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Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that has a slow evolution and is characterized by dermatoneurological involvement. The health challenges surrounding this disease are closely related to the stigma that results from the physical disabilities it causes. This is due to its high rate of late diagnosis and the peculiar deformities that occur in its advanced stage. Evaluate the clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients with plantar lesions who were treated for leprosy in a dermatology referral unit. This is a cross-sectional exploratory field study that was conducted at the Reference Center in Tropical Dermatology and Venereology Alfredo da Matta (FUHAM), in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. We evaluated 36 patients with disabilities as a result of leprosy and who had plantar lesions. The most common ulcer site was the medial region of the plantar surface, which presented dryness and maceration with yellowish seropurulent exudate, fibrinous tissue and grade 2 depth. The study made it possible to observe the evolution of plantar ulcers resulting from the disease process, then evaluate them and discuss recommendations regarding the treatment and prevention of this type of physical disability.

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The success of obtaining solid dispersions for solubility improvement invariably depends on the miscibility of the drug and polymeric carriers. This study aimed to categorize and select polymeric carriers via the classical group contribution method using the multivariate analysis of the calculated solubility parameter of RX-HCl. The total, partial, and derivate parameters for RX-HCl were calculated. The data were compared with the results of excipients (N = 36), and a hierarchical clustering analysis was further performed. Solid dispersions of selected polymers in different drug loads were produced using solvent casting and characterized via X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. RX-HCl presented a Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) of 23.52 MPa1/2. The exploratory analysis of HSP and relative energy difference (RED) elicited a classification for miscible (n = 11), partially miscible (n = 15), and immiscible (n = 10) combinations. The experimental validation followed by a principal component regression exhibited a significant correlation between the crystallinity reduction and calculated parameters, whereas the spectroscopic evaluation highlighted the hydrogen-bonding contribution towards amorphization. The systematic approach presented a high discrimination ability, contributing to optimal excipient selection for the obtention of solid solutions of RX-HCl.

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Hansen's disease, or leprosy, is a disease characterized by dermatological and neurological disorders. A neural form also exists, in which peripheral neuropathy occurs in the absence of skin lesions. However, cases of leprosy that involve the central nervous system and proximal nerves are rare in the literature. We describe the case of an oligosymptomatic patient diagnosed with the neural form of leprosy with involvement of peripheral nerves, dorsal root ganglion, and cervical spinal cord in an atypical presentation of the disease. Through complementary examinations and nerve biopsies, the bacillus was identified, and treatment was subsequently initiated. This case highlights the importance of investigating the suspicion of leprosy, even in cases with atypical manifestations, as early diagnosis and treatment can reduce neurological damage and deformities.

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Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infectious and disabling disease caused by two mycobacteria, Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Acute inflammatory responses, known as leprosy reactions, are significant contributors to disabilities. Three types of leprosy reactions have been identified based on excessive cytokine release (e.g. type 1) or the accumulation of immune complexes in tissues inducing multiorgan damage (e.g. types 2 and 3). The type of leprosy reaction has implications on treatment and management strategies, yet are not well understood by health workers caring for leprosy patients. We attempt to describe the immunologic mechanisms behind the different leprosy reactions and the rationale for tailoring clinical treatment and management to the particular type of leprosy reaction based on the underlying immunologic situation.

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INTRODUCTION: Almost one third of people affected by leprosy in Colombia suffer from disability, which often results from delayed diagnosis and treatment. We aimed to explore the experience of people affected by leprosy during the process of diagnosis and treatment and if and how this experience was influenced by peers. METHODS: A qualitative study using body map stories was conducted from October 2019 to February 2020 in Colombia. Adult people affected by leprosy were recruited through patient associations in different cities. We conducted three sessions with an average duration of 2-3 h per participant, during which the participants created a painted map of their body and chose symbols to represent their experience, while being engaged in an informal interview. The sessions were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically by an interdisciplinary team, consisting of physicians, social workers and a person affected by leprosy. RESULTS: The 17 study participants (11 female) were aged 20 to 70 years. Leprosy-related manifestations ranged from no to advanced disability. Some participants were active members of associations for people affected by leprosy. Three main themes were identified during analysis: (1) A long pathway to diagnosis, (2) Therapy as a double-edged sword and (3) The influence of other people affected by leprosy. The participants described an often years-long process until being diagnosed, which was marked by insecurities, repeated misdiagnosis, and worsening mental and physical health. Delayed diagnosis was related to late health care seeking, but also to inadequate health communication, lack of leprosy-related knowledge and negligence among health care workers. A high desire to cure motivated the participants to take their medication rigorously, despite the high treatment burden. Support from peers, either within the own social environment or provided from associations, contributed to a faster diagnosis and increased therapy adherence. Peers helped to recognize the symptoms, urged patients to seek care, recommended physicians with leprosy-related knowledge and provided a realistic example of both disease severity and curability. CONCLUSION: People affected by leprosy experience a significant burden during the process of diagnosis and treatment. Involving well-trained peers could foster early diagnosis, treatment compliance and prevention of disability.

