RESUMO

The consumption of avocados and their products has been linked to outbreaks of illness caused by Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes. These pathogens have been isolated from avocados collected from farms and markets. After contact with the avocado epicarp, the cells of Salmonella and L. monocytogenes can become loosely attached (LA) by suspension in a film of water and attraction by electrostatic forces, or strongly attached (SA) by physical and irreversible attachment mechanisms. Attached cells may have greater resistance to agents used to decontaminate the fruit. The effect of applying wet steam (WS) to the epicarp of Hass avocados on the reduction LA and SA counts of Salmonella and L. monocytogenes was evaluated as a function of the exposure time. The inoculated avocados were washed and exposed to WS for 30, 45, and 60 s inside a treatment chamber. Salmonella was found to be more susceptible to WS than L. monocytogenes. The efficacy of steam in reducing LA and SA cell numbers was similar for both pathogens. Steaming avocados for 60 s reduced LA Salmonella and L. monocytogenes cells by 4.6 and 4.8 log CFU/avocado, whereas SA cells were decreased by 5.2 and 4.4 log CFU/avocado, respectively.•Steaming the avocados for 60 s produced the greatest reduction in loosely and strongly attached cells for both pathogens.•Wet steam treatment efficiently eliminated the loosely and strongly attached cells of both pathogens.•The Listeria monocytogenes attached cells showed greater resistance to steam treatment than Salmonella.

RESUMO

Accurate dry matter determination (DM) in Hass avocados is vital for optimal harvesting and ensuring fruit quality. Predictive models based on NIRS need to capture fruit DM gradient. This work aimed to determine the DM content in Hass avocado whole by NIRS scanning different fruit zones. Spectra were recorded for each zone of the fruit: peduncle (P), equator (E), and base (B). The calibration and validation included fruit from different orchards in two harvest cycles. The results show a DM gradient within the fruit: 24.47% (E), 24.68% (B), and 24.79% (P). The DM gradient was observed within the spectra using the RMSi (root mean square) criterion and PCA. The results show that at least one spectrum per fruit zone was needed to represent the variability within the fruit. The performances of the calibration using the whole set of data were R2: 0.74 and standard error of cross-validation (SECV) = 1.18%. In the validation stage using independent validation sets, the models showed similar performance (R2: 0.75, SECV 1.15%) with low values of the standard error of prediction (SEP): 1.62%. These results demonstrate the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy for high-throughput sorting of avocados based on their commercial quality.

RESUMO

Spain dominates avocado production in Europe, with the Hass variety being the most prominent. Despite this, Spanish production satisfies less than 10% of the overall avocado demand in Europe. Consequently, the European avocado market heavily relies on imports from overseas, primarily sourced from Peru and Chile. Herein, a comprehensive characterization of the metabolic profile of Hass avocado fruits from Spain, Peru, and Chile, available in the European market throughout the year, was carried out. The determination of relevant substances was performed using high- and low-resolution RP-LC-MS. Remarkable quantitative differences regarding phenolic compounds, amino acids, and nucleosides were observed. Principal component analysis revealed a natural clustering of avocados according to geographical origin. Moreover, a specific metabolic pattern was established for each avocado-producing country using supervised partial least squares discriminant analysis. Spanish fruits exhibited high levels of coumaric acid malonyl-hexose II, coumaric acid hexose II, and ferulic acid hexose II, together with considerably low levels of pantothenic acid and uridine. Chilean avocado fruits presented high concentrations of abscisic acid, uridine, ferulic acid, succinic acid, and tryptophan. Fruits from Peru showed high concentrations of dihydroxybenzoic acid hexose, alongside very low levels of p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, coumaric acid malonyl-hexose I, and ferulic acid hexose II.

