concentration: In the non-living animal model the drug was mixed with macerated pork muscle (2000 mg/kg) and in the living animal model, pigs were given the drug orally (833 mg/kg). A control was used for each model. Daily observations were performed from the beginning to the end of the experiments. GC-MS was used for drug detection and quantification. There were no statistically significant differences in the duration of immature stages, life cycle, larval mortality, morphological parameters, or sex ratio, between treatment and control, regardless of the drug administration model. Given that fluoxetine had no detectable effect on the development of D. maculatus, detection of this drug in forensic situations would not compromise the accuracy of PMI estimations.

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This study aimed to estimate the donkey unit cost of production and to contextualize it with the socio-economic condition of the Brazilian semiarid region. A study model was proposed in which the costs of maintenance and animal production were considered, assuming that the herd already existed on the property and the use of the available facilities. The production cycle of donkeys was estimated at 36 months, with an initial herd of 100 jennies and five jacks. For the estimation of forage production, native pastures to the semi-arid region were considered. The unit cost of production was estimated for donkey US$ 258.00/year. However, when the donkey is integrated into the production unit of the family farming system, this animal should be considered as a production asset (draught, pack, and ridden). In face of the growing demand for donkey hide in the international market, the absence of public policies for the protection and welfare of these animals, and even considering the possibility of integrating them into family farming systems, the following question must be asked: how long before Northeast donkeys are extinct? Estimating the unit cost of donkey production and considering them as an essential production asset in family farming could be a starting point to diminish their abandonment in several communities and the consequences of the exploitation of hides.(AU)

O estudo teve como objetivo estimar o custo de produção do jumento e contextualizar com a condição socioeconômica da região semiárida brasileira. Foi proposto um modelo de estudo no qual foram considerados os custos de manutenção e produção animal, admitindo que o rebanho já existisse na propriedade com utilização das instalações disponíveis. O ciclo de produção do jumento foi estimado em 36 meses, com rebanho inicial de 100 matrizes e cinco reprodutores. Para a estimativa de produção de forragem, foram consideradas pastagens nativas da região semiárida. Foi estimado o custo de produção do jumento em US$ 258,00/ano. Entretanto, quando o jumento está integrado à unidade produtiva do segmento da agricultura familiar, esse animal deve ser considerado como ativo de produção (tração, carga e transporte). Diante da crescente demanda da pele de jumentos no mercado internacional, da ausência de políticas públicas de proteção e bem-estar desses animais, e mesmo considerando a possibilidade de integrá-los ao sistema de agricultura familiar, permanece a pergunta: quanto tempo vai levar até que os jumentos nordestinos sejam extintos? Estimar o custo unitário da produção de jumentos e considerá-los como um ativo essencial de produção na agricultura familiar pode ser um ponto de partida para diminuir seu abandono às consequências da exploração de pele.(AU)

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This study aimed to estimate the donkey unit cost of production and to contextualize it with the socio-economic condition of the Brazilian semiarid region. A study model was proposed in which the costs of maintenance and animal production were considered, assuming that the herd already existed on the property and the use of the available facilities. The production cycle of donkeys was estimated at 36 months, with an initial herd of 100 jennies and five jacks. For the estimation of forage production, native pastures to the semi-arid region were considered. The unit cost of production was estimated for donkey US$ 258.00/year. However, when the donkey is integrated into the production unit of the family farming system, this animal should be considered as a production asset (draught, pack, and ridden). In face of the growing demand for donkey hide in the international market, the absence of public policies for the protection and welfare of these animals, and even considering the possibility of integrating them into family farming systems, the following question must be asked: how long before Northeast donkeys are extinct? Estimating the unit cost of donkey production and considering them as an essential production asset in family farming could be a starting point to diminish their abandonment in several communities and the consequences of the exploitation of hides.(AU)

O estudo teve como objetivo estimar o custo de produção do jumento e contextualizar com a condição socioeconômica da região semiárida brasileira. Foi proposto um modelo de estudo no qual foram considerados os custos de manutenção e produção animal, admitindo que o rebanho já existisse na propriedade com utilização das instalações disponíveis. O ciclo de produção do jumento foi estimado em 36 meses, com rebanho inicial de 100 matrizes e cinco reprodutores. Para a estimativa de produção de forragem, foram consideradas pastagens nativas da região semiárida. Foi estimado o custo de produção do jumento em US$ 258,00/ano. Entretanto, quando o jumento está integrado à unidade produtiva do segmento da agricultura familiar, esse animal deve ser considerado como ativo de produção (tração, carga e transporte). Diante da crescente demanda da pele de jumentos no mercado internacional, da ausência de políticas públicas de proteção e bem-estar desses animais, e mesmo considerando a possibilidade de integrá-los ao sistema de agricultura familiar, permanece a pergunta: quanto tempo vai levar até que os jumentos nordestinos sejam extintos? Estimar o custo unitário da produção de jumentos e considerá-los como um ativo essencial de produção na agricultura familiar pode ser um ponto de partida para diminuir seu abandono às consequências da exploração de pele.(AU)

