RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hypertension is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and a major public health issue worldwide. In Brazil, it affects approximately 52.5% of the adult population. We describe the solutions package and the impact of a population health initiative in São Paulo city, following the CARDIO4Cities approach for the management of cardiovascular risk. METHODS: Using a design thinking approach, interventions were developed with a coalition of local and international stakeholders to address needs of patients, healthcare professionals, and the health system. The resulting solution package was checked to comply with guidelines for non-communicable disease and hypertension management. Clinical impact was measured by extracting the hypertension cascade of care-monitored, diagnosis, treatment, and control-from medical records. RESULTS: Under the leadership of the municipal health authorities, nine solutions were piloted and scaled across the city. Solutions conform with local and international best-practices. Between October 2017 and December 2021, 11,406 patient records were analyzed. Results showed a 40% increase in monitored patients (patients with at least one blood pressure, BP, measurement); reduced proportions of patients diagnosed among those with available BP measurements (72%-53%) and treated among diagnosed (93%-85%); and an improvement in controlled patients among those receiving treatment (16%-27%). CONCLUSIONS: The solution package described in this study was correlated with increased BP control. The implementation methodology and results add to the body of real-world evidence supporting population health implementation science in Brazil and beyond.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Hipertensão , Adulto , Humanos , Pressão Sanguínea , Brasil/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The translation of evidence-based practices and rapid uptake of innovations into global health practice is challenging. Design thinking is a consultative process involving multiple stakeholders and has been identified as a promising solution to create and apply implementation strategies in complex environments like health systems. METHODS: We conducted a process evaluation of a real-world example, namely an initiative to innovate hypertension screening, diagnosis and care in São Paulo, Brazil. The parameters of the evaluation were informed by a specification rubric and categorization system, recommended for the investigation of implementation strategies, and the double-diamond conceptual framework to describe and examine the strategic architecture and nature of the design thinking approach, with particular emphasis on identifying potential areas of "value-add" particular to the approach. The retrospective evaluation was performed by an independent partner who had not been involved in the setting up and implementation of the design thinking process. RESULTS: The evaluation unveiled a dense catalogue of strategically driven, mostly theoretically based, activities involving all identified health system stakeholders including patients. Narrative reconstruction illuminated the systematic and coherent nature of this approach, with different resulting actions progressively accounting for all relevant layers of the health system to engineer a broad selection of specific implementation solutions. The relevance of the identified features and the mechanics used to promote more successful implementation practices was manifested in several distinct ways: design thinking offered a clear direction on which innovations really mattered and when, as well as several new dimensions for consideration in the development of an innovation mindset amongst stakeholders. It thereby promoted relationship quality in terms of familiarity and trust, and commitment to evidence-based enquiry and action. Design thinking was also able to navigate the territory between the need for intervention "fidelity" versus "adaptation" and provide the operational know-how to face familiar implementation hurdles. Lastly, it brought a new kind of skill set to the public health stakeholders that incorporated diplomacy, multidisciplinary approaches and management sciences-skills that are considered necessary but not yet widely taught as part of public health training. CONCLUSIONS: Design thinking is a sound and viable tool to use as part of an implementation strategy for engaging with health system stakeholders and successfully translating evidence-based practices and new innovations into routine practice, thereby addressing an important knowledge-practice gap and, more broadly, contributing to the strategic repertoire available to implementation science.
Assuntos
Ciência da Implementação , Saúde da População , Brasil , Humanos , Saúde Pública , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Global Health Initiatives (GHIs) have been instrumental in the rapid acceleration of HIV prevention, treatment access, and availability of care and support services for people living with HIV (PLH) in low and middle income countries (LMIC). These efforts have increasingly used combination prevention approaches that include biomedical, behavioral, social and structural interventions to reduce HIV incidence. However, little research has evaluated their implementation. We report results of qualitative research to examine the implementation of a national HIV combination prevention strategy in El Salvador funded by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews with principal recipients of the funding, members of the Country Coordinating Mechanism (CCM) and front line peer outreach workers and their clients. We analyzed the data using a dynamic systems framework. RESULTS: El Salvador's national HIV combination prevention strategy had three main goals: 1) to decrease the sexual risk behaviors of men who have sex with men (MSM), commercial sex workers (CSW) and transgender women (TW); 2) to increase HIV testing rates among members of these populations and the proportion of PLH who know their status; and 3) to improve linkage to HIV treatment and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Intervention components to achieve these goals included peer outreach, community prevention centers and specialized STI/HIV clinics, and new adherence and retention protocols for PLH. In each intervention component, we identified several factors which reinforced or diminished intervention efforts. Factors that negatively affected all intervention activities were an increase in violence in El Salvador during implementation of the strategy, resistance to decentralization, and budget constraints. Factors that affected peer outreach and sexual risk reduction were the human resource capacity of grassroots organizations and conflicts of the national HIV strategy with other organizational missions. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the national strategy improved access to HIV prevention and care through efforts to improve capacity building of grass roots organizations, reduced stigma, and improved coordination among organizations. However, failure to respond to environmental and organizational factors limited the intervention's potential impact.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Promoção da Saúde/normas , Adulto , El Salvador/epidemiologia , Feminino , Saúde Global , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/normas , Homossexualidade Masculina/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Incidência , Malária/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Assunção de Riscos , Trabalho Sexual , Profissionais do Sexo , Comportamento Sexual , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Estigma Social , Análise de Sistemas , Transexualidade/epidemiologia , Transexualidade/prevenção & controle , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Sexo sem Proteção/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Resumo Este artigo analisa a ação de atores nacionais e internacionais na Assistência Farmacêutica (AF) em Moçambique, no período de 2007 a 2012, com foco na provisão pública de medicamentos para HIV/Aids, malária e tuberculose. Descreve-se o funcionamento da AF no país; os atores que atuam nesse âmbito e as relações entre eles; discutem-se questões relevantes sobre o modus operandi dos parceiros de cooperação. A metodologia combinou: revisão bibliográfica, levantamento e análise documental e entrevistas. O marco teórico e analítico utilizou a análise de políticas públicas com foco no papel do Estado e suas inter-relações como os demais atores na ajuda externa na área farmacêutica e a abordagem de redes. Conclui-se que a interação entre os atores envolvidos é complexa, caraterizada pela fragmentação operacional e sobreposição de atividades entre diversos entes; centralização da aquisição de medicamentos na mão de poucos agentes; by pass das estruturas nacionais e desconsideração do necessário fortalecimento do sistema nacional de saúde para a construção de sua autonomia. A despeito de alguns avanços na provisão e disponibilidade de medicamentos para essas doenças, existe forte dependência externa nesse âmbito, o que obstaculiza a sustentabilidade da AF em Moçambique.
Abstract This article examines the activities of national and international actors in Pharmaceutical Services (PS) in Mozambique from 2007 to 2012, focusing on the public provision of HIV/Aids, malaria and tuberculosis medicines. It describes how PS functions in the country, what actors are involved in this area and the relations among them, pursuing salient issues in the modus operandi of partners in cooperation. The methodology combines literature review, document survey and analysis and interviews. The theoretical and analytical framework was given by the policy analysis approach, focusing on the role of the State and its interrelations with other actors in foreign aid in PS, and also by the networks approach. It was concluded that the interactions among the actors involved is complex and characterised by operational fragmentation and overlapping of activities between entities, centralised medicine procurement in the hands of few agents, bypassing of national structures and disregard for the strengthening needed to bolster national health system autonomy. Despite some advances in the provision and availability of medicines for these diseases, external dependence is strong, which undermines the sustainability of PS in Mozambique.
Assuntos
Humanos , Assistência Farmacêutica/organização & administração , Cooperação Internacional , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Anti-HIV/administração & dosagem , Fármacos Anti-HIV/provisão & distribuição , Política de Saúde , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Moçambique , Antimaláricos/administração & dosagem , Antimaláricos/provisão & distribuição , Antituberculosos/administração & dosagem , Antituberculosos/provisão & distribuiçãoRESUMO
Se analizó el estado actual del conocimiento sobre el consumo de agua como medida higiénico-dietética para la enfermedad del reflujo gastroesofágico, desde la perspectiva del conocimiento clásico de la medicina occidental de esta afección y la visión de la medicina natural y bioenergética. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica sobre el tema en Medline, en la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud y en los sitios de especialidades de Infomed de Medicina Natural y Gastroenterología. La información recolectada se estructuró en siete acápites: enfermedad de reflujo gastroesofágico, fisiología gástrica, equilibrio hidromineral, modelos de ingestión de bebidas y comidas, alimentación y obesidad, terapias hidropónicas e implicaciones en gastroenterología. No se encontraron publicaciones cubanas que aborden la temática sobre la modificación del consumo de líquidos como medida higiénico-dietética para esta enfermedad. Se recomendó realizar investigaciones que permitan obtener evidencias del estudio del tema, así como desarrollar un modelo de consumo de agua para pacientes con enfermedad de reflujo gastroesofágico.
A literature review was carried out aimed at updating about water consumption as a hygienic and dietary measure and its relation to the esophageal reflux disease. Taking into account the classical knowledge about this condition, the theoretical aspects of the bioenergetics and traditional natural medicine were included. Bibliography published in the last five year by MEDLINE and Health Library and specialty sites of INFOMED and Natural Medicine and Gastroenterology. The opinions were classified into: gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastric physiology, hydro mineral balance, food and liquid consumption patterns, feeding and obesity, hydroponic therapies and implication in gastroenterology. There were no Cuban publications on the topic. The authors recommended to carry out investigations on this topic and to develop a design of water consumption for those patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease.