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Background: Huntington's disease (HD) exerts significant impacts on individuals and families worldwide. Nevertheless, data on its economic burden in Brazil are scarce, revealing a critical gap in understanding the associated healthcare costs. Objective: This study was conducted at a tertiary neurology outpatient clinic in Brazil with the aim of assessing annual healthcare service utilization and associated costs for HD patients. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study involving 34 HD patients. A structured questionnaire was applied to collect data on direct medical costs (outpatient services, medications), non-medical direct costs (complementary therapies, mobility aids, home adaptations), and indirect costs (lost productivity, caregiver costs, government benefits) over one year. Results: Significant economic impacts were observed, with average annual direct medical costs of $4686.82 per HD patient. Non-medical direct and indirect costs increased the financial burden, highlighting extensive resource utilization beyond healthcare services. Thirty-three out of 34 HD patients were unemployed or retired, and 16 relied on government benefits, reflecting broader socioeconomic implications. Despite the dataset's limitations, it provides crucial insights into the economic impact of HD on patients and the Brazilian public health system. Conclusions: The findings underscore the urgent need for a more comprehensive evaluation of the costs to inform governmental policies related to HD. Future research is needed to expand the data pool and develop a nuanced understanding of the economic burdens of HD to help formulate effective healthcare strategies for patients.
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Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Doença de Huntington , Humanos , Doença de Huntington/economia , Doença de Huntington/terapia , Brasil , Masculino , Feminino , Estudos Transversais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Atenção Terciária à Saúde/economia , IdosoRESUMO
La implementación del Presupuesto por Resultados (PpR) requiere elementos como información oportuna, sistemas de monitoreo, incentivos y procedimientos normados. En el caso de Perú, su enfoque de PpR ha generado cambios significativos en resultados de salud, especialmente en programas como desnutrición y salud materna y neonatal, al priorizar actividades demostradas como más costo-eficaces a nivel mundial. Objetivo. Determinar la relación entre el presupuesto por resultados (PpR) y la Calidad del gasto del programa de cáncer en un hospital público del Ministerio de Salud, 2021. Materiales y Métodos. Se realizó un estudio de enfoque cuantitativo, tipo básico, diseño no experimental, descriptivo y nivel correlacional. La población fue de 131 trabajadores vinculados al ciclo del presupuesto, de los cuales se seleccionó una muestra de 32 trabajadores responsables directos del PpR. Se utilizó la técnica de encuesta y dos cuestionarios como instrumentos, sometidos a los coeficientes KR-20 y Alpha de Cronbach para evaluar la confiabilidad. Resultados. El coeficiente de Spearman fue de 0.387, indicando una relación positiva y media entre las variables. La significancia fue de 0.029 (< 0.05). Conclusiones. Se encontró una relación significativa entre el PpR y la Calidad del gasto del programa de Cáncer en el hospital del Ministerio de Salud, confirmando que un mejor manejo del PpR está asociado a una mejor calidad de gasto.
The implementation of results-based budgeting (RBB) requires elements such as timely information, monitoring systems, incentives and standardized procedures. In the case of Peru, its PfR approach has generated significant changes in health outcomes, especially in programs such as malnutrition and maternal and neonatal health, by prioritizing activities proven to be more cost-effective worldwide. Objective. To determine the relationship between the budget for results (BfR) and the Quality of cancer program spending in a public hospital of the Ministry of Health, 2021. Materials and Methods. A quantitative approach, basic type, non-experimental, descriptive and correlational study was carried out. The population was 131 workers linked to the budget cycle, from which a sample of 32 workers directly responsible for the PpR was selected. The survey technique and two questionnaires were used as instruments, subjected to Cronbach's KR-20 and Alpha coefficients to assess reliability. Results. Spearman's coefficient was 0.387, indicating a positive and average relationship between the variables. Significance was 0.029 (< 0.05). Conclusions. A significant relationship was found between PpR and Quality of expenditure of the Cancer program in the Ministry of Health hospital, confirming that better management of PpR is associated with better quality of expenditure.
A implementação do orçamento por desempenho (PfR) requer elementos como informações oportunas, sistemas de monitoramento, incentivos e procedimentos padronizados. No caso do Peru, sua abordagem de PfR gerou mudanças significativas nos resultados de saúde, especialmente em programas como desnutrição e saúde materna e neonatal, priorizando atividades comprovadamente mais econômicas em todo o mundo. Objetivo. Determinar a relação entre o orçamento por resultados (BfR) e a qualidade dos gastos com o programa de câncer em um hospital público do Ministério da Saúde, 2021. Materiais e métodos. Foi realizado um estudo de abordagem quantitativa, do tipo básico, não experimental, descritivo e correlacional. A população foi de 131 trabalhadores ligados ao ciclo orçamentário, dos quais foi selecionada uma amostra de 32 trabalhadores diretamente responsáveis pelo BfR. Como instrumentos, foram utilizados a técnica de survey e dois questionários, submetidos aos coeficientes KR-20 e Alfa de Cronbach para avaliar a confiabilidade. Resultados. O coeficiente de Spearman foi de 0,387, indicando uma relação positiva e média entre as variáveis. A significância foi de 0,029 (< 0,05). Conclusões. Foi encontrada uma relação significativa entre o PfR e a qualidade das despesas do programa de câncer no hospital do Ministério da Saúde, confirmando que uma melhor gestão do PfR está associada a uma melhor qualidade das despesas.