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Rats have elaborate cognitive capacities for playing Hide & Seek. Playing Hide & Seek strongly engages medial prefrontal cortex and the activity of prefrontal cortex neurons reflects the structure of the game. We wondered if prefrontal neurons would also show a mirroring of play-related neural activity. Specifically, we asked how does the activity in the rat medial prefrontal cortex differ when the animal plays itself versus when it observes others playing. Consistent with our previous work, when the animal plays itself we observed medial prefrontal cortex activity that was sharply locked to game events. Observing play, however, did not lead to a comparable activation of rat medial prefrontal cortex. Firing rates during observing play were lower than during real play. The modulation of responses in medial prefrontal cortex by game events was strong during playing Hide & Seek, but weak during observing Hide & Seek. We conclude the rat prefrontal cortex does not mirror play events under our experimental conditions.

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The objectives of this study were: (1) to estimate STEC frequency in hide and carcass samples taken from beef slaughterhouses supplying the domestic market in Argentina, (2) to establish the pheno-genotypic characteristics of STEC and non-toxigenic Escherichia coli of serogroups O26, O45, O103, O121, O111, O145 or O157 isolated from the analyzed samples and, (3) to study their clonal relatedness. Sixty hides and 60 carcasses were analyzed. At the screening step, 48% of hide and 80% of carcass samples tested positive for the stx gene by endpoint PCR. The STEC isolation rate was 5% for hides and 8% for carcasses. The isolation rate of STEC-positive for O26, O45, O103, O111, O145 or O157 serogroups was 0% for hides and 2% for carcasses. With the purpose of studying the clonal relatedness of isolates, macrorestriction fragment analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed. The results indicated cross-contamination between hides and between carcasses of animals in the same lot and, that the origin of carcass contamination was their own hide, or the hides of other animals in the same lot. The high detection rate at the screening step, especially in carcasses, and the evidence of cross-contamination show the need to apply additional in-plant intervention strategies aimed at preventing carcass contamination.

Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron tres: 1) estimar la frecuencia de Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga (STEC) en muestras de cuero y carcasa de bovinos en frigoríficos de consumo interno de Argentina; 2) realizar la caracterización feno-genotípica de las cepas STEC y de Escherichia coli no toxigénicas pertenecientes a los serogrupos O26, O45, 0103, O121, O145 u O157 aisladas a partir de las muestras analizadas; 3) establecer la relación clonal de ese conjunto de cepas. Se analizaron 60 cueros y 60 carcasas. En la etapa de tamizaje, el gen stx se detectó en el 48% de las muestras de cuero y en el 80% de las muestras de carcasa por una PCR de punto final. La frecuencia de recuperación de cepas STEC fue del 5% en cueros y del 8% en carcasas, y la de cepas STEC positivas para los serogrupos O26, O45, O103, O121, O111, O145 u O157 fue del 0% en los cueros y del 2% en las carcasas. La relación clonal de las cepas aisladas se investigó a través de electroforesis de campo pulsado y análisis de los patrones de macrorrestricción generados. Los resultados demostraron la existencia de contaminación cruzada entre cueros y carcasas de animales pertenecientes a un mismo lote, y también que el origen de la contaminación fue el propio cuero del animal o el cuero de otros animales pertenecientes al mismo lote. Los altos porcentajes de detección en la etapa de tamizaje, especialmente en carcasas, y la evidencia de contaminación cruzada ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de evaluar la implementación de estrategias de intervención tendientes a evitar la contaminación de carcasas.

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The objectives of this study were: (1) to estimate STEC frequency in hide and carcass samples taken from beef slaughterhouses supplying the domestic market in Argentina, (2) to establish the pheno-genotypic characteristics of STEC and non-toxigenic Escherichia coli of serogroups O26, O45, O103, O121, O111, O145 or O157 isolated from the analyzed samples and, (3) to study their clonal relatedness. Sixty hides and 60 carcasses were analyzed. At the screening step, 48% of hide and 80% of carcass samples tested positive for the stx gene by endpoint PCR. The STEC isolation rate was 5% for hides and 8% for carcasses. The isolation rate of STEC-positive for O26, O45, O103, O111, O145 or O157 serogroups was 0% for hides and 2% for carcasses. With the purpose of studying the clonal relatedness of isolates, macrorestriction fragment analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed. The results indicated cross-contamination between hides and between carcasses of animals in the same lot and, that the origin of carcass contamination was their own hide, or the hides of other animals in the same lot. The high detection rate at the screening step, especially in carcasses, and the evidence of cross-contamination show the need to apply additional in-plant intervention strategies aimed at preventing carcass contamination.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of Salmonella and E. coli O157 found on the hides, as well as presence of Salmonella, Campylobacter and E. coli O157 found in small-ruminant fecal samples from abattoirs and farms in California, New Mexico, Texas, Mexico and the Bahamas. In small-ruminant fecal samples, overall organism presence was identified as 13.9% Salmonella (n=532), 15.3% E. coli O157 (n=477) and 80.7% Campylobacter (n=176). Overall, on small-ruminant hide surfaces, Salmonella frequency was 17.1% (N=339) and E. coli O157 was detected at 1.5% (n=266). The overall lower detection (P<0.0001) of E. coli O157 from hide samples (1.5%) when compared to presence in fecal samples (15.3%), is not consistent with trends expected. Results from this study can be used to better understand and potentially control pathogens in small-ruminants utilized for meat and milk.

