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This cross-sectional study assessed the magnitude of inequalities in self-rated oral health (SROH) among different socioeconomic groups in Brazil. Secondary data from interviews with a sample of adults (≥18 years) from the national health survey 2013 (n = 64,308) and 2019 (n = 88,531) were analyzed. Positive SROH was considered when participants selected the good or very good options. Socioeconomic indicators were monthly household income and years of education. The magnitude of inequalities among socioeconomic groups was estimated using the Slope (SII) and Relative Index of Inequality (RII). Interaction term assessed changes in SII/RII over time. Estimates were adjusted for sex and age. The prevalence of SROH was 67.50% in 2013 and 69.68% in 2019. Individuals with lower socioeconomic indicators had a lower prevalence of positive SROH. Significant reductions in the magnitude of the education-based RII between 2013 (1.58) and 2019 (1.48) in Brazil, as well as in north (1.70; 1.45) and northeast (1.50; 1.41) regions and reduction in the income-based RII in the north (1.71; 1.51) were observed. Socioeconomic inequalities in SROH persist across different Brazilian regions, although there was a reduction in disparities among education groups in 2019 compared with 2013. The findings of this study suggest that equitable Brazilian oral health policies may have contributed to reducing SROH inequality over time.

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Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar indicadores de desigualdades sociais associados à mortalidade por neoplasias na população adulta brasileira. Utilizou-se como método a revisão de escopo, estabelecendo-se a pergunta norteadora: qual o efeito das desigualdades sociais na mortalidade por neoplasias na população adulta brasileira? Foram identificados 567 trabalhos, sendo 22 considerados elegíveis. Identificou-se uma diversidade de indicadores, como o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano e o Índice de Gini, entre outros, que avaliaram primordialmente diferenças de renda, escolarização, desenvolvimento humano e vulnerabilidade. Não foi estabelecido um único padrão de associação entre os indicadores e as diferentes neoplasias, assim como não se identificou um indicador único capaz de explicar o efeito da desigualdade social em todos os níveis de área e por óbitos por todos os tipos de neoplasias, mas identificou-se que a mortalidade é influenciada pelas desigualdades sociais e que o estudo dos indicadores proporciona definir qual melhor explica os óbitos. Essa revisão destaca importantes lacunas referentes ao uso de indicadores sociais não modificáveis, à análise de pequenas áreas e ao uso limitado de indicadores multidimensionais.

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify indicators of social inequalities associated with mortality from neoplasms in the Brazilian adult population. A scoping review method was used, establishing the guiding question: What is the effect of social inequalities on mortality from neoplasms in the Brazilian adult population? A total of 567 papers were identified, 22 of which were considered eligible. A variety of indicators were identified, such as the Human Development Index and the Gini Index, which primarily assessed differences in income, schooling, human development and vulnerability. A single pattern of association between the indicators and the different neoplasms was not established, nor was a single indicator capable of explaining the effect of social inequality at all levels of territorial area and by deaths from all types of neoplasms identified. It is known that mortality is influenced by social inequalities and that the study of indicators provides an opportunity to define which best explains deaths. This review highlights important gaps regarding the use of non-modifiable social indicators, analysis of small geographical areas, and limited use of multidimensional indicators.

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The aim of this study was to examine the association between health vulnerability and food consumption according to the NOVA classification within primary care in a major Brazilian city. A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults over 20 years old. These participants were part of a representative sample from the Health Academy Program (PAS) in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. We evaluated socio-demographic variables, self-reported illnesses, perceived health and quality of life, and the length of participation in PAS. Health vulnerability was gauged through the Health Vulnerability Index (HVI), which is calculated for each census sector and classified as low, medium, and high/very high. On the other hand, food consumption was determined by evaluating the average consumption described in a 24 h diet recall (24HR) and categorizing it under the NOVA classification: culinary preparations, processed foods, and ultra-processed foods (UPFs). The average calorie intake was 1429.7 kcal, primarily from culinary preparations (61.6%) and UPFs (27.4%). After adjustments, individuals residing in high/very high-HVI areas consumed more culinary preparations (ß = 2.7; 95%CI: 4.7; 0.7) and fewer UPFs (ß = -2.7; 95%CI: -4.7; -0.7) compared to those from low-vulnerability areas. PAS participants residing in more vulnerable areas reported healthier dietary habits, consuming more homecooked meals and fewer UPFs. These findings underscore the importance of concentrating efforts on promoting and preserving healthy eating habits and emphasizing the value of home cooking in the most vulnerable regions.