RESUMO

Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) infestations cause significant economic losses in commercial fruit production worldwide. However, some plants quickly counteract the insertion of eggs by females by generating neoplasia and hindering eclosion, as is the case for Persea americana Mill., cv. Hass (Hass avocados). We followed a combined transcriptomics/metabolomics approach to identify the molecular mechanisms triggered by Hass avocados to detect and react to the oviposition of the pestiferous Anastrepha ludens (Loew). We evaluated two conditions: fruit damaged using a sterile pin (pin) and fruit oviposited by A. ludens females (ovi). We evaluated both of the conditions in a time course experiment covering five sampling points: without treatment (day 0), 20 min after the treatment (day 1), and days 3, 6, and 9 after the treatment. We identified 288 differentially expressed genes related to the treatments. Oviposition (and possibly bacteria on the eggs' surface) induces a plant hypersensitive response (HR), triggering a chitin receptor, producing an oxidative burst, and synthesizing phytoalexins. We also observed a process of cell wall modification and polyphenols biosynthesis, which could lead to polymerization in the neoplastic tissue surrounding the eggs.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands, is one of the main factors that limits avocado production worldwide; silicon as a defense inducer seems to be a viable strategy to integrate into the management of this disease. Hereby, the present study evaluated the induction of resistance with silicon in Hass avocado plants inoculated with P. cinnamomi, as a possible alternative to conventional agrochemical management. A potassium silicate solution (10 mL, 0.2 M expressed as SiO2) was applied by irrigation, for ten days before inoculation with P. cinnamomi in Hass avocado plants. Leaf samples were taken at 3, 24, 144, and 312 h after inoculation with the pathogen. Peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes had their highest activity 3 h after pathogen inoculation (p < .05). There was a decrease in the activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), in the content of total phenols, and the inhibition capacity of the DPPH● radical, between 3 h and 24 h in the plants with the inducer and inoculated with P. cinnamomi (p < .05). The results suggest a beneficial effect of silicon as a defense inducer in Hass avocado plants, manifested in the activation of enzymatic pathways related to the regulation of oxidative stress and the synthesis of structural components. Therefore, the application of silicon as a defense inducer emerges as a strategy to include in the integrated management of the disease caused by P. cinnamomi in Hass avocado.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The avocado fruit is an agro-industrial product with high export demand in Peru due to its sensory and nutritional qualities, which can be affected during storage. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of a coating formulated with potato starch (Solanum tuberosum ssp andigena), nopal mucilage (Opuntia ficus indica), and pectin on the physicochemical and physiological properties during the storage of Fuerte and Hass avocados. Samples were taken in their harvest state from the plantation in "Occobamba", which is cultivated by the Avocado Producers Association in Chincheros, Apurímac, Peru. Physicochemical properties (titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids) and physiological properties (weight loss, firmness, and color L* a* b*) were determined during 20 days of storage at 20 °C. The elaborated films present high transparency and low aw values. In the coated avocado of the Hass and Fuerte varieties, acidity and total soluble solids decreased significantly (p-value < 0.05) during the storage time. Weight loss and firmness of coated fruits decrease to a lesser extent. Luminosity L*, color index, and color variation showed better attributes for the coated samples. The use of coatings made with potato starch, nopal mucilage, and pectin allows the physicochemical and physiological properties of avocado fruits to be maintained for a longer time during storage.

RESUMO

Avocado consumption and trade are increasing worldwide, with North America and Europe being the main importing regions. Spain is the major European avocado producer (90% of the production), yet it only supplies 10% of the market. Consequently, more than 90% of the avocados consumed in Europe are imported from overseas, mainly from Chile and Peru. In this work, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) impact associated with the transport of two avocado supply chains (short (Spanish) and long (Chilean)) and the effect of the fruit origin and distance of both chains on primary and secondary metabolites from harvest to edible ripeness were evaluated using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection (LC-DAD) based metabolite analysis. The LCA transport impact of the fresh supply chain from production centers in Chile (Quillota) and Spain (Malaga), and then the distribution to several cities in Europe, suggested road export from Spain to European capitals to have the lowest impact (0.14 to 0.22 kg CO2 eq/kg of avocado). When export from Chile was considered, the option of oceanic freight to European ports closer to final destinations was clearly a better option (0.21 to 0.26 kg CO2 eq/kg) than via the Algeciras port in Spain followed by road transport to final destinations in European capitals (0.34 to 0.43 kg CO2 eq/kg), although the situation could be somewhat different if the avocados are transported from the destination ports in northern Europe to long-distance capitals in other European countries. Fruit origin had a significant impact on avocado primary and secondary metabolites. The conditions of the supply chain itself (10 d in cold storage in regular conditions vs. 30 d cold storage + controlled atmosphere conditions) largely influence the fate of some metabolites that certainly affect the pool of metabolites at edible ripeness. The long-assumed hypothesis that the longer the supply chain the more negative impact on nutritional and functional compounds might not hold in this case, as long as transport conditions are adequate in terms of temperature, atmosphere conditions, and time considering distance from origin to destination.