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Gastos em SaúdeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To identify the out-of-pocket expenses and parent-reported quality of life (QoL) of children with a diagnosis of cow's milk protein allergy between the ages of 0 and 5 using the Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire - Parent Form. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two tertiary care centers in Bogotá. Demographic, medical information, and QoL scores were collected by parental interview. We carried out a cost-of-illness analysis based on self-reported out-of-pocket expenses attributed to the treatment as a whole and the family's monthly income. Exploratory analyses used the QoL scores and the percentage of out-of-pocket expenses attributable to treatment as outcomes. RESULTS: 122 families were analyzed. Median subject age was 17 months (Q1-Q3: 11-26.75 months) and female subjects made up 71% of the sample. The median QoL score was 3.21 points (Q1-Q3: 2.43-4.34) and only differed by age groups and personal history of other food allergies. The median out-of-pocket treatment related costs was 300,000 Colombian pesos (COP) (Q1-Q3: 280,000-340,000 COP). About 17% of the families had to pay over 15% of their monthly income to purchase food and dietary products. Out-of-pocket treatment related costs differed depending on whether the treatment included formulas (Mann-Whitney test p < 0.001). Out-of-pocket treatment expenses were uncorrelated with the QoL scores. CONCLUSION: Food allergy related QoL scores were not associated with out-of-pocket expenses as a whole or as a fraction of monthly income but were higher in children with additional food allergies and in older age groups, suggesting a lower QoL.
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Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Gastos em Saúde , Hipersensibilidade a Leite , Pais , Qualidade de Vida , Humanos , Feminino , Colômbia , Hipersensibilidade a Leite/economia , Estudos Transversais , Masculino , Pré-Escolar , Lactente , Gastos em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Pais/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , AnimaisRESUMO
Introduction: Understanding the epidemiology and cost implications of acute bacterial meningitis is crucial for effective health planning, timely treatment implementation, and comprehensive patient support measures, as well as for determining appropriate hospital expenses. Therefore, we conducted an analysis of hospitalization cases for bacterial meningitis in Brazil from January 2008 to December 2019. Methods: This is a descriptive ecological study that utilized the Hospital Information System of Brazil's National Unified Health System (SIH/SUS) database. The variables included sex, region, age group, hospitalizations, deaths, lethality rate, and hospital service expenses. The data were tabulated to focus specifically on the epidemiological aspect of bacterial meningitis. Results: During the study period, there were 20,207 hospitalizations for bacterial meningitis in Brazil. Men accounted for a higher number of cases, with 11,690 (57.67%), while women had a higher lethality rate of 10.64%. The Southeast region had the highest percentage of both hospitalizations (45.78%) and deaths (46.42%). Bacterial meningitis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in children under 5 years of age. Notably, the elderly and the Northeast region showed higher rates of lethality. The total expenditure on hospital services exceeded 43 million in Brazilian real, with the highest expenditure observed in 2019 and the lowest in 2011. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of the disease was observed in males, in children under 1-year-old and in the southeast region. Hospital expenditures were found to be substantial and increasing over time, underscoring the significance of early diagnosis and the promotion of vaccination campaigns.
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BACKGROUND: Disasters are events that bring with them effects that contribute to the disruption of the normality of a population and thus highlight the vulnerabilities of the health system. In Mariana and Brumadinho, the collapse of the dam of ore tailings brought with it several impacts that were felt in the short term and will be felt in the medium and long term. And that by being intensely intertwined with issues of economic and productive nature, has as its meaning an uninterrupted result of its activities. METHODS: Through the DATASUS database, two specific variables were chosen to perform the analysis: the approved amount and the approved value. For this research, a methodological device, the segmented regression line, was used to observe the influences that the disasters that occurred in Mariana and Brumadinho had on the ambulatory health systems. RESULTS: The results of the segmented regression line show that, with Mariana, the amount approved continued to grow throughout the period, which shows that there was no change because of the disaster. There was a reduction in spending. In Brumadinho, regarding the amount approved, there was an upward trend in the disaster's month, which did not change immediately afterwards, and regarding expenditure, the growth pattern was maintained in all three periods. Corroborating this data, the relative and absolute base elements show an increase in the amount approved and in the number of services provided at various posts compared with Minas Gerais. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings, it was possible to understand that although disasters exert an influence that may have some effect on the health system, the lack of significance sometimes cannot be interpreted as a lack of impact on the disaster. The segmented regression line outlines some effects that are not conclusive but indicative of a numerical interpretation and a trend interpretation.
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Assistência Ambulatorial , Desastres , Humanos , Brasil , Bases de Dados Factuais , EmoçõesRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is Argentina's first cause of cancer death. Most patients have an advanced stage at diagnosis, with poor expected survival. This study aimed to characterize the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and economic impact of patients treated in the private healthcare sector and compare it with that of the public sector. METHODS: We undertook an observational cross-sectional study that extended a previous study to a referral private center in Argentina. Outcomes included the EuroQol EQ-5D-3L (to assess HRQOL), Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (financial toxicity instrument), Work Productivity and Activity Impairment - General Health (to assess productivity loss), and out-of-pocket expenses in adults diagnosed of NSCLC. RESULTS: We included 30 consecutive patients from a private healthcare center (July 2021 to March 2022), totaling 131 patients (n = 101 from previous public study). The whole sample had low quality of life and relevant economic impact. Patients in the private healthcare sector showed lower disease severity and higher educational level and household income. In addition, private healthcare system patients showed higher utility (0.77 vs 0.73; P < .05) and lower impairment of daily activities (41% vs 59%; P = .01). Private health system patients also showed lower financial toxicity as measured by the Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity score (23.9 vs 20.14; P < .05) but showed no differences when financial toxicity was assessed as a dichotomic variable. CONCLUSIONS: Although patients with NSCLC treated in a private healthcare center in Argentina showed a relevant HRQOL and economic impact, this impact was smaller than the one observed in publicly funded hospitals.
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Neoplasias Pulmonares , Setor Privado , Setor Público , Qualidade de Vida , Humanos , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Argentina/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Estudos Transversais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Setor Privado/estatística & dados numéricos , Setor Privado/economia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/economia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiologia , Setor Público/economia , Setor Público/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Gastos em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/economia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/epidemiologia , AdultoRESUMO
O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os efeitos da ampliação do repasse federal de emendas parlamentares no financiamento municipal da atenção primária à saúde (APS) do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), no período de 2015 a 2020. Foi realizado estudo longitudinal com dados secundários de transferências por emendas parlamentares do Ministério da Saúde e de despesas com recursos próprios dos municípios, aplicadas em ações e serviços públicos de saúde e na APS. O efeito do repasse de emendas parlamentares no financiamento municipal foi verificado de forma estratificada por porte populacional dos municípios, por meio de modelos de equações de estimativas generalizadas. O repasse de emendas parlamentares para a APS apresentou grande discrepância de valores per capita entre os municípios de diferentes portes populacionais. Observou-se inexistência de correlação com a despesa municipal em ações e serviços públicos de saúde nos municípios com mais de 10 mil habitantes e associação inversa com a despesa em APS (p < 0,050) em todos os grupos. Conclui-se que o aumento do repasse de emendas parlamentares pelo Ministério da Saúde favoreceu a redução da alocação de receitas municipais com APS, que podem ter sido direcionados para outras finalidades de gasto no SUS. Tais mudanças parecem refletir prioridades estabelecidas para a despesa orçamentária dos municípios, que repercutem sobre as condições locais para a garantia da estabilidade do financiamento da APS no Brasil.
This study aims to analyze the effects of the expansion of the federal transfer of parliamentary amendments for municipal financing of primary health care (PHC) in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), from 2015 to 2020. A longitudinal study was conducted using secondary data on transfers of parliamentary amendments from the Brazilian Ministry of Health and expenditure of municipalities' own resources on public health actions and services and PHC. The effect of the transfer of parliamentary amendments on municipal financing was verified in a stratified way by population size of the municipalities, using generalized estimating equation models. The transfer of parliamentary amendments for PHC showed a large discrepancy in per capita values among municipalities of different population sizes. No correlation with municipal spending on public health actions and services was observed in municipalities with more than 10,000 inhabitants, and the association with spending on PHC (p < 0.050) was inverse in all municipalities. Therefore, the increase in the transfer of parliamentary amendments by the Brazilian Ministry of Health favored a reduction in the allocation of municipal revenues to PHC, which may have been directed to other spending purposes in the SUS. These changes seem to represent priorities established for municipal budget expenditure, which have repercussions on local conditions for guaranteeing stable funding for PHC in Brazil.
El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los efectos de la ampliación de la transferencia de recursos federal de enmiendas parlamentarias sobre el financiamiento municipal de la atención primaria de salud (APS) en el Sistema Único de Salud brasileño (SUS), en el período del 2015 al 2020. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal con datos secundarios de transferencias de recursos por enmiendas parlamentarias del Ministerio de Salud y de gastos con recursos propios de los municipios, aplicados a acciones y servicios públicos de salud y a la APS. El efecto de la transferencia de recursos de enmiendas parlamentarias sobre el financiamiento municipal se verificó de forma estratificada por tamaño de población de los municipios, utilizando modelos de ecuaciones de estimaciones generalizadas. La transferencia de recursos de enmiendas parlamentarias para la APS mostró una gran discrepancia en los valores per cápita entre municipios de diferente tamaño poblacional. No hubo correlación con el gasto municipal en acciones y servicios públicos de salud en aquellos con más de 10.000 habitantes y asociación inversa con el gasto en APS (p < 0,050) en todos los grupos de municipios. Se concluye que el aumento en la transferencia de recursos de enmiendas parlamentarias por parte del Ministerio de Salud favoreció la reducción de la asignación de ingresos municipales a la APS, que pueden haber sido dirigidos a otros fines de gasto en el SUS. Tales cambios parecen reflejar prioridades establecidas para el gasto presupuestario municipal, que repercuten en las condiciones locales para garantizar la estabilidad del financiamiento de la APS en Brasil.
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Resumo Objetivo: Realizar uma análise descritiva dos gastos privados diretos domiciliares em saúde e da vulnerabilidade socioeconômica associados à condição de microcefalia, uma das manifestações mais evidentes da síndrome congênita do Zika vírus (SCZ). O surto de microcefalia e outros distúrbios neurológicos em crianças menores de um ano de idade foi associado à infecção pelo vírus Zika, durante a epidemia ocorrida no período de 2015-2016 no Brasil. Método: Noventa e seis entrevistas foram realizadas em dois centros especializados de atendimento às crianças acometidas por microcefalia nas cidades do Rio de Janeiro e Fortaleza. O questionário estruturado abrangeu características sociodemográficas, gastos com desembolso direto associados com a doença e estratégias adotadas pelas famílias para lidarem com os desafios financeiros impostos pela anomalia congênita. Resultados: Os domicílios eram majoritariamente chefiados por não-brancos e pertenciam às classes C e D-E. Os gastos com medicamentos contabilizaram 78% dos gastos médicos, enquanto as despesas com transporte representaram 46% do gasto privado não-médico. A maioria dos domicílios enfrentaram endividamento e redução do consumo doméstico, inclusive de alimentos, a fim de fazer face às despesas incorridas pela doença. Conclusão: A microcefalia parece reforçar a vulnerabilidade socioeconômica das famílias, reforçando o círculo vicioso característico da abordagem conceitual da armadilha saúde-pobreza.
Abstract Objective: To carry out a descriptive analysis of direct private household health expenditures and socioeconomic vulnerability associated with the condition of Microcephaly, one of the most evidence manifestations of Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). The outbreak of microcephaly and other neurological disorders in children under one year of age was linked to Zika virus infection during the 2015-2016 epidemic in Brazil. Method: Ninety-six interviews were carried out in two specialized care centers for children with microcephaly in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Fortaleza, Brazil. The structured questionnaire covered sociodemographic characteristics, out-of-pocket expenditures associated with the disease, and strategies adopted by families to deal with the financial challenges imposed by the congenital anomaly. Results: The households were mostly headed by non-whites and belonged to classes C and D-E. Expenditures on medicines accounted for 78% of medical expenses, while transportation represented 46% of private non-medical expenses. Most households faced debt and reduced domestic consumption, including food, to meet the expenses incurred by the disease. Conclusion: Microcephaly appears to reinforce the socioeconomic vulnerability of families, reinforcing the vicious circle characteristic of the health-poverty trap conceptual approach.
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We conducted a scoping review to map and critically examine the knowledge, perceptions and utilization of generics and biosimilars, among physicians, pharmacists, patients, the general population, and other stakeholders from LAC.
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Medicamentos Biossimilares , Médicos , Humanos , Medicamentos Biossimilares/uso terapêutico , América Latina , Região do Caribe , Medicamentos GenéricosRESUMO
Background: Despite improvements in health insurance coverage, out-of-pocket (OOP) health spending remains a public health issue in Peru, and OOP payment has implications for disease treatment in ethnic minorities. We aimed to analyze the ethnic disparities in the OOP payment and estimate the gaps related to observable risk factors in the OOP payment on medicines by ethnic conditions during 2014-2016 in Peru. Study design: cross-sectional study. Methods: We conducted a secondary data analysis using the National Health User Satisfaction Survey. The outcome was the participants' OOP payment in self-reported medications. Ethnic minorities were considered participants who habitually spoke a language other than Spanish at home. Crude and adjusted linear regression models were performed, and the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method was used to assess the OPP payment differential by ethnic minority condition, explained by their individual and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: We analyzed 11,346 surveyed, the mean age was 40.78 years, and 57.67 % were women. There was lower OOP payment in medications among ethnic minorities in the adjusted analysis (Beta coefficient [ß]: -0.11; 95 % confidence interval [95%CI]: -0.21 to -0.01; p = 0.043). In the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis, a gap of 0.19 USD in the OOP payment in medicines among ethnic minorities was found (p < 0.001), and the explained component by the variables measured in this research only represents 40.5 % of the gap (p = 0.001). Conclusion: There was less OOP expenditure on medicines in ethnic minorities. However, the measured variables explain only 40.5 % of these gaps. Therefore, we recommend future research that measures other variables that explain aspects of OOP spending on medicines not identified in this research. Likewise, our findings can be used to establish policies with an intercultural approach that adapt health documents to native languages or are disseminated by trained people from their communities.
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INTRODUCTION: With the current demographic transition, it is estimated that by 2050 Brazil will have a population of 90 million people aged 60 years or more, and in parallel Parkinson's disease (PD) will bring a considerable economic burden to our society. Brazil is considered multiracial due to its colonization, generating important social and regional inequalities. Knowing the costs of the PD may aid to improve local public policies. However, in Brazil, no estimates of these values have been made so far. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate direct, indirect, and out-of-pocket costs in Brazilian people with PD (PwP). METHODS: Categorical and numerical data were collected through a customized and standardized cost-related-questionnaire from 1055 PwP nationwide, from 10 tertiary movement disorders centers across all Brazilian regions. RESULTS: The estimated average annual cost of PwP was US$ 4020.48. Direct and indirect costs accounted for 63% and 36% of the total, respectively, and out-of-pocket costs were 49%. There were no evidence of differences in the total cost of PD across the regions of the country; however, differences were reported between the stages of the Hoehn and Yahr scale (H&Y). CONCLUSION: This data suggests a considerable burden of PD for Brazilian society in general, not only for the public health system, but mainly for those with PD.
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Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Doença de Parkinson , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doença de Parkinson/economia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Determinar el gasto de bolsillo en salud en las familias con diabetes mellitus y/o hipertensión arterial y el porcentaje del ingreso familiar durante la pandemia del Covid-19. Estudio de gasto de bolsillo en salud que incluyó muestreo consecutivo de 268 familias de México. El ingreso trimestral familiar se definió como la suma de ingresos de cada uno de los integrantes de la familia, el gasto en salud se definió como el total de erogaciones que tuvo la familia para cubrir los diferentes servicios de salud, y porcentaje de gasto en salud se definió como la relación del gasto total trimestral y el gasto corriente del hogar, valores expresados en pesos mexicanos. El promedio trimestral del gasto de bolsillo en salud en la familia con diabetes mellitus y/o hipertensión arterial en la dimensión consulta fue $975,82 y en la dimensión medicamentos $1,371.22; el gasto promedio total trimestral fue $3,133.08. El ingreso trimestral de la familia después de la pandemia del covid-19 fue $85,348.86 lo que representa 5,93% menos del ingreso trimestral antes de la pandemia. El gasto trimestral en salud fue $3,133.08, lo cual corresponde a 3,45% y 3,67% del ingreso trimestral familiar antes y después de la pandemia del Covid-19 respectivamente (AU)
Determine out-of-pocket health spending in families with diabetes mellitus and/or high blood pressure and the percentage of family income during the Covid-19 pandemic. Study of out-of-pocket health spending that included consecutive sampling of 268 families in Mexico. The quarterly family income was defined as the sum of income of each of the family members, health spending was defined as the total expenses that the family had to cover the different health services, and percentage of health spending. It was defined as the relationship between total quarterly expenditure and current household expenditure, values expressed in Mexican pesos. The quarterly average of out-of-pocket health expenditure in the family with diabetes mellitus and/or arterial hypertension in the consultation dimension was $975.82 and in the medication dimension $1,371.22; The average total quarterly expense was $3,133.08. The family's quarterly income after the covid-19 pandemic was $85,348.86, which represents 5.93% less than the quarterly income before the pandemic. The quarterly health expenditure was $3,133.08, which corresponds to 3.45% and 3.67% of the family's quarterly income before and after the Covid-19 pandemic respectively (AU)
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Humanos , Gastos em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Diabetes Mellitus , Financiamento Pessoal , Hipertensão , Renda/estatística & dados numéricos , COVID-19 , MéxicoRESUMO
We developed an algorithm to explore unexpected growth in the usage and costs of health technologies. We exploit data from the expenditures on technologies funded by the Colombian government under the compulsory insurance system, where all prescriptions for technologies not included in an explicit list must be registered in a centralized information system, covering the period from 2017 to 2022. The algorithm consists of two steps: an outlier detection method based on the density of the expenditures for selecting a first set of technologies to consider (39 technologies out of 106,957), and two anomaly detection models for time series to determine which insurance companies, health providers, and regions have the most notorious increases. We have found that most medicines associated with atypical behavior and significant monetary growth could be linked to the use of recently introduced drugs in the market. These drugs have valid patents and very specific clinical indications, often involving high-cost pharmacological treatments. The most relevant case is the Burosumab, approved in 2018 to treat a rare genetic disorder affecting skeletal growth. Secondly, there is clear evidence of anomalous increasing trend evolutions in the identified enteral nutritional support supplements or Food for Special Medical Purposes. The health system did not purchase these products before July 2021, but in 2022 they represented more than 500,000 USD per month.
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Gastos em Saúde , Doenças Raras , Humanos , ColômbiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Arterial hypertension is a high prevalence disease that increase healthcare costs and affects physical activity level. This study aimed to analyse the interrelationship between arterial hypertension, health service costs, therapeutic treatment, and physical activity in patients with cardiovascular diseases. METHOD: Cross-sectional study that evaluated 306 patients from a hospital in Presidente Prudente-Brazil. Based on their medical diagnosis, they were classified into multiple groups to access primary care and hospital-related costs variations. Then, using data from medical records and face to face interviews, they were examined on their treatment adherence and physical activity practice. Healthcare costs were accessed using medical records. Finally, the generalised linear model was used to analyse the interrelationship between treatment adherence, physical activity, health care costs and arterial hypertension. The data were analysed with Stata/MP4 16, and a p-value of less than 5% was used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS: The group that adhered to the arterial hypertension treatments but were physically inactive presented higher costs with consultation (US$=24.1, 95%CI = 1.90;46,3)ââ medication (US$=56.60, 95%CI = 1.65; 111.5) and total primary health care costs (US$=71.60, 95%CI = 19.2; 123.9) even after adjusting for confounding variables, meanwhile those participants that adhered to the treatments and were physical active did not present difference in healthcare cost when compared to normotensive and physical active participants. CONCLUSION: To be adherent to hypertension treatment were related to higher health care costs meanwhile been physical activity were related to lower health care costs and the combination of both showed that be adherent and physical activity represent the same cost with health than those normotensive and active emphasizing the importance of adherence and physical activity in the hypertensive treatment.
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Serviços de Saúde , Hipertensão , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/terapia , Exercício FísicoRESUMO
Introduction. Cirrhosis is one of the ten leading causes of death in the Western hemisphere and entails a significant cost of health care. Objective. To describe the sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of patients older than 18 years who received care for acute decompensation of cirrhosis in the emergency services of three highly complex centers in Medellín, Colombia. Materials and methods. This was an observational retrospective cohort study from clinical records. The results were analyzed by frequency measures and represented in tables and graphics. Results. In total, 576 clinical records met the inclusion criteria; 287 were included for analysis, and 58.9% were men, with an average age of 64 (± 13.5) years. The most frequent causes of cirrhosis were alcohol intake (47.7%), cryptogenic or unspecified etiology (29.6%), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (9.1%). The main reasons for visiting the emergency department were the presence of edema and/or ascites (34.1%), suspicion of gastrointestinal bleeding (26.5%), abdominal pain (14.3%) and altered mental status (13.9%). The most frequent clinical manifestations of an acute decompensation of cirrhosis were ascites (45.6%), variceal hemorrhage (25.4%), hepatic encephalopathy (23.0%), and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (5.2%). During their treatment, 56.1% of the patients received intravenous antibiotics; 24.0%, human albumin; 24.0%, vasoactive support, and 27.5%, blood products; 21.3% required management in an intensive or intermediate care unit, registering 53 deceased patients for a mortality of 18.5%. Conclusion. Patients who consult the emergency services due to acute decompensation of cirrhosis demand a high amount of health resources, frequently present associated complications, and a high percentage requires management in critical care units and shows a high in-hospital mortality rate.
Introducción. La cirrosis hace parte de las diez primeras causas de muerte en el hemisferio occidental y acarrea un importante costo en salud. Objetivo. Describir las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y de laboratorio, de los pacientes mayores de 18 años que recibieron atención por descompensación aguda de la cirrosis en los servicios de urgencias de tres centros de alta complejidad en Medellín, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio observacional de cohorte. Los resultados se analizaron mediante medidas de frecuencia, y se representaron en tablas y gráficas. Resultados. En total, en 576 registros clínicos se cumplieron los criterios de inclusión; se incluyeron 287 para el análisis. El 58,9 % fueron hombres, con edad promedio de 64 (± 13,5) años. Las causas más frecuentes de cirrosis fueron: ingestión de alcohol (47,7 %), criptogénica o inespecífica (29,6 %) y enfermedad por hígado graso no alcohólico (9,1 %). Los principales motivos de consulta fueron: presencia de edemas, ascitis o ambas (34,1 %), sospecha de hemorragia digestiva (26,5 %), dolor abdominal (14,3 %) y alteración del estado mental (13,9 %). Los diagnósticos de complicación aguda más frecuentes fueron ascitis (45,6 %), hemorragia digestiva por várices esofágicas (25,4 %), encefalopatía hepática (23,0 %) y peritonitis bacteriana espontánea (5,2 %). El 56,1 % de los pacientes recibió antibióticos; el 24,0 %, albúmina humana; el 24,0 % medicamentos, y el 27,5 % hemoderivados. En el 21,3 % de los casos, se requirió hospitalización en la unidad de cuidados intensivos o en la de cuidados intermedios. Se registraron 53 decesos, para una mortalidad del 18,5 %. Conclusiones. Los pacientes que consultan a los servicios de urgencias por una descompensación aguda de la cirrosis demandan una gran cantidad de recursos, frecuentemente presentan complicaciones asociadas, requieren manejo en unidades de cuidado crítico y evidencian una alta tasa de mortalidad.
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INTRODUCTION: Cirrhosis is one of the ten leading causes of death in the Western hemisphere and entails a significant cost of health care. OBJECTIVE: To describe the sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of patients older than 18 years who received care for acute decompensation of cirrhosis in the emergency services of three highly complex centers in Medellín, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an observational retrospective cohort study from clinical records. The results were analyzed by frequency measures and represented in tables and graphics. RESULTS: In total, 576 clinical records met the inclusion criteria; 287 were included for analysis, and 58.9% were men, with an average age of 64 (± 13.5) years. The most frequent causes of cirrhosis were alcohol intake (47.7%), cryptogenic or unspecified etiology (29.6%), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (9.1%). The main reasons for visiting the emergency department were the presence of edema and/or ascites (34.1%), suspicion of gastrointestinal bleeding (26.5%), abdominal pain (14.3%) and altered mental status (13.9%). The most frequent clinical manifestations of an acute decompensation of cirrhosis were ascites (45.6%), variceal hemorrhage (25.4%), hepatic encephalopathy (23.0%), and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (5.2%). During their treatment, 56.1% of the patients received intravenous antibiotics; 24.0%, human albumin; 24.0%, vasoactive support, and 27.5%, blood products; 21.3% required management in an intensive or intermediate care unit, registering 53 deceased patients for a mortality of 18.5%. CONCLUSION: Patients who consult the emergency services due to acute decompensation of cirrhosis demand a high amount of health resources, frequently present associated complications, and a high percentage requires management in critical care units and shows a high in-hospital mortality rate.
Introducción. La cirrosis hace parte de las diez primeras causas de muerte en el hemisferio occidental y acarrea un importante costo en salud. Objetivo. Describir las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y de laboratorio, de los pacientes mayores de 18 años que recibieron atención por descompensación aguda de la cirrosis en los servicios de urgencias de tres centros de alta complejidad en Medellín, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio observacional de cohorte. Los resultados se analizaron mediante medidas de frecuencia, y se representaron en tablas y gráficas. Resultados. En total, en 576 registros clínicos se cumplieron los criterios de inclusión; se incluyeron 287 para el análisis. El 58,9 % fueron hombres, con edad promedio de 64 (±13,5) años. Las causas más frecuentes de cirrosis fueron: ingestión de alcohol (47,7 %), criptogénica o inespecífica (29,6 %) y enfermedad por hígado graso no alcohólico (9,1 %). Los principales motivos de consulta fueron: presencia de edemas, ascitis o ambas (34,1 %), sospecha de hemorragia digestiva (26,5 %), dolor abdominal (14,3 %) y alteración del estado mental (13,9 %). Los diagnósticos de complicación aguda más frecuentes fueron ascitis (45,6 %), hemorragia digestiva por várices esofágicas (25,4 %), encefalopatía hepática (23,0 %) y peritonitis bacteriana espontánea (5,2 %). El 56,1 % de los pacientes recibió antibióticos; el 24,0 %, albúmina humana; el 24,0 % medicamentos, y el 27,5 % hemoderivados. En el 21,3 % de los casos, se requirió hospitalización en la unidad de cuidados intensivos o en la de cuidados intermedios. Se registraron 53 decesos, para una mortalidad del 18,5 %. Conclusiones. Los pacientes que consultan a los servicios de urgencias por una descompensación aguda de la cirrosis demandan una gran cantidad de recursos, frecuentemente presentan complicaciones asociadas, requieren manejo en unidades de cuidado crítico y evidencian una alta tasa de mortalidad.
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Ascite , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ascite/epidemiologia , Ascite/etiologia , Ascite/terapia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/complicações , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/epidemiologia , Cirrose Hepática/terapia , Estudos Retrospectivos , IdosoRESUMO
RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a taxa e os fatores relacionados ao não retorno ao trabalho no terceiro mês pós-alta da unidade de terapia intensiva, além dos impactos do desemprego, da perda de renda e dos gastos com saúde para os sobreviventes. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo multicêntrico, que incluiu sobreviventes da doença aguda grave, hospitalizados entre 2015 e 2018, previamente empregados, que permaneceram mais de 72 horas internados na unidade de terapia intensiva. Os desfechos foram avaliados por entrevista telefônica no terceiro mês após a alta. Resultados: Dos 316 pacientes incluídos no estudo que trabalhavam previamente, 193 (61,1%) não retornaram ao trabalho nos 3 meses após a alta da unidade de terapia intensiva. Foram associados ao não retorno ao trabalho: baixo nível educacional (razão de prevalência de 1,39; IC95% 1,10 - 1,74; p = 0,006), vínculo empregatício prévio (razão de prevalência de 1,32; IC95% 1,10 - 1,58; p = 0,003), necessidade de ventilação mecânica (razão de prevalência de 1,20; IC95% 1,01 - 1,42; p = 0,04) e dependência física no terceiro mês pós-alta (razão de prevalência de 1,27; IC95% 1,08 - 1,48; p = 0,003). Os sobreviventes incapazes de retornar ao trabalho mais frequentemente apresentaram redução da renda familiar (49,7% versus 33,3%; p = 0,008) e aumento dos gastos em saúde (66,9% versus 48,3%; p = 0,002) quando comparados àqueles que retornaram ao trabalho no terceiro mês após a alta da unidade de terapia intensiva. Conclusão: Frequentemente, os sobreviventes de unidade de terapia intensiva não retornam ao trabalho até o terceiro mês pós-alta da unidade de terapia intensiva. Baixo nível educacional, trabalho formal, necessidade de suporte ventilatório e dependência física no terceiro mês pós-alta relacionaram-se ao não retorno ao trabalho. O não retorno ao trabalho também se relacionou com redução na renda familiar e aumento dos custos com saúde após a alta da unidade de terapia intensiva.
ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the rate and factors related to nonreturn to work in the third month after discharge from the intensive care unit and the impact of unemployment, loss of income and health care expenses for survivors. Methods: This was a prospective multicenter cohort study that included survivors of severe acute illness who were hospitalized between 2015 and 2018, previously employed, and who stayed more than 72 hours in the intensive care unit. Outcomes were assessed by telephone interview in the third month after discharge. Results: Of the 316 patients included in the study who had previously worked, 193 (61.1%) did not return to work within 3 months after discharge from the intensive care unit. The following factors were associated with nonreturn to work: low educational level (prevalence ratio 1.39; 95%CI 1.10 - 1.74; p = 0.006), previous employment relationship (prevalence ratio 1.32; 95%CI 1 10 - 1.58; p = 0.003), need for mechanical ventilation (prevalence ratio 1.20; 95%CI 1.01 - 1.42; p = 0.04) and physical dependence in the third month after discharge (prevalence ratio 1.27; 95%CI 1.08 - 1.48; p = 0.003). Survivors who were unable to return to work more often had reduced family income (49.7% versus 33.3%; p = 0.008) and increased health expenditures (66.9% versus 48.3%; p = 0.002). compared to those who returned to work in the third month after discharge from the intensive care unit. Conclusion: Intensive care unit survivors often do not return to work until the third month after discharge from the intensive care unit. Low educational level, formal job, need for ventilatory support and physical dependence in the third month after discharge were related to nonreturn to work. Failure to return to work was also associated with reduced family income and increased health care costs after discharge.
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BACKGROUND: Cancer is a public health priority in Chile. AIM: To estimate the expected annual cost of cancer in Chile, due to direct costs of health services, working allowances and indirect costs for productivity losses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We undertook an ascendent costing methodology to calculate direct costs. We built diagnostic, treatment and follow-up cost baskets for each cancer type. Further, we estimated the expenditure due to sick leave subsidies. Both estimates were performed either for the public or private sector. Costs related to productivity loss were estimated using the human capital approach, incorporating disease related absenteeism premature deaths. The time frame for all estimates was one year. RESULTS: The annual expected costs attributed to cancer was $1,557 billion of Chilean pesos. The health services expected annual costs were $1,436 billion, 67% of which are spent on five cancer groups (digestive, hematologic, respiratory, breast and urinary tract). The expected costs of sick leave subsidies and productivity loss were $48 and $71 billion, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer generates costs to the health system, which obliges health planners to allocate a significant proportion of the health budget to this disease. The expected costs estimated in this study are equivalent to 8.9% of all health expenditures and 0.69% of the Gross Domestic Product. This study provides an updated reference for future research, such as those aimed at evaluating the current health policies in cancer.
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Humanos , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Neoplasias/terapia , Chile/epidemiologia , Gastos em Saúde , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , AbsenteísmoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Introduction: Although endovascular correction is a promising perspective, the gold-standard treatment for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurisms and type-B dissections with visceral involvement remains open surgery, particularly due to its well-established long-term durability. This study aims to describe and evaluate public data from patients treated for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurism in the Brazilian public health system in a 12-year interval. Methods: Data from procedures performed between 2008 and 2019 were extracted from the national public database (Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde, or DATASUS) using web scraping techniques. Procedures were evaluated regarding the yearly frequency of elective or urgency surgeries, in-hospital mortality, and governmental costs. All tests were done with a level of significance P<0.05. Results: A total of 812 procedures were analyzed. Of all surgeries, 67.98% were elective cases. There were 328 in-hospital deaths (mortality of 40.39%). In-hospital mortality was lower in elective procedures (26.92%) than in urgency procedures (46.74%) (P=0.008). Total governmental expenditure was $3.127.051,56 — an average of $3.774,22 for elective surgery and $3.791,93 for emergency surgery (P=0.999). Conclusion: The proportion of urgency procedures is higher than that recommended by international literature. Mortality was higher for urgent admissions, although governmental costs were equal for elective and urgent procedures; specialized referral centers should be considered by health policy makers.
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OBJECTIVES: This paper assesses the impact of effective access on out-of-pocket health payments and catastrophic health expenditure. Effective access cannot be attained unless both health services and financial risk protection are accessible, affordable, and acceptable. Therefore, it represents a key determinant in the transition from fragmented health systems to universal coverage that many low- and middle-income countries face. METHODS: We use a definition of effective access as the utilization of health insurance when available. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using the 2018 Mexican National Health Survey (ENSANUT) at the household level. The analysis is performed in two stages. The first stage is a multinomial analysis that captures the factor associated with choosing effective access against the alternative of paying privately. The second stage consists of an impact analysis regarding the decision of not choosing effective access in terms of out-of-pocket (OOP) health payments and catastrophic health expenditures (CHE). The analysis corrects for both the decision to buy insurance and the decision to pay for health care. RESULTS: We found that, on average, not choosing effective access increases OOP health payments by around 2300 pesos annually. Medicine payments are the most common factor in this increase. Nevertheless, outpatient and medicines health care are the main drivers of the increase in OOP health payments in all insurance beneficiaries. Not having effective access increases the probability of CHE health expenditures by 2.7 p.p. for the case of Social Security Insurance and 4.0 p.p. for Social Government insurance. Household enrolled in Prospera program for the poor are more likely to choose effective access while having household heads with more education and assets value does the opposite. Diabetes illnesses are associated with a higher probability of effective access. CONCLUSION: Improving effective access is a middle step that cannot be disregarded when seeking universal coverage because OOP health payments and catastrophic outcomes are direct consequences. Public insurance in general, has around 50% effective access which remains a challenge in terms of health services utilization and health public policy design, calling for the need of better coordination across insurance types and pooling mechanisms to increase sustainability of needed health services.