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The Amazon basin is the largest and most species-rich tropical forest and river system in the world, playing a pivotal role in global climate regulation and harboring hundreds of traditional and indigenous cultures. It is a matter of intense debate whether the ecosystem is threatened by hunting practices, whereby an "empty forest" loses critical ecological functions. Strikingly, no previous study has examined Amazonian ecosystem resilience through the perspective of the massive 20th century international trade in furs and skins. We present the first historical account of the scale and impacts of this trade and show that whereas aquatic species suffered basin-wide population collapse, terrestrial species did not. We link this differential resilience to the persistence of adequate spatial refuges for terrestrial species, enabling populations to be sustained through source-sink dynamics, contrasting with unremitting hunting pressure on more accessible aquatic habitats. Our findings attest the high vulnerability of aquatic fauna to unregulated hunting, particularly during years of severe drought. We propose that the relative resilience of terrestrial species suggests a marked opportunity for managing, rather than criminalizing, contemporary traditional subsistence hunting in Amazonia, through both the engagement of local people in community-based comanagement programs and science-led conservation governance.

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The objective of the experiment was to evaluate byproducts yield of non-castrated Nellore males slaughtered at different weights. Forty Nellore males with average weight of 350 kg at the beginning of the feedlot were used. In a completely randomized design, the animals were divided into four groups: 0 to 2-teeth animals with carcass weight up to 238.0 kg (young and light carcasses); 2-teeth animal with carcass weights ranging from 238.1 to 258.0 kg (young and middle weight carcasses); 2-teeth animal with carcass weight over 258.0 kg (young and heavy carcasses) and animals with four or six teeth, regardless of carcass weight (adults). Animals were fed during 84 days with diet calculated to reach average weight gain of 1.2 kg/day. Hide weight was higher for young and heavy animals in relation to young and light and adult animals. Regarding the non-carcass components yield, we verified difference for liver percentage, which was higher for young and heavy animals (1.91%) in relation to young with middle weight carcasses (1.49%). Economic analysis showed that the non-carcass components of young animals with heavy carcass result in higher income (R$ 208.00), followed by young animals with middle weight carcasses (R$ 193.56), and the incomes of adult and of young and light animals, respectively, R$ 21.42 and R$ 23.42 lower than the first one. No carcass components add to industry from R$ 0.71 to R$ 0.80 per carcass kilogram.(AU)

O objetivo do experimento foi realizar a avaliação do rendimento de componentes não carcaça provenientes do abate de machos Nelore, não castrados, abatidos com diferentes pesos. Foram utilizados 40 animais com peso corporal médio de 350 kg no inicio do confinamento. Em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos: animais 0 e 2 dentes, com peso de carcaça de até 238,0 kg (jovens e carcaças leves); animais 2 dentes com peso de carcaça variando de 238,1 a 258,0 kg (jovens e carcaças médias); animais 2 dentes com peso de carcaça superior a 258,0 kg (jovens e carcaças pesadas) e animais com 4 ou 6 dentes, independente do peso de carcaça (adultos). Os animais foram confinados por 84 dias com dieta calculada para atingir ganho de peso médio de 1,2 kg/dia. O peso do couro foi maior nos animais jovens e pesados em relação aos jovens e leves e aos adultos. Foi verificada diferença no percentual de fígado, que foi maior nos animais jovens pesados (1,91%) em relação aos jovens com carcaça média (1,49%). A análise econômica mostrou que os animais jovens com carcaça pesada deixam a maior receita com componentes não carcaça (R$ 208,00), seguidos dos jovens médios (R$ 193,56), sendo a receita dos animais adultos e dos jovens e leves R$ 21,42 e R$ 23,42, respectivamente, inferior aos primeiros. Os componentes não carcaça agregam à indústria de R$ 0,71 a R$ 0,80 por quilograma de carcaça. (AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate byproducts yield of non-castrated Nellore males slaughtered at different weights. Forty Nellore males with average weight of 350 kg at the beginning of the feedlot were used. In a completely randomized design, the animals were divided into four groups: 0 to 2-teeth animals with carcass weight up to 238.0 kg (young and light carcasses); 2-teeth animal with carcass weights ranging from 238.1 to 258.0 kg (young and middle weight carcasses); 2-teeth animal with carcass weight over 258.0 kg (young and heavy carcasses) and animals with four or six teeth, regardless of carcass weight (adults). Animals were fed during 84 days with diet calculated to reach average weight gain of 1.2 kg/day. Hide weight was higher for young and heavy animals in relation to young and light and adult animals. Regarding the non-carcass components yield, we verified difference for liver percentage, which was higher for young and heavy animals (1.91%) in relation to young with middle weight carcasses (1.49%). Economic analysis showed that the non-carcass components of young animals with heavy carcass result in higher income (R$ 208.00), followed by young animals with middle weight carcasses (R$ 193.56), and the incomes of adult and of young and light animals, respectively, R$ 21.42 and R$ 23.42 lower than the first one. No carcass components add to industry from R$ 0.71 to R$ 0.80 per carcass kilogram.