RESUMO

Hass avocadoes are one of the most popular fruits consumed worldwide because of their nutritional and nutraceutical content. Nevertheless, these fruits are susceptible to phytopathogen attacks that decrease fruit quality during the postharvest period. Herein we present the results of the in situ fungistatic activity of four hybrid films (FT1−FT4) manufactured with chitosan and different concentrations of the essential oil of thyme (TvEO). The films were evaluated as biodegradable materials to prevent fruit decay triggered by Clonostachys rosea which is considered an emergent phytopathogen of this crop. The in situ fungistatic strength, spectroscopic properties (FT-IR), optical features (transmittance/opacity), and consistency obtained by microscopic analysis (SEM), indicated that the films FT3 and FT4 possessed the best physicochemical properties to protect Hass avocadoes against the soft rot produced by C. rosea. Avocadoes treated with the films FT3 and FT4 significantly (p < 0.01) conserved fruit firmness and nutritional composition (protein, fat, fiber, and reducing sugars) as well as the nutraceutical content (oleic, palmitoleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids) of infected avocados for 21 days. Our results validate the potential use of the films FT3 and FT4 to prevent the soft rot caused by C. rosea and to improve the shelf life of Hass avocadoes.

RESUMO

The introduction of new avocado cultivars into producing countries of the Southern Hemisphere may extend the offer period of fresh fruit for export. The 'Gem' ('3-29-5') avocado is known for extending the marketing period of 'Hass'-like avocados. This study aimed to evaluate the horticultural performance of 'Gem' avocado trees between the 4th and 6th years after planting (2016-2018), in a commercial orchard in the Central-Western region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. 'Gem' avocado trees grafted onto seedling rootstocks were evaluated regarding tree size, shoot growth, flowering, and fruit yield, quality and maturation. In the evaluated biennium, the trees showed a strong upright growth habit and compact tree size. Flowering occurred mainly in indeterminate inflorescences. Fruit yield varied between 106.89 to116.89 kg tree-¹, and 75-91% of the fruit classified with in size counts 12 (306 to 365 g/fruit) to 18 (211 to 235 g/fruit), and reached physiological maturity in late June, but could be picked until October, i.e, four to eight months later than 'Hass'. 'Gem' is a new alternative for extending fruit offer of late-maturity avocado cultivars and allowing higher profit to the farmers.

A introdução de novas cultivares de abacate em países produtores do Hemisfério Sul pode estender o período de oferta do fruto fresco para exportação. O abacate 'Gem' ('3-29-5') é conhecido por estender o período de comercialização de abacates do tipo 'Hass'. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho horticultural de abacateiros 'Gem' entre o 4º e 6º anos após o plantio (2016-2018) em pomar comercial na região Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os abacateiros 'Gem' enxertados em porta-enxertos obtidos de sementes foram avaliados em relação ao tamanho da árvore, crescimento do broto, florescimento e produção, qualidade e maturação de frutos. No biênio avaliado, as árvores apresentaram forte hábito de crescimento ereto e tamanho compacto. O florescimento ocorreu principalmente com inflorescências indeterminadas. A produção variou entre 106,89 a 116,89 kg/planta e 75-91% dos frutos classificados nas categorias de calibre 12 (306 a 365 g/fruto) a 18 (211 a 235 g/fruto), e atingiram a maturidade fisiológica no final de junho, podendo ser colhido até outubro, ou seja, quatro a oito meses depois de 'Hass'. 'Gem' é uma nova alternativa para estender a oferta de cultivares de abacate de maturação tardia e permitir maior lucro aos agricultores.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The introduction of new avocado cultivars into producing countries of the Southern Hemisphere may extend the offer period of fresh fruit for export. The 'Gem' ('3-29-5') avocado is known for extending the marketing period of 'Hass'-like avocados. This study aimed to evaluate the horticultural performance of 'Gem' avocado trees between the 4th and 6th years after planting (2016-2018), in a commercial orchard in the Central-Western region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. 'Gem' avocado trees grafted onto seedling rootstocks were evaluated regarding tree size, shoot growth, flowering, and fruit yield, quality and maturation. In the evaluated biennium, the trees showed a strong upright growth habit and compact tree size. Flowering occurred mainly in indeterminate inflorescences. Fruit yield varied between 106.89 to116.89 kg tree-¹, and 75-91% of the fruit classified with in size counts 12 (306 to 365 g/fruit) to 18 (211 to 235 g/fruit), and reached physiological maturity in late June, but could be picked until October, i.e, four to eight months later than 'Hass'. 'Gem' is a new alternative for extending fruit offer of late-maturity avocado cultivars and allowing higher profit to the farmers.(AU)

A introdução de novas cultivares de abacate em países produtores do Hemisfério Sul pode estender o período de oferta do fruto fresco para exportação. O abacate 'Gem' ('3-29-5') é conhecido por estender o período de comercialização de abacates do tipo 'Hass'. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho horticultural de abacateiros 'Gem' entre o 4º e 6º anos após o plantio (2016-2018) em pomar comercial na região Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os abacateiros 'Gem' enxertados em porta-enxertos obtidos de sementes foram avaliados em relação ao tamanho da árvore, crescimento do broto, florescimento e produção, qualidade e maturação de frutos. No biênio avaliado, as árvores apresentaram forte hábito de crescimento ereto e tamanho compacto. O florescimento ocorreu principalmente com inflorescências indeterminadas. A produção variou entre 106,89 a 116,89 kg/planta e 75-91% dos frutos classificados nas categorias de calibre 12 (306 a 365 g/fruto) a 18 (211 a 235 g/fruto), e atingiram a maturidade fisiológica no final de junho, podendo ser colhido até outubro, ou seja, quatro a oito meses depois de 'Hass'. 'Gem' é uma nova alternativa para estender a oferta de cultivares de abacate de maturação tardia e permitir maior lucro aos agricultores.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: 'Hass' avocado consumption is increasing due to its organoleptic properties, so it is necessary to develop new technologies to guarantee export quality. Avocado fruits do not ripen on the tree, and the visual classification of its maturity is not accurate. The most commonly used fruit maturity indicator is the percentage of dry matter (DM). The aim of this research was to investigate a non-destructive method with hyperspectral images to predict the percentage of DM of fruits across the spectral range of 400-1000 nm. RESULTS: No correlation between fruit weight and color with the percentage of DM was found in the study area. Cross-validation efficiency of different data sources, including the spectrum extraction zone (the center, a line from the peduncle to the base, and the whole fruit) and the average of one or two fruit faces, was compared. Four linear regression models were compared. Data of the whole fruit and average of both sides per fruit using a support vector machine regression were selected for the prediction test. Following the cross-validation concept, five sets of calibration and test data were selected and optimized for calibration. The best test prediction set comprised an R2 = 0.9, a root-mean-square error of 2.6 g kg-1 DM, a Pearson correlation of 0.95, and a ratio of prediction to deviation of 3.2. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study indicate that hyperspectral images allow classifying export fruits and making harvesting decisions. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The introduction of new avocado cultivars into producing countries of the Southern Hemisphere may extend the offer period of fresh fruit for export. The 'Gem' ('3-29-5') avocado is known for extending the marketing period of 'Hass'-like avocados. This study aimed to evaluate the horticultural performance of 'Gem' avocado trees between the 4th and 6th years after planting (2016-2018), in a commercial orchard in the Central-Western region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. 'Gem' avocado trees grafted onto seedling rootstocks were evaluated regarding tree size, shoot growth, flowering, and fruit yield, quality and maturation. In the evaluated biennium, the trees showed a strong upright growth habit and compact tree size. Flowering occurred mainly in indeterminate inflorescences. Fruit yield varied between 106.89 to 116.89 kg tree-1, and 75-91% of the fruit classified within size counts 12 (306 to 365 g/fruit) to 18 (211 to 235 g/fruit), and reached physiological maturity in late June, but could be picked until October, i.e, four to eight months later than 'Hass'. 'Gem' is a new alternative for extending fruit offer of late-maturity avocado cultivars and allowing higher profit to the farmers.(AU)