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BACKGROUND: The occurrence of multimorbidity and its impacts have differentially affected population subgroups. Evidence on its incidence has mainly come from high-income regions, with limited exploration of racial disparities. This study investigated the association between racial groups and the development of multimorbidity and chronic conditions in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). METHODS: Data from self-reported white, brown (pardos or mixed-race), and black participants at baseline of ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010) who were at risk for multimorbidity were analysed. The development of chronic conditions was assessed through in-person visits and self-reported diagnosis via telephone until the third follow-up visit (2017-2019). Multimorbidity was defined when, at the follow-up visit, the participant had two or more morbidities. Cumulative incidences, incidence rates, and adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated using Poisson models. RESULTS: Over an 8.3-year follow-up, compared to white participants: browns had a 27% greater incidence of hypertension and obesity; and blacks had a 62% and 45% greater incidence, respectively. Blacks also had 58% more diabetes. The cancer incidence was greater among whites. Multimorbidity affected 41% of the participants, with a crude incidence rate of 57.5 cases per 1000 person-years (ranging from 56.3 for whites to 63.9 for blacks). Adjusted estimates showed a 20% higher incidence of multimorbidity in black participants compared to white participants (IRR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.05-1.38). CONCLUSIONS: Significant racial disparities in the risk of chronic conditions and multimorbidity were observed. Many associations revealed a gradient increase in illness risk according to darker skin tones. Addressing fundamental causes such as racism and racial discrimination, alongside considering social determinants of health, is vital for comprehensive multimorbidity care. Intersectoral, equitable policies are essential for ensuring health rights for historically marginalized groups.

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ABSTRACT Objective Despite the consequences of weight discrimination for health inequities, its relationship with identity characteristics remains poorly understood. We investigated whether and to what extent discrimination attributed to body weight is linked to sociodemographic and identity factors. Methods This cross-sectional study is based on a representative sample of undergraduate students from the Federal University of Santa Catarina. Information on perceived discrimination was collected using the brief version of the Explicit Discrimination Scale. Socioeconomic and demographic data were also collected. Results: The results showed that 22.8% of the sample reported experiencing discrimination for being "fat or thin" throughout their lives. Perceived weight discrimination was higher among respondents whose household heads had completed up to high school education, and among those who were overweight and rated their health as "poor." Conclusion Perceived weight discrimination was associated with significant factors linked to the stigmatization and pathologization of body weight. These findings should be considered in more inclusive approaches aimed at counteracting the embodiment of social inequalities.

RESUMO Objetivo Apesar das repercussões da discriminação pelo peso serem reconhecias nas iniquidades em saúde, sua relação com outras características identitárias ainda é pouco compreendida. Investigamos o quanto a experiência de discriminação relacionada ao peso corporal está vinculada a fatores sociodemográficos e aspectos identitários. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal, baseado em amostra representativa dos graduandos da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. As informações sobre percepção de discriminação foram obtidas com a Escala de Discriminação Explícita, em sua versão reduzida. Dados socioeconômicos e demográficos também foram coletados. Resultados Os resultados demonstraram que 22,8% dos respondentes perceberam ter sido discriminados por "ser gordo ou magro" ao longo da vida. Esse tratamento diferencial esteve mais fortemente vinculado à percepção de discriminação por "apresentar determinado comportamento" ou "modo de se vestir". No modelo de regressão ajustado, a discriminação percebida por "ser gordo ou magro" foi maior para a faixa etária de 23 a 27 anos; para os respondentes cujos chefes do domicílio tinham até o ensino médio completo; e para aqueles com excesso de peso e autoavaliação de saúde "ruim". Conclusão A discriminação percebida por "ser gordo ou magro" esteve relacionada a importantes características e condições que se associam com o estigma e a patologização da gordura corporal. Tais achados devem ser considerados em abordagens mais inclusivas de combate à incorporação de injustiças sociais.

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Background: Primary Health Care (PHC) is essential for the health and wellbeing of people living with HIV/AIDS. This study evaluated the effects of one of the largest community-based PHC programs in the world, the Brazilian Family Health Strategy (FHS), on AIDS incidence and mortality. Methods: A retrospective cohort study carried out in Brazil, from January 1 2007 to December 31 2015. We conducted a quasi-experimental effect evaluation using a cohort of 3,435,068 ≥13 years low-income individuals who were members of the 100 Million Brazilians Cohort, linked to AIDS diagnoses and deaths registries. We evaluated the effect of FHS on AIDS incidence and mortality and comparing outcomes between residents of municipalities with no FHS coverage with those in municipalities with full FHS coverage. We used multivariable Poisson regressions adjusted for all relevant municipal and individual-level demographic, socioeconomic, and contextual variables, and weighted with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). We also estimated FHS effect by sex and age, and performed a wide range of sensitivity and triangulation analyses. Findings: FHS coverage was associated with lower AIDS incidence (rate ratio [RR]:0.76, 95%CI:0.68-0.84) and mortality (RR:0.68,95%CI:0.56-0.82). FHS effect was similar between men and women, but was larger in people aged ≥35 years old both for incidence (RR 0.62, 95%CI:0.53-0.72) and mortality (RR 0.56, 95%CI:0.43-0.72). Conclusions: AIDS should be an avoidable outcome for most people living with HIV today, and our study shows that FHS coverage could significantly reduce AIDS incidence and mortality among low-income populations in Brazil. Universal access to comprehensive healthcare through community-based PHC programs should be promoted to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of ending AIDS by 2030.