O objetivo do experimento foi realizar a avaliação do rendimento de componentes não carcaça provenientes do abate de machos Nelore, não castrados, abatidos com diferentes pesos. Foram utilizados 40 animais com peso corporal médio de 350 kg no inicio do confinamento. Em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos: animais 0 e 2 dentes, com peso de carcaça de até 238,0 kg (jovens e carcaças leves); animais 2 dentes com peso de carcaça variando de 238,1 a 258,0 kg (jovens e carcaças médias); animais 2 dentes com peso de carcaça superior a 258,0 kg (jovens e carcaças pesadas) e animais com 4 ou 6 dentes, independente do peso de carcaça (adultos). Os animais foram confinados por 84 dias com dieta calculada para atingir ganho de peso médio de 1,2 kg/dia. O peso do couro foi maior nos animais jovens e pesados em relação aos jovens e leves e aos adultos. Foi verificada diferença no percentual de fígado, que foi maior nos animais jovens pesados (1,91%) em relação aos jovens com carcaça média (1,49%). A análise econômica mostrou que os animais jovens com carcaça pesada deixam a maior receita com componentes não carcaça (R$ 208,00), seguidos dos jovens médios (R$ 193,56), sendo a receita dos animais adultos e dos jovens e leves R$ 21,42 e R$ 23,42, respectivamente, inferior aos primeiros. Os componentes não carcaça agregam à indústria de R$ 0,71 a R$ 0,80 por quilograma de carcaça.

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RESUMO

title>Abstract /title> p>The objective of the experiment was to evaluate byproducts yield of non-castrated Nellore males slaughtered at different weights. Forty Nellore males with average weight of 350 kg at the beginning of the feedlot were used. In a completely randomized design, the animals were divided into four groups: 0 to 2-teeth animals with carcass weight up to 238.0 kg (young and light carcasses); 2-teeth animal with carcass weights ranging from 238.1 to 258.0 kg (young and middle weight carcasses); 2-teeth animal with carcass weight over 258.0 kg (young and heavy carcasses) and animals with four or six teeth, regardless of carcass weight (adults). Animals were fed during 84 days with diet calculated to reach average weight gain of 1.2 kg/day. Hide weight was higher for young and heavy animals in relation to young and light and adult animals. Regarding the non-carcass components yield, we verified difference for liver percentage, which was higher for young and heavy animals (1.91%) in relation to young with middle weight carcasses (1.49%). Economic analysis showed that the non-carcass components of young animals with heavy carcass result in higher income (R$ 208.00), followed by young animals with middle weight carcasses (R$ 193.56), and the incomes of adult and of young and light animals, respectively, R$ 21.42 and R$ 23.42 lower than the first one. No carcass components add to industry from R$ 0.71 to R$ 0.80 per carcass kilogram. /p>

title>Resumo /title> p>O objetivo do experimento foi realizar a avaliação do rendimento de componentes não carcaça provenientes do abate de machos Nelore, não castrados, abatidos com diferentes pesos. Foram utilizados 40 animais com peso corporal médio de 350 kg no inicio do confinamento. Em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos: animais 0 e 2 dentes, com peso de carcaça de até 238,0 kg (jovens e carcaças leves); animais 2 dentes com peso de carcaça variando de 238,1 a 258,0 kg (jovens e carcaças médias); animais 2 dentes com peso de carcaça superior a 258,0 kg (jovens e carcaças pesadas) e animais com 4 ou 6 dentes, independente do peso de carcaça (adultos). Os animais foram confinados por 84 dias com dieta calculada para atingir ganho de peso médio de 1,2 kg/dia. O peso do couro foi maior nos animais jovens e pesados em relação aos jovens e leves e aos adultos. Foi verificada diferença no percentual de fígado, que foi maior nos animais jovens pesados (1,91%) em relação aos jovens com carcaça média (1,49%). A análise econômica mostrou que os animais jovens com carcaça pesada deixam a maior receita com componentes não carcaça (R$ 208,00), seguidos dos jovens médios (R$ 193,56), sendo a receita dos animais adultos e dos jovens e leves R$ 21,42 e R$ 23,42, respectivamente, inferior aos primeiros. Os componentes não carcaça agregam à indústria de R$ 0,71 a R$ 0,80 por quilograma de carcaça. /p>