A introdução de novas cultivares de abacate em países produtores do Hemisfério Sul pode estender o período de oferta do fruto fresco para exportação. O abacate 'Gem' ('3-29-5') é conhecido por estender o período de comercialização de abacates do tipo 'Hass'. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho horticultural de abacateiros 'Gem' entre o 4º e 6º anos após o plantio (2016-2018) em pomar comercial na região Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os abacateiros 'Gem' enxertados em porta-enxertos obtidos de sementes foram avaliados em relação ao tamanho da árvore, crescimento do broto, florescimento e produção, qualidade e maturação de frutos. No biênio avaliado, as árvores apresentaram forte hábito de crescimento ereto e tamanho compacto. O florescimento ocorreu principalmente com inflorescências indeterminadas. A produção variou entre 106,89 a 116,89 kg/planta e 75-91% dos frutos classificados nas categorias de calibre 12 (306 a 365 g/fruto) a 18 (211 a 235 g/fruto), e atingiram a maturidade fisiológica no final de junho, podendo ser colhido até outubro, ou seja, quatro a oito meses depois de 'Hass'. 'Gem' é uma nova alternativa para estender a oferta de cultivares de abacate de maturação tardia e permitir maior lucro aos agricultores.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

RESUMEN Una tendencia actual en la elaboración de quesos es sustituir la grasa láctea por su alto contenido de ácidos grasos saturados (AGS), con lípidos de origen vegetal y el aguacate por su alto contenido de ácidos grasos insaturados(AGI), principalmente, el ácido oleico y fitosteroles (campesterol, β- Sitosterol), ha sido valorado al promover beneficios saludables al consumidor. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar, con jueces, el agrado o desagrado, mediante prueba hedónica, los quesos elaborados con sustitución de grasa y analizar el perfil de textura (TPA). Se analizaron los quesos elaborados con tres niveles de pulpa, mediante prueba hedónica de 5 puntos, con 109 jueces y el análisis de perfil de textura con texturometro, modelo TA-XT2i. El T4, con el 18% de pulpa adicionada, fue el que más agradó, de acuerdo con la prueba DMS, al determinar la aceptación de los quesos, aunque no se encontró diferencias entre el T3 y el T4 y, el T2, el que menos gustó. En el análisis de perfil de textura, se encontró diferencias significativas respecto al control; la pulpa de aguacate, como sustituto de grasa en los quesos, generó bajos valores en los parámetros texturales; los quesos retienen alta humedad y bajo contenido de grasa, obteniendo un producto desmoronable, debido a la modificación de la matriz de la caseína, que es la que da rigidez a los quesos.

ABSTRACT A current trend in cheese making is to substitute milk fat for its high content of saturated fatty acids (SFA), with lipids of vegetable origin and avocado for its high content of unsaturated fatty acids (AGI) mainly oleic acid and phytosterols. (campesterol, β-Sitosterol), has been valued by promoting healthy benefits to the consumer. The objective of this study was to evaluate with judges the liking or dislike of the cheeses made with fat replacement and to analyze the texture profile (TPA). The cheeses elaborated with three levels of avocado pulp were analyzed by means of a 5point hedonic test with 109 judges and the analysis of texture profile with texturometer model TA-XT2i. The T4 with the 18% added pulp was the one liked most according to the DMS test when determining the acceptance of the cheeses, although no differences were found between the T3 and the T4; the T2 was the least liked product. In the texture profile analysis, significant differences were found with respect to the control; the avocado pulp as a substitute for fat in the cheeses generated low values in the textural parameters, the cheeses retain high humidity and low fat content, obtaining a crumbly product, due to the modification of the casein matrix which is the one that gives rigidity to the cheeses.

RESUMO

This study investigated how the quality of avocado oil is affected by the fruit ripening stage and peeling, and the drying process used. Expeller pressed avocado oils were obtained from unripe or ripe pitted avocados after drying peeled or unpeeled pulps by convection oven, microwave or freeze-drying. Oils from the unpeeled microwave dried pulp (from unripe or ripe avocados) showed the highest induction period (54.2-83.6 h) and antioxidant capacity (4.07-5.26 mmol TE/kg), and high amounts (mg/100 g) of α-tocopherol (11.6-21.0), ß-carotene (0.49-0.65) and chlorophyll (44.3-54.0), and unsaponifiable matter (2.48-2.99 g/100 g). Pulp drying process and avocado (un)peeling were the major contributors to the induction period (R2 = 0.61; p = 0.0139) and antioxidant capacity (R2 = 0.62; p = 0.011), and the oils from microwave dried unpeeled pulp were those that presented the best performance. The phenolic composition of these oils improved with ripening and keeping the peel during the pressing process.

Assuntos

RESUMO

La radicalisation des femmes semble a priori opposés au féminin qui serait du coté de l'Eros. L'auteur cherche à montrer en quoi il y a, au contraire, un nouage structural entre féminité et radicalisation. Partant de l'étude de plusieurs cas cliniques, il montre comment la problématique centrale de ces femmes est la menace d'un retour au lien pré-oedipien à la mère.

Résumé A radicalização das mulheres parece, a priori, oposta ao feminino, que estaria ao lado de Eros. O autor tenta mostrar que, ao contrário, existe um nó estrutural entre a feminilidade e a radicalização. Partindo do estudo de vários casos clínicos, mostra-se que a problemática central dessas mulheres é a ameaça de um regresso ao vínculo pré-edipiano da mãe.

At first glance, women's radicalization seems to be opposed to the feminine, considered to be side by side with Eros. This paper seeks to show how, on the contrary, there is a structural link between femininity and radicalization. Based on the study of several clinical cases, it reveals how the central problem of these women is the threat of returning to the pre-Oedipal bond to the mother.

La radicalización de las mujeres parece, a priori, opuesta a lo femenino, que estaría al lado del Eros. El autor intenta mostrar que, contrario a esto, hay un nudo estructural entre la femineidad y la radicalización. Partiendo del estudio de varios casos clínicos, se muestra que la problemática central de estas mujeres es la amenaza de un regreso al vínculo preedípico con la madre.

Die Radikalisierung von Frauen kontrastiert auf den ersten Blick mit der Weiblichkeit, welche traditionell mit Eros assoziiert wird. Gegen diese Auffassung versucht dieser Artikel aufzeigen, dass eine strukturelle Verbindung zwischen Weiblichkeit und Radikalisierung existiert. Verschiedene klinische Fälle wurden analysiert um aufzuzeigen, dass das Kernproblem dieser Frauen die Gefahr einer Rückkehr zur präödipalen Verbindung zur Mutter ist.

RESUMO

Avocado (Persea americana) is one of the most important crops in Mexico as it is the main producer, consumer, and exporter of avocado fruit in the world. However, successful avocado commercialization is often reduced by large postharvest losses due to Colletotrichum sp., the causal agent of anthracnose. Chitosan is known to have a direct antifungal effect and acts also as an elicitor capable of stimulating a defense response in plants. However, there is little information regarding the genes that are either activated or repressed in fruits treated with chitosan. The aim of this study was to identify by RNA-seq the genes differentially regulated by the action of low molecular weight chitosan in the avocado-chitosan-Colletotrichum interaction system. The samples for RNA-seq were obtained from fruits treated with chitosan, fruits inoculated with Colletotrichum and fruits both treated with chitosan and inoculated with the fungus. Non-treated and non-inoculated fruits were also analyzed. Expression profiles showed that in short times, the fruit-chitosan system presented a greater number of differentially expressed genes, compared to the fruit-pathogen system. Gene Ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes showed a large number of metabolic processes regulated by chitosan, including those preventing the spread of Colletotrichum. It was also found that there is a high correlation between the expression of genes in silico and qPCR of several genes involved in different metabolic pathways.

RESUMO

Ingrediente da trama intersubjetiva, o ódio está presente na vida psíquica em circunstâncias diversas e é na situação clínica que revela suas múltiplas faces. Aqui focalizamos a forma positiva com que, na perspectiva psicanalítica, o ódio pode se revestir, como afeto essencial e elemento dinâmico de afirmação do eu. Uma história clínica ilustra essa discussão. O texto ressalta, em suma, a necessidade de ampliar a escuta analítica do ódio, cuja interpretação e manejo devem variar, a depender da vicissitude que assume e de seus propósitos na economia psíquica.

Hatred as an ingredient of inter-subjective workings is present in psychic life in different circumstances. In the clinical situation it reveals its multiple faces. Here we focus on the positive form that hatred can take on from a psychoanalytical perspective, as essential affect and a dynamic element in the affirmation of the ego. A clinical case illustrates this discussion. In brief, the paper stresses the need to amplify the analytical listening to hatred, its interpretation, and its management, which vary according to the vicissitudes it takes up and its purposes in psychic economy.

Ingrédient de la trame intersubjective, la haine est présente dans la vie psychique à diverses occasions et c'est dans la situation analytique qu'elle révèle ses multiples facettes. Nous mettons l'accent ici sur la forme positive que peut revêtir la haine dans la perspective psychanalytique, comme affect essentiel et élément dynamique de l'affirmation du moi. Une histoire clinique illustre cette discussion. Le texte souligne, en somme, la nécessité d'accroître l'écoute analytique de la haine, dont l'interprétation et le maniement doivent varier, selon les vicissitudes qu'elle présente et ses objectifs dans l'économie psychique.

Ingrediente de la trama intersubjetiva, el odio está presente en la vida psíquica en diferentes circunstancias, y es en la situación analítica que revela sus varias facetas. Aquí nos centramos en la forma positiva con que, en una perspectiva psicoanalítica, el odio puede revestirse como afecto esencial y elemento dinámico de afirmación del Yo. Una historia clínica ilustra la discusión. El texto destaca la necesidad de ampliar la escucha analítica del odio, cuya interpretación y manejo deben variar en dependencia de la vicisitud de que se reviste y de sus propósitos en la economía psíquica.

Assuntos

RESUMO

As cultivares de abacateiro (Persea americana Mill) 'Margarida', 'Fortuna' e 'Hass' têm muita importância econômica no mercado nacional e internacional. Em função disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a reação dessas cultivares frente à Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands., agente causal da podridão das raízes. A inoculação do patógeno foi feita por meio de implantação de tecidos de raízes sintomáticas. Foram inoculadas quatro raízes em três árvores diferentes, uma de cada cultivar, em três pontos diferentes da raiz. Em cada cultivar, das quatro raízes, uma foi utilizada como testemunha, nas quais foram implantados tecidos sadios. A avaliação foi realizada aos 120 dias após a inoculação, observando-se as raízes externamente quanto à alteração da coloração e presença de estruturas de patógenos na região da superfície da casca nos pontos inoculados. Internamente, foram removidas as cascas para visualização das alterações a partir do ponto inoculado, sendo observadas alterações de coloração dos tecidos e realizada mensuração da extensão do escurecimento (lesão aparente). Nas extremidades das lesões foram retirados segmentos de raízes e implantados em meio de cultivo farinha de milho-ágar e incubados, para verificação da colonização na área sem escurecimento, ou seja, a colonização não- aparente. Das cultivares avaliadas, a 'Hass' foi a menos suscetível ao P. cinnamomi, quando comparada às cultivares 'Fortuna' e 'Margarida'. O patógeno P. cinnamomi pode apresentar desenvolvimento ou colonização nos tecidos radiculares além da área sintomática.

Cultivars of the avocado (Persea americana Mill) 'Margarida', 'Fortuna' and 'Geada' have importance in the national and international markets. The present paper had as objective to evaluate the reaction of such cultivars to Phytophthora cinanamomi Rands, the causal agent of avocado root rot. They were inoculated four roots in three different trees, one of each cultivar, in three different points of the root. In the each cultivar, from the four roots, one was used as check, where it was implanted health tissue. The evaluation was held at 120 day after inoculation, observing the roots externally, searching for color alterations and pathogen structures on the root surface region at the inoculated points. Internally, the bark was removed to visualize the alterations at the inoculated points observing alteration in the tissue color and measuring the darking extension (aparent lesion). On the lesion, segments of the root were taken and implanted on a medium of corn meal - agar, incubated to check the colonization in the area without darkness, that is, a-non apparent colonization. From the evaluated cultivars, 'Hass' was the least susceptible to P. cinnamomi when compared with 'Fortuna' and 'Margarida'. It was also observed that this pathogen may show development or colonization on root tissue out of the symptomatic areas.

RESUMO

Cultivars of the avocado (Persea americana Mill) 'Margarida', 'Fortuna' and 'Geada' have importance in the national and international markets. The present paper had as objective to evaluate the reaction of such cultivars to Phytophthora cinanamomi Rands, the causal agent of avocado root rot. They were inoculated four roots in three different trees, one of each cultivar, in three different points of the root. In the each cultivar, from the four roots, one was used as check, where it was implanted health tissue. The evaluation was held at 120 day after inoculation, observing the roots externally, searching for color alterations and pathogen structures on the root surface region at the inoculated points. Internally, the bark was removed to visualize the alterations at the inoculated points observing alteration in the tissue color and measuring the darking extension (aparent lesion). On the lesion, segments of the root were taken and implanted on a medium of corn meal - agar, incubated to check the colonization in the area without darkness, that is, a-non apparent colonization. From the evaluated cultivars, 'Hass' was the least susceptible to P. cinnamomi when compared with 'Fortuna' and 'Margarida'. It was also observed that this pathogen may show development or colonization on root tissue out of the symptomatic areas.

As cultivares de abacateiro (Persea americana Mill) 'Margarida', 'Fortuna' e 'Hass' têm muita importância econômica no mercado nacional e internacional. Em função disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a reação dessas cultivares frente à Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands., agente causal da podridão das raízes. A inoculação do patógeno foi feita por meio de implantação de tecidos de raízes sintomáticas. Foram inoculadas quatro raízes em três árvores diferentes, uma de cada cultivar, em três pontos diferentes da raiz. Em cada cultivar, das quatro raízes, uma foi utilizada como testemunha, nas quais foram implantados tecidos sadios. A avaliação foi realizada aos 120 dias após a inoculação, observando-se as raízes externamente quanto à alteração da coloração e presença de estruturas de patógenos na região da superfície da casca nos pontos inoculados. Internamente, foram removidas as cascas para visualização das alterações a partir do ponto inoculado, sendo observadas alterações de coloração dos tecidos e realizada mensuração da extensão do escurecimento (lesão aparente). Nas extremidades das lesões foram retirados segmentos de raízes e implantados em meio de cultivo farinha de milho-ágar e incubados, para verificação da colonização na área sem escurecimento, ou seja, a colonização não- aparente. Das cultivares avaliadas, a 'Hass' foi a menos suscetível ao P. cinnamomi, quando comparada às cultivares 'Fortuna' e 'Margarida'. O patógeno P. cinnamomi pode apresentar desenvolvimento ou colonização nos tecidos radiculares além da área sintomática.

RESUMO

Cultivars of the avocado (Persea americana Mill) 'Margarida', 'Fortuna' and 'Geada' have importance in the national and international markets. The present paper had as objective to evaluate the reaction of such cultivars to Phytophthora cinanamomi Rands, the causal agent of avocado root rot. They were inoculated four roots in three different trees, one of each cultivar, in three different points of the root. In the each cultivar, from the four roots, one was used as check, where it was implanted health tissue. The evaluation was held at 120 day after inoculation, observing the roots externally, searching for color alterations and pathogen structures on the root surface region at the inoculated points. Internally, the bark was removed to visualize the alterations at the inoculated points observing alteration in the tissue color and measuring the darking extension (aparent lesion). On the lesion, segments of the root were taken and implanted on a medium of corn meal - agar, incubated to check the colonization in the area without darkness, that is, a-non apparent colonization. From the evaluated cultivars, 'Hass' was the least susceptible to P. cinnamomi when compared with 'Fortuna' and 'Margarida'. It was also observed that this pathogen may show development or colonization on root tissue out of the symptomatic areas.

As cultivares de abacateiro (Persea americana Mill) 'Margarida', 'Fortuna' e 'Hass' têm muita importância econômica no mercado nacional e internacional. Em função disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a reação dessas cultivares frente à Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands., agente causal da podridão das raízes. A inoculação do patógeno foi feita por meio de implantação de tecidos de raízes sintomáticas. Foram inoculadas quatro raízes em três árvores diferentes, uma de cada cultivar, em três pontos diferentes da raiz. Em cada cultivar, das quatro raízes, uma foi utilizada como testemunha, nas quais foram implantados tecidos sadios. A avaliação foi realizada aos 120 dias após a inoculação, observando-se as raízes externamente quanto à alteração da coloração e presença de estruturas de patógenos na região da superfície da casca nos pontos inoculados. Internamente, foram removidas as cascas para visualização das alterações a partir do ponto inoculado, sendo observadas alterações de coloração dos tecidos e realizada mensuração da extensão do escurecimento (lesão aparente). Nas extremidades das lesões foram retirados segmentos de raízes e implantados em meio de cultivo farinha de milho-ágar e incubados, para verificação da colonização na área sem escurecimento, ou seja, a colonização não- aparente. Das cultivares avaliadas, a 'Hass' foi a menos suscetível ao P. cinnamomi, quando comparada às cultivares 'Fortuna' e 'Margarida'. O patógeno P. cinnamomi pode apresentar desenvolvimento ou colonização nos tecidos radiculares além da área sintomática.