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BACKGROUND: Evidence on inequalities in the health services use is important for public policy formulation, even more so in a pandemic context. The aim of this study was to evaluate socioeconomic inequities in the specialized health use services according to health insurance and income, following COVID-19 in individuals residing in Southern Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional telephone survey with individuals aged 18 years or older diagnosed with symptomatic COVID-19 using the RT-PCR test between December 2020 and March 2021. Questions were asked about attendance at a health care facility following COVID-19, the facilities used, health insurance and income. Inequalities were assessed by the following measures: Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and Concentration Index (CIX). Adjusted analyses were performed using Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment using the Stata 16.1 statistical package. RESULTS: 2,919 people (76.4% of those eligible) were interviewed. Of these, 24.7% (95%CI 23.2; 36.3) used at least one specialized health service and 20.3% (95%CI 18.9; 21.8) had at least one consultation with specialist doctors after diagnosis of COVID-19. Individuals with health insurance were more likely to use specialized services. The probability of using specialized services was up to three times higher among the richest compared to the poorest. CONCLUSIONS: There are socioeconomic inequalities in the specialized services use by individuals following COVID-19 in the far south of Brazil. It is necessary to reduce the difficulty in accessing and using specialized services and to extrapolate the logic that purchasing power transposes health needs. The strengthening of the public health system is essential to guarantee the population's right to health.

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BACKGROUND: In French Guiana, restrictions to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 were put in place between March 2020 and March 2022. In vulnerable urban neighborhoods, during this period, requests for food assistance increased and fear of hunger overtook fear of being affected by COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this survey was to describe food security during the COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana and to study the relationship between the socioeconomic conditions of the study households and household hunger. METHODS: A multicenter survey was therefore conducted in mobile clinics and fixed structures providing care to at-risk urban populations. In a face-to-face interview, a community health worker asked participants questions about the sociodemographic and economic profile of the household, and about household food security (food consumption score, coping strategies in the face of food shortages, and household hunger index). Two hundred seventy-seven households were recruited in February 2021. RESULTS: According to the household hunger scale, 42.6% of households experienced moderate hunger and 23.8% of households experienced severe hunger in the month preceding the survey. Lack of residence permit, lack of social support, water insecurity, small housing, and lack of access to an urban garden were determinants related to the risk of household hunger. CONCLUSIONS: Food insecurity has affected a large majority of the households in this survey, and the immediate consequences for children's health were already apparent. These results draw attention to a neglected health problem in a socioeconomically vulnerable population during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Resumo O objetivo foi verificar a tendência de desigualdade na realização de mamografia de acordo com a posse de plano de saúde e escolaridade a partir de dados do período de 2011 a 2020 do VIGITEL. Estudo de base populacional com dados provenientes do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL) entre 2011 e 2020. Desfecho: exame de mamografia nos últimos dois anos em mulheres de 50 a 69 anos. A magnitude das desigualdades do desfecho em relação às exposições (plano de saúde e escolaridade) foi estimada por meio de dois índices: slope index of inequality (SII) e concentration index (CIX). A prevalência de cobertura da realização de mamografia (2011-2020) passou de 74,4% para 78,0%, com tendência estável. As prevalências de quem possuía plano de saúde foram 85,7% e 86,4%, e de quem não possuía, 63,4% e 71,2%, com tendência crescente. De acordo com a escolaridade, em mulheres com 0-8 anos de estudo a prevalência passou de 68,2% para 72,6%; 9-11 anos, de 80,4% para 80,0% (tendência decrescente); 12 anos ou mais, de 88,0% para 86,6% (tendência decrescente). Quanto aos índices de desigualdade absoluta (SII) e relativa (CIX) da escolaridade e plano de saúde, mostram que há uma diminuição na desigualdade nos últimos dez anos.

Abstract The objective was to verify the trend of inequality in the realization of mammography exam according to the possession of health insurance plan and schooling from data from the period 2011 to 2020 of VIGITEL. Population-based study with data from the Surveillance System of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (VIGITEL) between 2011 and 2020. Outcome: mammography exam in the last 2 years in women aged 50 to 69 years. The magnitude of inequalities of outcome in relation to exposures (health insurance plan and education) was estimated using two indices: inequality slope index (SII) and concentration index (CIX). The prevalence of mammography exam (2011-2020) increased from 74,4% to 78,0%, with a stable trend. The prevalence of those with health insurance plan were 85,7% and 86,4%, and without 63.4% and 71.2%, with an increasing trend. According to education, women with 0-8 years of schooling the prevalence increased from 68,2% to 72,6%, 9-11 years from 80,4% to 80,0% (decreasing trend), 12 years or more 88,0% to 86,6% (decreasing trend). As for the absolute (SII) and relative (CIX) inequality indices of schooling and health insurance plan show that there is a decrease in inequality over the last 10 years.