RESUMO

Avaliaram-se os componentes externos e a distribuição da gordura interna de novilhos das raças Charolês (CH) ou Nelore (NE), alimentados com diferentes proporções de concentrado na dieta. Os novilhos foram distribuídos em seis tratamentos que corresponderam a três níveis de concentrado: 35, 50 e 65% (com base na matéria seca) e dois grupos genéticos (Charolês e Nelore). Os novilhos NE alimentados com 65% de concentrado na dieta apresentaram maior rendimento de corpo vazio (RCV), não diferindo dos novilhos CH e NE alimentados com 50% de concentrado. O peso da cabeça ajustado para peso de corpo vazio (PCV) foi menor para os animais que consumiram dieta com proporção mais alta de concentrado (4,67, 4,30 e 4,28 para 35, 50 e 65% de concentrado, respectivamente) e para os novilhos da raça NE em relação aos CH (4,30 contra 4,54, respectivamente). O peso absoluto total das gorduras internas foi superior (P<0,05) para os novilhos alimentados com proporções mais elevadas de concentrado (18,13; 22,58 e 21,74 kg para 35 50 e 65% de concentrado), e para os novilhos CH em relação aos NE (22,52 contra 19,11, respectivamente). Novilhos CH apresentam maior deposição de gordura interna do que novilhos NE. Novilhos alimentados com proporções mais altas de concentrado apresentam maiores deposições de gordura interna.(AU)

The objective was to evaluate the development of external body components and the distribution of internal fat of Charolais (CH) and Nellore (NE) steers, fed with different concentrate level in the diet. The steers were distributed in six treatments constituted by three concentrate level: 35, 50 or 65% (dry matter basis) and two genetic group (Charolais or Nellore). NE steers fed with 65% concentrate in diet showed higher EBW yield, it was not different to CH and NE steers fed with 50% concentrate. Head weigth in relation to EBW was decrease with the increase of the proportions concentrate (4.67, 4.30 and 4.28 to 35; 50 and 65% concentrate, respectively). The head weigh also was lower from NE steers in relation to CH steers (4.30 versus 4.54, respectively). The absolute total weight of internal fat was higher (P<.05) for steers fed with high concentrate proportions (18.13; 22.58 and 21.74 kg to 35, 50 and 65% concentrate) and to CH steers in relation to NE (22.52 versus 19.11, respectively). CH steers showed highest internal fat. Similarly, steers fed high-concentrate ratio had also higher deposit of internal fat.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Avaliaram-se os componentes externos e a distribuição da gordura interna de novilhos das raças Charolês (CH) ou Nelore (NE), alimentados com diferentes proporções de concentrado na dieta. Os novilhos foram distribuídos em seis tratamentos que corresponderam a três níveis de concentrado: 35, 50 e 65% (com base na matéria seca) e dois grupos genéticos (Charolês e Nelore). Os novilhos NE alimentados com 65% de concentrado na dieta apresentaram maior rendimento de corpo vazio (RCV), não diferindo dos novilhos CH e NE alimentados com 50% de concentrado. O peso da cabeça ajustado para peso de corpo vazio (PCV) foi menor para os animais que consumiram dieta com proporção mais alta de concentrado (4,67, 4,30 e 4,28 para 35, 50 e 65% de concentrado, respectivamente) e para os novilhos da raça NE em relação aos CH (4,30 contra 4,54, respectivamente). O peso absoluto total das gorduras internas foi superior (P<0,05) para os novilhos alimentados com proporções mais elevadas de concentrado (18,13; 22,58 e 21,74 kg para 35 50 e 65% de concentrado), e para os novilhos CH em relação aos NE (22,52 contra 19,11, respectivamente). Novilhos CH apresentam maior deposição de gordura interna do que novilhos NE. Novilhos alimentados com proporções mais altas de concentrado apresentam maiores deposições de gordura interna.

The objective was to evaluate the development of external body components and the distribution of internal fat of Charolais (CH) and Nellore (NE) steers, fed with different concentrate level in the diet. The steers were distributed in six treatments constituted by three concentrate level: 35, 50 or 65% (dry matter basis) and two genetic group (Charolais or Nellore). NE steers fed with 65% concentrate in diet showed higher EBW yield, it was not different to CH and NE steers fed with 50% concentrate. Head weigth in relation to EBW was decrease with the increase of the proportions concentrate (4.67, 4.30 and 4.28 to 35; 50 and 65% concentrate, respectively). The head weigh also was lower from NE steers in relation to CH steers (4.30 versus 4.54, respectively). The absolute total weight of internal fat was higher (P<.05) for steers fed with high concentrate proportions (18.13; 22.58 and 21.74 kg to 35, 50 and 65% concentrate) and to CH steers in relation to NE (22.52 versus 19.11, respectively). CH steers showed highest internal fat. Similarly, steers fed high-concentrate ratio had also higher deposit of internal fat.

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RESUMO

The objective was to evaluate the empty body components of cull cows slaughtered at different weights. It was used 43 Purunã cull cows mean age of 68.02 ± 17.36 months. The experimental design used was the completely randomized. The slaughter weights studied were 401, 434, 461, 476 and 522 kg. Empty body weight and yield increased 65.16 g and 0.0253% for each kg increased in body weight, respectively. The increase slaughter weight promoted linear increase of the absolute amount of noncarcass components. The weight of the gastrointestinal tract increased to 9.61 g per kilogram over the weight of slaughter, not being changed by the independent variable when expressed as percentage of empty body. The absolute and relative weight of internal organs varied linearly positive and negative with increasing slaughter weight, respectively. The increase in slaughter weight resulted in a linear increase of the set of internal fat, both expressed in kg and percentage of empty body. The set of external components increased 8.6 g per kilogram of slaughter weight increase. The increase in slaughter weight above the minimum requirements by refrigerators reduces the efficiency of the production system, due to the increased proportion of non-carcass components.