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The study aimed to investigate ethnic/racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality in Brazilian federative units and their respective capitals in 2020. Population data and number of COVID-19 deaths were extracted by skin color (white, black, brown and indigenous) from all Brazilian states and their respective capitals. The mortality rate of COVID-19 by ethnicity in Brazilian states was higher between people from brown skin color, followed by indigenous and black. Only in one state, in the Federal District and in the federal capital, age-standardized mortality rates were higher among white's people. There is a high percentage of deaths from COVID-19 higher than expected among non-white individuals, especially in south-central states and capitals of the country. Mortality from COVID-19 affect ethnic-racial groups unevenly in Brazil and the number of excess deaths among non-whites was over 9000. Urgent government measures are needed to reduce the racial disparity in health indicators in Brazil.

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Objective: to analyze the prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) in the Brazilian adult population based on the 2019 National Health Survey. Methods: this was a population-based cross-sectional study (n = 77,494); prevalence and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of ideal CVH (seven metrics achieved simultaneously) and by individual metrics (four behavioral and three biological metrics), as defined by the American Heart Association, were estimated. Results: only 0.5% (95%CI 0.4;0.6) of the study population presented ideal CVH, with higher prevalence among those with higher level of education (1.3%; 95%CI 0.9;1.6) and residents in urban areas (0.6%; 95%CI 0.5;0.7); the prevalence of behavioral and biological metrics was 0.7% (95%CI 0.6;0.8) and 63.3% (95%CI 62.7;63.9) respectively. Conclusion: the prevalence of ideal CVH was very low, highlighting the need for public policies aimed at promotion, surveillance and CVH care in the Brazilian adult population.

Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia de salud cardiovascular (SCV) ideal en la población adulta brasileña con base en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2019. Métodos: estudio transversal de base poblacional (n = 77.495). Según lo propuesto por la Asociación Americana del Corazón, la prevalencia y los intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) del SCV ideal se estimaron globalmente (siete metas alcanzadas simultáneamente) y por metas individuales (cuatro metas de comportamiento y tres metas). Se calculó la prevalencia de las metas por variables sociodemográficas. Resultados: sólo el 0,5% (IC95% 0,4;0,6) de la población presentó SCV ideal, siendo más frecuente en aquellos con educación superior (1,3%; IC95% 0,9;1,6) y entre los residentes de áreas urbanas (0,6%; IC95%0,5;0,7). La prevalencia de las metas de comportamiento y biológicas fue de 0,7% (IC95% 0,6;0,8) y 63,3% (IC95% 62,7;63,9), respectivamente. Conclusión: la prevalencia de SCV ideal en adultos brasileños es muy baja, destacando la necesidad de políticas públicas para la promoción, vigilancia y atención a la SCV en la población adulta brasileña.

Objetivo: analisar a prevalência de saúde cardiovascular (SCV) ideal na população adulta brasileira. Métodos: estudo transversal com base na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019 (n = 77.494); foram estimadas as prevalências e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) de SCV ideal (sete metas alcançadas simultaneamente) e por metas individuais (quatro metas comportamentais; três biológicas), conforme propõe a Associação Americana do Coração. Resultados: apenas 0,5% (IC95% 0,4;0,6) da população estudada apresentou SCV ideal, observando-se maior prevalência entre aqueles com maior escolaridade (1,3%; IC95% 0,9;1,6) e os residentes em áreas urbanas (0,6%; IC95% 0,5;0,7); as prevalências das metas comportamentais e biológicas foram de 0,7% (IC95% 0,6;0,8) e 63,3% (IC95% 62,7;63,9) respectivamente. Conclusão: a prevalência de SCV ideal foi muito baixa, evidenciando a necessidade de políticas públicas para promoção, vigilância e atenção à SCV na população adulta brasileira.

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Introducción : El avance hacia la eliminación de la tuberculosis en Cuba, depende de la justicia social para las personas afectadas y sus familiares, barrio por barrio, área de salud por área de salud y municipio por municipio. Para potenciar las dimensiones de su determinación social será necesario un modelo de eliminación local asentado en su enfoque general. Objetivo : Describir un modelo general con enfoque sistémico de la determinación social en salud, aplicado a la tuberculosis. Métodos : Se realizó un estudio cualitativo basado en una revisión documental de artículos sobre la determinación social, con diseño de un modelo explicativo, simple para su comprensión, con componentes estructurales, intermedios e individuales para ser adaptado en el tema de la tuberculosis. Resultados : El modelo planteado tiene como entrada la voluntad política, dependiente del poder establecido que determina las políticas públicas, interactuando con las dimensiones intermedias como aspectos centrales y con las dimensiones individuales de carácter sociodemográficas, socioculturales y socioeconómicas. Estas a su vez retroalimentan e influyen nuevamente en la Voluntad política y las Políticas públicas, cerrando el ciclo sistémico. Además, se incluye el control interactivo del sistema. Conclusiones : Además de los modelos planteados en la literatura nacional revisada, abundar en su enfoque sistémico contribuye a facilitar la comprensión del monitoreo de la Determinación social de la tuberculosis por parte del personal encargado de dar sostenibilidad del control hacia la eliminación.

Introduction : Progress towards the tuberculosis elimination in Cuba depends on social justice for the people affected and their families, neighborhood by neighborhood, health area by health area and municipality by municipality. To enhance the dimensions of its social determination, a local elimination model based on its general approach will be necessary. Objective: To describe a general model with a systemic approach to Social determination in health, applied to tuberculosis. Methods : A qualitative study based on a documentary review of articles on social determination was carried out, with the design of an explanatory model, simple for its understanding, with structural, intermediate and individual components to be adapted to the topic of tuberculosis. Results : The proposed model has as input the political will, dependent on the established power that determines public policies, interacting with the intermediate dimensions as central aspects and with the individual dimensions of a sociodemographic, sociocultural and socioeconomic nature. These, in turn, feedback and once again influence the political will and Public policies, closing the systemic cycle. In addition, interactive control of the system is included. Conclusions : In addition to the models proposed in the national literature reviewed, abounding in its systemic approach contributes to facilitate the understanding of the monitoring of the Social determination in health in tuberculosis by the personnel in charge of providing sustainability of control towards elimination.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The social distancing measures during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in mental suffering among adolescents, leading to risky consumption of psychoactive substances such as tobacco. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with tobacco use among adolescents during the COVID-19 social distancing period in Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study used data from ConVid Adolescentes survey in Brazil. METHODS: Tobacco use was assessed before and during social distancing. The explanatory variables investigated were sex, age, race/skin color, type of school, maternal education, region of residence, adherence to social restriction measures, number of close friends, sleep quality during the pandemic, mood, passive smoking, use of alcoholic beverages during the pandemic, sedentary behavior, and physical activity. A logistic regression model was used for the data analysis. RESULTS: Tobacco use by adolescents did not change during the pandemic (from 2.58% to 2.41%). There was a higher chance of tobacco use among adolescents aged between 16 and 17 years, self-reported black ones, residing in the South and Southeast regions, reported feeling sad and loneliness, had sleeping problems that worsened, were using alcoholic beverages during the pandemic, and were passive smokers at home. Adolescents whose mothers had completed high school or higher, had strict social restrictions, and increased their physical activity during the pandemic had a lower chance of tobacco use. CONCLUSION: Tobacco uses during the COVID-19 pandemic was higher in vulnerable groups, such as black adolescents and those with mental suffering.

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Objective: to assess inequalities in the use of health services in a municipality in Southern Brazil. Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study conducted with adults living in the urban area of the municipality of Criciúma, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, between March and December 2019; the research outcomes were medical consultation, dental visit, nutritional counseling and the use of the Brazilian National Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde − SUS); the exposures were age, schooling and income; inequalities were analyzed using the Slope index of inequality and equiplots. Results: A total of 820 individuals were studied; medical consultation was higher (14.2 percentage points [p.p.]), and dental visit was lower (-29.5 p.p.), in older adults, when compared to young people; dental visit (41.1 p.p.) and nutritional counseling (18.0 p.p.) were higher in individuals with higher level of education, when compared to those with lower level of education; the use of SUS was higher in older adults (21.3 p.p.), with lower level of education (-61.2 p.p.) and lower income (-51.6 p.p.), when compared to their peers. Conclusion: in order to develop public policies, these inequalities should be taken into consideration.

Objetivo: Evaluar desigualdades en el uso de los servicios de salud en un municipio del sur de Brasil. Métodos: Estudio transversal de base poblacional con adultos residentes en área urbana de la ciudad de Criciúma, estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, entre marzo y diciembre de 2019. Variables de resultado fueron citas médicas y dentales, consejería nutricional y uso del Sistema Único de Salud (Sistema Único de Saúde − SUS). Exposiciones fueron edad, educación, ingreso. Desigualdad se presentó por Índice de desigualdad de la pendiente y gráficos equiplots. Resultados: Se estudiaron 820 individuos. Cita médica fue mayor (14.2 puntos porcentuales [p.p.]) y cita dental menor (-29,5 p.p.) en ancianos, en comparación con jóvenes. Cita dental (41,1 p.p.) y consejería nutricional (18,0 p.p.) fueron mayores en más educados en comparación con menos educados. Uso del SUS fue mayor en ancianos (21,3 p.p.), menos educados (-61,2 p.p.) y con menores ingresos (-51,6 p.p.) en comparación con sus pares. Conclusiones: Desigualdades evidenciadas demuestran que políticas públicas deben considerarlas en su desarrollo.

Objetivo: avaliar desigualdades no uso dos serviços de saúde em um município do Sul do Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal de base populacional com adultos residentes na área urbana do município de Criciúma, no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, entre março e dezembro de 2019; desfechos do estudo foram consulta médica, consulta odontológica, orientação nutricional e uso do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS); exposições foram idade, escolaridade e renda; desigualdades foram analisadas pelo índice absoluto de desigualdade e gráficos equiplots. Resultados: foram incluídos 820 indivíduos; realização de consulta médica foi maior (14,2 pontos percentuais [p.p.]), e de consulta odontológica, menor (-29,5 p.p.), em idosos, comparados a jovens; realização de consulta odontológica (41,1 p.p.) e orientação nutricional (18,0 p.p.) foi maior nos mais escolarizados, comparados aos menos escolarizados; uso do SUS foi maior em idosos (21,3 p.p.), menos escolarizados (-61,2 p.p.) e com menor renda (-51,6 p.p.), comparados a seus pares. Conclusão: para seu desenvolvimento, as políticas públicas devem considerar essas desigualdades.

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RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade da atenção a menores de dois anos na rede básica, com dados da avaliação externa do Programa de Melhoria de Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Básica em 2018. Métodos: Foram elegíveis para o estudo usuários com filhos menores de dois anos que estavam na unidade no momento da coleta de dados. A qualidade de atenção foi avaliada por meio de um indicador sintético construído com questões do módulo de usuários. As exposições foram: região, estrutura das unidades básicas de saúde e processo de trabalho das equipes. Realizou-se análise univariada e estimaram-se as razões de prevalências brutas e ajustadas. Resultados: A amostra foi composta de 15.745 usuários que possuíam filhos menores de dois anos. Apenas 36,8% (intervalo de confiança — IC95% 36,0-37,6) dos usuários foram classificados como tendo recebido atenção de boa qualidade para as crianças, com redução das prevalências de acordo com o aumento da idade da criança. Observaram-se melhores resultados para a Região Nordeste, em unidades que apresentaram todos os insumos e vacinas e nas equipes que utilizavam protocolos e materiais, realizavam os registros, a busca ativa e ações de alimentação saudável. Conclusão: A prevalência de qualidade de atenção a menores de dois anos foi baixa. Os dados podem ser úteis para decisões de gestores e para a execução de ações voltadas para os profissionais, que incentivem maior qualidade de cuidado com a criança, principalmente com relação a, após a consulta, a criança já sair com a próxima marcada e à realização de consulta até os sete dias de vida.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the quality of care for children under two years of age in the primary health care network with data from the external evaluation of the Program for the Improvement of Access and Quality of Primary Care in 2018. Methods Users who had children under two years of age who were in the unit at the time of data collection were eligible for the study. The quality of care was evaluated using a synthetic indicator built with questions from the users' module. The exposure variables were: region, structure of basic health units, and staff process. A univariate analysis was performed and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated. Results The sample was composed of 15.745 users who had children under the age of two years. Only 36.8% (95%CI 36,0-37,6) of users were classified as having received good quality care for their children, with a downward trend in prevalence as the child's age increased. Better results were observed in the Northeast region, in units that presented all the inputs and vaccines and for teams that used protocols and materials, kept records, performed active search and healthy eating actions. Conclusion The prevalence of good quality of care for children under two years of age was low. These data can be useful for managers' decision-making and for the implementation of actions aimed at professionals, that encourage a higher quality of care to children, mainly the child leaving a consultation with the next appointment scheduled and a first consultation being carried out until their seventh day of life.

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Aunque el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio tuvo un balance positivo, con promedios nacionales que en general mejoraron, las desigualdades dentro de los países aumentaron. La agenda de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) busca promover avances en términos de equidad territorial, por esto la incorporación del espacio geográfico en su monitoreo a escalas subnacionales ofrece ventajas importantes. Este artículo tuvo como objetivo describir el Sistema de Monitoreo Territorial a los ODS3 (MOT-ODS3), una herramienta digital diseñada para incrementar la disponibilidad de información a nivel municipal sobre las desigualdades e inequidades territoriales relacionadas con la salud y el bienestar en Colombia. Para demostrar su funcionalidad se describen los componentes del Sistema, indicadores, mapas, gráficos y métricas de desigualdad utilizados, así como también los perfiles de país y departamento, diseñados para reportar los resultados del monitoreo. Como ejemplo práctico de la utilización del Sistema se analizan los indicadores de Colombia entre 2015 y 2017. Según el monitoreo, Colombia mostró mejoras en la salud y el bienestar de la población; sin embargo, se apreciaron diferencias notables intermunicipales en casi todos los indicadores y brechas territoriales en la mortalidad entre municipios ricos y pobres y entre la zona rural y la urbana. Puede decirse que el MOT-ODS3 incrementó la disponibilidad de información para estimular y apoyar el avance del país hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.

Although compliance with the Millennium Development Goals had a positive balance, with national averages that generally improved, inequalities within countries increased. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda seeks to promote progress in terms of territorial equity, which is why the incorporation of geographic space in its monitoring at subnational scales offers important advantages. This article aimed to describe the Territorial Monitoring System for the SDGs3 (MOT-ODS3), a digital tool designed to increase the availability of information at the municipal level on territorial inequalities and inequities related to health and well-being in Colombia. To demonstrate its functionality, the components of the System, indicators, maps, graphs and inequality metrics used are described, as well as the country and departmental profiles designed to report monitoring results. As a practical example of the use of the System, the indicators for Colombia between 2015 and 2017 are analyzed. According to the monitoring, Colombia showed improvements in the health and well-being of the population; however, notable inter-municipal differences were seen in almost all indicators and territorial gaps in mortality between rich and poor municipalities and between rural and urban areas. It can be said that the MOT-ODS3 increased the availability of information to stimulate and support the country's progress towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.