Objetivou-se avaliar os componentes do corpo vazio de vacas de descarte com pesos distintos. Utilizaramse 43 vacas da raça Purunã com idade média de 68,02 ± 17,36 meses. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Os pesos de abate estudados foram de 401, 434, 461, 476 e 522 kg. O peso e o rendimento de corpo vazio responderam linearmente à elevação do peso de abate, aumentando 65,16 g e 0,0253% a cada quilograma acrescida, respectivamente. O aumento do peso de abate proporcionou aumento linear da quantidade absoluta dos componentes não carcaça. O peso do trato gastrointestinal aumentou 9,61 g a cada quilograma acrescida no peso de abate, não sendo alterado pela variável independente quando expresso em percentagem do corpo vazio. O peso absoluto e peso relativo do conjunto de órgãos internos variou de forma linear positiva e negativa, respectivamente, com o avanço do peso de abate. O aumento do peso de abate proporcionou aumento linear do conjunto de gorduras internas. O conjunto de componentes externos aumentou 8,6 g a cada quilograma acrescida no peso de abate. A elevação do peso de abate, acima das exigências mínimas dos frigoríficos, prejudica a eficiência do sistema produtivo, em virtude do aumento proporcional dos componentes não carcaça.

RESUMO

The objective was to evaluate the empty body components of cull cows slaughtered at different weights. It was used 43 Purunã cull cows mean age of 68.02 ± 17.36 months. The experimental design used was the completely randomized. The slaughter weights studied were 401, 434, 461, 476 and 522 kg. Empty body weight and yield increased 65.16 g and 0.0253% for each kg increased in body weight, respectively. The increase slaughter weight promoted linear increase of the absolute amount of noncarcass components. The weight of the gastrointestinal tract increased to 9.61 g per kilogram over the weight of slaughter, not being changed by the independent variable when expressed as percentage of empty body. The absolute and relative weight of internal organs varied linearly positive and negative with increasing slaughter weight, respectively. The increase in slaughter weight resulted in a linear increase of the set of internal fat, both expressed in kg and percentage of empty body. The set of external components increased 8.6 g per kilogram of slaughter weight increase. The increase in slaughter weight above the minimum requirements by refrigerators reduces the efficiency of the production system, due to the increased proportion of non-carcass components.

Objetivou-se avaliar os componentes do corpo vazio de vacas de descarte com pesos distintos. Utilizaramse 43 vacas da raça Purunã com idade média de 68,02 ± 17,36 meses. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Os pesos de abate estudados foram de 401, 434, 461, 476 e 522 kg. O peso e o rendimento de corpo vazio responderam linearmente à elevação do peso de abate, aumentando 65,16 g e 0,0253% a cada quilograma acrescida, respectivamente. O aumento do peso de abate proporcionou aumento linear da quantidade absoluta dos componentes não carcaça. O peso do trato gastrointestinal aumentou 9,61 g a cada quilograma acrescida no peso de abate, não sendo alterado pela variável independente quando expresso em percentagem do corpo vazio. O peso absoluto e peso relativo do conjunto de órgãos internos variou de forma linear positiva e negativa, respectivamente, com o avanço do peso de abate. O aumento do peso de abate proporcionou aumento linear do conjunto de gorduras internas. O conjunto de componentes externos aumentou 8,6 g a cada quilograma acrescida no peso de abate. A elevação do peso de abate, acima das exigências mínimas dos frigoríficos, prejudica a eficiência do sistema produtivo, em virtude do aumento proporcional dos componentes não carcaça.

RESUMO

La Regla del Peso Temporal predice la integración de las experiencias pasadas dependiendo de su valor subjetivo y su distancia temporal (J. Devenport & Devenport 1998). Con el fin de estudiar esta predicción en el aprendizaje de una tarea escondite/búsqueda en niños en edad preescolar (4-5 años), se realizó un experimento con 4 grupos. La tarea para todos los participantes consistió en buscar calcomanías en tres contenedores equidistantes (contenedores A, B y C)durante los 5 ensayos de cada fase. La fase de prueba consistió pedir a los participantes que buscaran en el contenedor donde habían encontrado más calcomanías. Durante la fase 1 sólo el recipiente A contuvo calcomanías, mientras que durante la fase 2, sólo el recipiente B. Un grupo recibió la prueba después de 24h del entrenamiento (grupo A=B24h), y el otro inmediatamente después (grupo A=B0h).En los otros dos grupos se aplicó el mismo procedimiento con la diferencia de que el contenedor A almacenó más calcomanías (grupos A>B24h y A>B0h). Los resultados mostraron que los niños realizan su elección considerando el valor subjetivo y el momento (reciente o distante) de la experiencia. Finalmente se propone que la Regla del Peso Temporal puede describir la forma en la cual se realiza la integración de la información.