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Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las experiencias de búsqueda y acceso a procedimientos para la reconstrucción física, social y psicológica de mujeres atacadas con agentes químicos en la ciudad de Bogotá. A partir un diseño etnográfico se recolectó información observacional y discursiva en escenarios de intervención formal y no formal sobre los cuerpos y se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a sobrevivientes y a profesionales de la salud. Los datos fueron analizados a partir de un enfoque narrativo-crítico. Los hallazgos evidencian interpretaciones divergentes dentro de los sistemas cuidado de la salud sobre lo que constituye la reconstrucción de un cuerpo atacado con agentes químicos en un contexto marcado por grandes desigualdades en el acceso a la salud.

Abstract O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as experiências de busca e acesso a procedimentos de reconstrução física, social e psicológica de mulheres agredidas com agentes químicos na cidade de Bogotá. Com base em um delineamento etnográfico, recolheu-se informação observacional e discursiva em cenários formais e não formais de intervenção sobre os corpos e realizaram-se entrevistas em profundidade a sobreviventes e profissionais de saúde. Os dados foram analisados a partir de uma abordagem narrativa-crítica. Os achados mostram interpretações divergentes nos sistemas de saúde sobre o que seria a reconstrução de um corpo agredido com agentes químicos em um contexto marcado por grandes desigualdades no acesso à saúde.

Abstract This article explores experiences of care-seeking for the physical, social and psychological reconstruction of women attacked with chemical agents in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. Based on an ethnographic design, observational and discursive information was collected in formal and nonformal therapeutic settings, and in-depth interviews were conducted with survivors and health professionals. The data was analyzed from a narrative-critical approach. The findings show divergent interpretations within health care systems on what constitutes the reconstruction of a body attacked with chemical agents in a context marked by profound inequalities in access to health.

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Objetivo: Analisar a associação do acesso a ações preventivas em saúde bucal e do tratamento mutilador, ofertado pelos serviços públicos de grandes municípios brasileiros, com as suas características sociais e a composição orçamentária. Metodologia: Realizou-se um estudo ecológico com dados secundários de 323 municípios brasileiros com mais de 100 mil habitantes. As variáveis selecionadas para estudo foram os indicadores sociais (desigualdade social, renda, trabalho, escolaridade, infraestrutura sanitária), indicadores orçamentários (capacidade arrecadatória, dependência de recursos federais) e indicadores de saúde bucal (cobertura de equipes básicas de saúde bucal, acesso a ações preventivas e acesso a tratamento mutilador). Os dados dos indicadores de saúde bucal foram dicotomizados entre municípios com maior e menor acesso às ações preventivas ou ao tratamento mutilador. A associação das variáveis dependentes foi testada por meio de testes bivariados e regressão logística. Resultados: Um maior acesso às ações preventivas foi observado nos municípios com melhores condições sociais e orçamentárias. Por outro lado, um maior acesso ao tratamento mutilador foi observado em municípios com condições sociais orçamentárias inferiores. Conclusão: Apenas a infraestrutura sanitária e cobertura de equipes básicas de saúde bucal se mantiveram associados ao acesso às ações preventivas, enquanto o indicador de desigualdade social manteve-se associado ao tratamento mutilador. Descritores: indicadores sociais; disparidades nos níveis de saúde; mensuração das desigualdades em saúde; financiamento governamental.Associação de fatores sociais e orçamentários ao acesso ao cuidado em saúde bucal de grandes municípios brasileiros: um estudo ecológico

Aim: To analyze the correlation of access to preventive oral health measures and mutilating treatment, offered by the public health system of large Brazilian municipalities, considering social conditions and budgetary compositions. Methods:An ecological study was carried out with secondary data from 323 Brazilian municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. The variables selected for the study were social indicators (social inequality, income, work, education, sanitary infrastructure); budget indicators (collection capacity, dependence on federal resources); and oral health indicators (coverage of basic oral health teams, access to preventive actions, and access to mutilating treatment). Oral health indicators were dichotomized between municipalities with higher and lower access to preventive oral health measures and mutilating treatment. The association of dependent variables was tested using bivariate tests and logistic regression. Results: Higher access to preventive measures was observed in municipalities with better social and budgetary conditions. By contrast, higher access to mutilating treatment was observed in municipalities with lower social budgetary conditions. Conclusion: Only health infrastructure and coverage of basic oral health teams remained associated with access to preventive actions, while the indicator of social inequality remained associated with mutilating treatment.

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RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar las desigualdades en la salud autopercibida entre grupos de población situados en las intersecciones de identidad de género, grupo étnico y nivel de educación en países de las Américas, clasificados según su nivel de ingreso. Métodos. Se utilizaron datos en panel de la Encuesta Mundial de Valores en el período comprendido entre los años 1990 y 2022. La muestra de este estudio incluyó 58 790 personas entre 16 y 65 años, provenientes de 14 países del continente americano. La variable dependiente fue la mala salud autopercibida, las variables independientes fueron el género, el nivel de educación y el grupo étnico. Para el análisis interseccional intercategórico se creó una variable multicategórica de 12 estratos. Se realizó un análisis de heterogeneidad individual y precisión diagnóstica mediante cinco modelos de regresión logística ajustados por edad y ola de encuesta. Resultados. Se observó un claro y persistente gradiente interseccional para la mala salud autopercibida en todas las desagregaciones de países por su ingreso. Comparados con la categoría más aventajada (hombres de etnia mayoritaria y educación superior), los demás grupos incrementaron el riesgo de mala salud, con el mayor riesgo en las mujeres de etnia minoritaria o pueblos indígenas con nivel de educación inferior a secundaria (tres a cuatro veces mayor). Además, las mujeres tuvieron mayor riesgo de mala salud respecto a los hombres en cada uno de los pares de estratos interseccionales. Conclusiones. El análisis interseccional demostró la persistencia de un gradiente social de la mala salud autopercibida en el continente americano.

ABSTRACT Objective. Analyze inequalities in self-perceived health among population groups located at the intersections of gender identity, ethnicity, and education level in countries of the Americas, classified by income level. Methods. Panel data from the World Values Survey were used for the period 1990-2022. The study sample included 58 790 people between 16 and 65 years of age from 14 countries in the Americas. The dependent variable was poor self-perceived health, and the independent variables were gender, education level, and ethnicity. A multi-categorical variable with 12 strata was created for the intercategorical intersectionality analysis. An analysis of individual heterogeneity and diagnostic accuracy was performed using five logistic regression models, adjusted by age and by survey wave. Results. A clear and persistent intersectional gradient for poor self-perceived health was observed in all country disaggregations by income. Compared to the category with the most advantage (men of majority ethnicity and higher education), the other groups had increased risk of poor health, with the highest risk among women of minority ethnicity and in Indigenous peoples with less than secondary education (three to four times higher). In addition, women had a higher risk of poor health than men in each pair of intersectional strata. Conclusions. The intersectional analysis demonstrated a persistent social gradient of self-perceived ill health in the Americas.

RESUMO Objetivo. Analisar desigualdades na autopercepção de saúde entre grupos populacionais localizados nas interseções de identidade de gênero, etnia e nível de escolaridade em países das Américas, classificados pelo nível de renda. Métodos. Foram usados dados em painel da Pesquisa Mundial de Valores referentes ao período de 1990 a 2022. A amostra deste estudo incluiu 58 790 pessoas com idades entre 16 e 65 anos de 14 países das Américas. A variável dependente foi a autopercepção de problemas de saúde, e as variáveis independentes foram gênero, nível de escolaridade e etnia. Para a análise interseccional intercategórica, foi criada uma variável multicategórica de 12 estratos. Foi realizada uma análise da heterogeneidade individual e da precisão do diagnóstico usando cinco modelos de regressão logística ajustados por idade e onda de pesquisa. Resultados. Observou-se um gradiente interseccional claro e persistente para a autopercepção de problemas de saúde em todas as desagregações de países por renda. Em comparação com a categoria mais favorecida (homens de etnia majoritária e com ensino superior), todos os outros grupos apresentaram maior risco de problemas de saúde, com o maior risco para mulheres de etnias minoritárias ou povos indígenas com nível de escolaridade inferior ao ensino médio (três a quatro vezes maior). Além disso, as mulheres tinham um risco maior de problemas de saúde do que os homens em cada um dos pares de estratos interseccionais. Conclusões. A análise interseccional demonstrou a persistência de um gradiente social na autopercepção de problemas de saúde nas Américas.

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The commodification of healthcare and the structural violence towards the migrant population in the Chilean system materialize in a series of structural barriers to accessing healthcare. In the face of this structural vulnerability, cross-border health mobility is one of the primary resources of indigenous border migrants living in the Tarapacá region (Chile). This involves crossing the border of both people (specialists/patients) and objects (such as ritual supplies or biomedicines), which play a crucial role as, in many cases, it is the only way to satisfy their healthcare needs. The security-orientated geopolitics of border closure (Plan Frontera Segura) has been reinforced by immobility policies linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. While doing so leaves people without the fundamental resource of healthcare mobility or obliges them to cross the border via unauthorized crossings, exposing them to criminalization and abuse by different agents of violence (the military, people smugglers, etc.). In this paper, we will offer a description of these processes of (im)mobility, analyzing their conformation both by the current policies of the Chilean State and by the notorious deficiency in indigenous and migrant rights, denouncing the material impact they have on the health/illness/care process of indigenous migrants.

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