Temporal Weighting Rule predicts integration of past experiences depending on their subjective and temporal distance values (J. Devenport & Devenport 1998). To study this prediction in the search learning of preschool children (4-5 years old), an experiment with 4 groups was conducted. The task for all participants consisted of finding stickers in three equidistant containers (containers A, B and C). The search in the containers was random in 5 trials of every phase. Test phase consisted of asking participants to search in the container where they had found more stickers. During phase 1 only the container A stored stickers, whereas during phase 2, only the container B stored stickers. A group received the test after 24 hours of training (group A=B 24h), and the other immediately (group A=B 0h). For the other two groups same procedure was applied with the difference that container A stored more stickers (groups A>B 24h and A>B 0h). Results showed that children make their choice based on value (= or >), and moment (recent or distant) of the experiences. Finally we proposed that Temporal Weighting Rule can explain these integration of information.

RESUMO

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os fatores corporais envolvidos na variação do rendimento de carcaça em machos castrados ou fêmeas não prenhes, abatidos aos quatorze meses de idade. Os animais foram terminados com suplementação energética sobre pastagem cultivada. Utilizaram-se doze animais de cada sexo, mestiços Nelore (3/8) x Hereford (5/8), contemporâneos do mesmo rebanho. Os pesos de fazenda, de frigorífico e de carcaça quente foram superiores nos machos, sendo de 365,8; 350,4 e 203,4 kg, respectivamente, enquanto as fêmeas apresentaram 310,3; 294,5; e 168,6 kg, citados na mesma ordem. Bovinos machos também apresentaram maiores rendimentos de carcaça quente em relação ao peso de fazenda (55,6 vs 54,4%) e em relação ao peso de frigorífico (58,1 vs 57,2%) do que as fêmeas. O menor rendimento de carcaça das fêmeas deveu-se ao maior percentual de couro (9,03 vs 7,96%), gordura inguinal, junto ao úbere das fêmeas ou à capadura dos machos (1,02 vs 0,67%), trato digestivo cheio (19,35% vs 16,84%), rúmen mais retículo vazios (2,34 vs 1,91%) e intestino vazio (2,54% vs 2,11%). Não houve diferença significativa entre sexos nos percentuais de coração, fígado, pulmões, rins e baço, sendo, respectivamente, 0,40%, 0,93%, 1,01%, 0,22% e 0,35% nos machos e 0,41%, 0,98%, 1,02%, 0,22% e 0,30% nas fêmeas, citados na mesma ordem.(AU)

The objective of the experiment was to study the body factors related to the variation of dressing percentage in castrated males or non-pregnant females, slaughtered at fourteen months of age. The animals were finished with energetic supplementation on cultivated pasture. Twelve contemporary animals of each sex were used, all crossbred Nellore (3/8) x Hereford (5/8) from the same herd. Farm live weight, slaughterhouse live weight and hot carcass weight were superior in males, being 365.8; 350.4 and 203.4 kg, respectively, while the females showed 310.3; 294.5; and 168.6 kg, in the same order. Males also showed higher hot carcass dressing percentage in relation to farm live weight (55.6 vs 54.4%) and in relation to slaughterhouse weight (58.1 vs 57.2%) than females. The lower female dressing percentage was a result of the higher hide (9.03 vs 7.96%), inguinal fat in the udder of heifers or cod fat of steers (1.02 vs .67%), full digestive tract (19.35 vs 16.84%), empty rumen plus reticulum (2.34 vs 1.91%) and empty intestine (2.54 vs 2.11%) percentages. There was no significant difference between sexes in heart, liver, lungs, kidneys and spleen percentages, being, respectively, 0.40, 0.93, 1.01, 0.22 and 0.35% in males and 0.41, 0.98, 1.02, 0.22 and 0.30% in females, cited in the same order.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os fatores corporais envolvidos na variação do rendimento de carcaça em machos castrados ou fêmeas não prenhes, abatidos aos quatorze meses de idade. Os animais foram terminados com suplementação energética sobre pastagem cultivada. Utilizaram-se doze animais de cada sexo, mestiços Nelore (3/8) x Hereford (5/8), contemporâneos do mesmo rebanho. Os pesos de fazenda, de frigorífico e de carcaça quente foram superiores nos machos, sendo de 365,8; 350,4 e 203,4 kg, respectivamente, enquanto as fêmeas apresentaram 310,3; 294,5; e 168,6 kg, citados na mesma ordem. Bovinos machos também apresentaram maiores rendimentos de carcaça quente em relação ao peso de fazenda (55,6 vs 54,4%) e em relação ao peso de frigorífico (58,1 vs 57,2%) do que as fêmeas. O menor rendimento de carcaça das fêmeas deveu-se ao maior percentual de couro (9,03 vs 7,96%), gordura inguinal, junto ao úbere das fêmeas ou à capadura dos machos (1,02 vs 0,67%), trato digestivo cheio (19,35% vs 16,84%), rúmen mais retículo vazios (2,34 vs 1,91%) e intestino vazio (2,54% vs 2,11%). Não houve diferença significativa entre sexos nos percentuais de coração, fígado, pulmões, rins e baço, sendo, respectivamente, 0,40%, 0,93%, 1,01%, 0,22% e 0,35% nos machos e 0,41%, 0,98%, 1,02%, 0,22% e 0,30% nas fêmeas, citados na mesma ordem.

The objective of the experiment was to study the body factors related to the variation of dressing percentage in castrated males or non-pregnant females, slaughtered at fourteen months of age. The animals were finished with energetic supplementation on cultivated pasture. Twelve contemporary animals of each sex were used, all crossbred Nellore (3/8) x Hereford (5/8) from the same herd. Farm live weight, slaughterhouse live weight and hot carcass weight were superior in males, being 365.8; 350.4 and 203.4 kg, respectively, while the females showed 310.3; 294.5; and 168.6 kg, in the same order. Males also showed higher hot carcass dressing percentage in relation to farm live weight (55.6 vs 54.4%) and in relation to slaughterhouse weight (58.1 vs 57.2%) than females. The lower female dressing percentage was a result of the higher hide (9.03 vs 7.96%), inguinal fat in the udder of heifers or cod fat of steers (1.02 vs .67%), full digestive tract (19.35 vs 16.84%), empty rumen plus reticulum (2.34 vs 1.91%) and empty intestine (2.54 vs 2.11%) percentages. There was no significant difference between sexes in heart, liver, lungs, kidneys and spleen percentages, being, respectively, 0.40, 0.93, 1.01, 0.22 and 0.35% in males and 0.41, 0.98, 1.02, 0.22 and 0.30% in females, cited in the same order.

Assuntos

RESUMO

El precio de la gelatina en el mercado internacional está determinado por sus propiedades físico-químicas que dependen a su vez de la materia prima, de la forma de extracción del colágeno y de su método de concentración. En este estudio, utilizando procesos de producción en planta piloto de gelatina tipo B, se evaluó el efecto de la aplicación de una endopeptidasa alcalina en el pretratamiento de tres tipos de carnaza bovina sobre la calidad final de la gelatina medida como bloom , viscosidad y claridad. Los resultados se compararon con procesos en los cuales se utilizaron las mismas materias primas sin pretratamiento enzimático. Los análisis estadísticos mostraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos. Los mejores resultados de bloom , viscosidad y claridad se presentaron utilizando la enzima en el pretratamiento de la carnaza entera; en trece horas de proceso se obtuvo el 61,5% de la gelatina con bloom alto superior a 300 g , el 51,3% con viscosidades altas mayores de 42 mp y el 82,1% con claridades altas menores de 39 unidades nefelométricas de turbidez. La carnaza entera sin pretratamiento enzimático presentó el 41% de valores altos de bloom , el 7,7% de viscosidades altas y el 76,9% de claridades altas .

The international market price of gelatine is determined by its physical-chemical properties, that depend on the raw material, the collagen extraction method and the concentration method. In this work, using class B gelatine production processes in pilot plant, the effect of application of alkaline endopeptidase was evaluated in the pre-treatment of three types of bovine hide on the gelatine final quality as measured by bloom, viscosity and clarity. The results were compared with processes in which the same raw materials were used without enzymatic pre-treatment. The statistical analysis showed significant differences among the treatments. The best bloom, viscosity and clarity results were presented using enzymatic pre- treatment in the whole hide, obtained in thirteen hours of process 61.5% of the gelatine with bloom higher than 300g, 51.3% with viscosities values higher than 42 mp and 82 ,1 % with high clarities value, with values lower than 39 nephelometric turbidity units. The whole hide without enzymatic pre-treatment showed 41% of high values of bloom, 7.7% of high viscosities and 76.9% of high clarities .

O preço da gelatina no mercado internacional é determinado pelas suas propriedades físico-químicas as quais dependem da matéria-prima, da forma de extração do colágeno bovino e do método de concentração. Neste estudo, utilizando processos de produção em planta piloto de gelatina tipo B, foi avaliado o efeito da aplicação da protease alcalina no pré-tratamento de três tipos de pele bovina sobre a qualidade final da gelatina determinada como bloom , viscosidade e transparência. Os resultados foram comparados com processos nos quais se utilizaram as mesmas matérias-primas sem pré-tratamento enzimático. As análises estatísticas mostraram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. Os melhores resultados de bloom , viscosidade e transparência foram obtidos utilizando protease alcalina no pré-tratamento da pele inteira, se obtendo em treze horas do processo o 61,5% de gelatina com bloom alto superior a 300 g , o 51,3% com viscosidades altas maiores a 42 mp e o 82,1% com transparências altas menores a 39 unidades nefelométricas de turbidez . A pele inteira sem pré-tratamento enzimático apresentou o 41% dos valores altos de bloom , o 7,7% de viscosidades altas e o 76,9% de transparências altas.