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BACKGROUND: Hansen's disease is a chronic, infectious and transmissible disease that is considered a public health problem in Brazil. Hansen's disease is marked by stigma and prejudice, because it carries with it a strong negative social image, reinforced by policies of social isolation in the community. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted in Ribeirão Preto, an inland city of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Eleven patients under treatment for the disease were interviewed. The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed in full, then were analyzed through the stages of transcription, transposition and reconstitution, as informed by concepts proposed by Goffman. RESULTS: The results showed that the marks of stigma are still present in the twenty-first century and were presented in two axes: 'Stigma and work for the person affected by Hansen's disease' and 'The experience of stigma in the family'. The participants refer to fears of losing their jobs and of being ridiculed, which stops them talking about the disease. Regarding their families, the participants reported episodes of discrimination, the creation of family secrets and fear of relatives' reactions. CONCLUSIONS: All these aspects interfere in the follow-up and treatment of patients and need to be considered and welcomed by health professionals. It is recommended that these aspects are addressed in the initial training and continuing education of health professionals. CONTEXTE: La maladie de Hansen est une maladie chronique, infectieuse et transmissible, considérée comme un problème de santé publique au Brésil. La maladie de Hansen est marquée par la stigmatisation et les préjugés, car elle véhicule une image sociale fortement négative, renforcée par des politiques d'isolement social au sein de la communauté. MÉTHODES: Étude qualitative menée à Ribeirão Preto, une ville intérieure de l'État de São Paulo, au Brésil. Onze patients traités pour la maladie ont été interrogés. Les entretiens ont été enregistrés et transcrits intégralement, et ont été analysés en suivant les étapes de transcription, de transposition et de reconstitution, selon les concepts proposés par Goffman. RÉSULTATS: Les résultats montrent que les marques de la stigmatisation sont toujours présentes au 21ème siècle et ont été présentées selon deux axes : 'La stigmatisation et le travail pour la personne affectée par la maladie de Hansen' et 'L'expérience de la stigmatisation dans la famille'. Les participants évoquent la peur de perdre leur emploi, la peur d'être ridiculisés, ce qui les pousse à ne pas parler de la maladie. En ce qui concerne les familles, les participants ont rapporté des épisodes de discrimination, la création de secrets de famille et la peur des réactions des proches. CONCLUSIONS: Tous ces aspects interfèrent dans le suivi et le traitement des patients et doivent être pris en compte et accueillis par les professionnels de la santé. Il est recommandé que ces aspects soient abordés dans la formation initiale et la formation continue des professionnels de la santé. ANTECEDENTES: La enfermedad de Hansen es una enfermedad crónica, infecciosa y transmisible, considerada un problema de salud pública en Brasil. La enfermedad de Hansen está marcada por el estigma y el prejuicio, ya que conlleva una fuerte imagen social negativa, reforzada por políticas de aislamiento social en la comunidad. MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo realizado en Ribeirão Preto, una ciudad del interior del estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Se entrevistaron a once pacientes en tratamiento para la enfermedad. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, transcritas en su totalidad y analizadas a través de etapas de transcripción, transposición y reconstitución, según los conceptos propuestos por Goffman. RESULTADOS: Los resultados muestran que las marcas del estigma siguen presentes en el siglo XXI y se presentaron en dos ejes: 'Estigma y trabajo para la persona afectada por la enfermedad de Hansen' y 'La experiencia del estigma en la familia'. Los participantes mencionan el miedo a perder sus trabajos, el temor a ser ridiculizados, lo que les impide comentar sobre la enfermedad. En cuanto a las familias, los participantes reportaron episodios de discriminación, la creación de secretos familiares y el miedo a las reacciones de los familiares. CONCLUSIONES: Todos estos aspectos interfieren en el seguimiento y tratamiento de los pacientes y deben ser considerados y acogidos por los profesionales sanitarios. Se recomienda abordar estos aspectos en la formación inicial y la educación continua de los profesionales sanitarios.

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Missed and delayed diagnoses of Hansen's disease (HD) are making the battle against it even more complex, increasing its transmission and significantly impacting those affected and their families. This strains public health systems and raises the risk of lifelong impairments and disabilities. Worryingly, the three countries most affected by HD witnessed a growth in new cases in 2022, jeopardizing the World Health Organization's targets to interrupt transmission. Artificial intelligence (AI) can help address these challenges by offering the potential for rapid case detection, customized treatment, and solutions for accessibility challenges-especially in regions with a shortage of trained healthcare professionals. This perspective article explores how AI can significantly impact the clinical management of HD, focusing on therapeutic strategies. AI can help classify cases, ensure multidrug therapy compliance, monitor geographical treatment coverage, and detect adverse drug reactions and antimicrobial resistance. In addition, AI can assist in the early detection of nerve damage, which aids in disability prevention and planning rehabilitation. Incorporating AI into mental health counseling is also a promising contribution to combating the stigma associated with HD. By revolutionizing therapeutic approaches, AI offers a holistic solution to reduce the burden of HD and improve patient outcomes.

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Persons affected by Hansen's disease (PAHD) can develop long-term physical disabilities and psychological problems if the disease is not managed promptly and correctly. The complex and multi-faceted nature of stigma related to Hansen's Disease, and the discrimination arising from it, demands multiple parallel steps to improve the health, well-being and lived experience of People Affected by Hansen's Disease, including: 1) adoption and pursuance of a human rights based approach; 2) revocation of discriminatory laws; 3) education and training for healthcare workers; 4) new techniques and therapies to diagnose and treat HD without side-effects and to reduce risk of disabilities; 5) elimination of stigmatising terminology.

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Background: Stakeholders and healthcare professionals have an essential role in the elimination of Hansen's Disease. Of these, pharmacists provide core services that assist the management of these patients with the supply of medicines and clinical actions. Objectives: To summarize evidence on the role of pharmacist in the management of Hansen's Disease. Methods: A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Sciences, LILACS, and Google Scholar for studies published until September 29th, 2022 without language restriction. Studies that reported actions provided by pharmacists in the management of patients with Hansen's Disease were included. The pharmacist interventions identified in the studies were described based on key domains in DEPICT v.2. Two independent reviewers performed study selection and data extraction and any disagreements were resolved by third and fourth authors. Results: A total of 751 records were identified, of which 8 studies fully met the eligibility criteria. Most of them were conducted in Brazil (n = 5), in an ambulatory setting (n = 8) and the most common study design was descriptive cross-sectional (n = 6). Different roles of pharmacists were identified, such as medication review, therapeutic drug monitoring, patient education, drug information, and dispensing. All studies described pharmacist interventions for patients through one-on-one contact and face-to-face. Pharmacists were responsible for patient counseling (n = 8), suggestions for change in therapy (n = 2), and monitoring results report (n = 2). The studies reported benefits associated with pharmacist interventions, despite the limited descriptions regarding these actions. Conclusions: Few studies that described the activities of pharmacists in the management of Hansen's Disease were found. As the studies did not offer a satisfactory level of description and quality, further research should be conducted to strengthen this field.

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Introducción: La lepra es una entidad de expresión florida con afectación frecuente en el tegumento cutáneo y los nervios periféricos, por la predisposición que presenta el Mycobacterium leprae a estas estructuras. Las reacciones leprosas pueden aparecer en el curso de la enfermedad. Estas interrumpen la evolución crónica usual y la estabilidad clínica de los pacientes que la padecen. Objetivo: Caracterizar los estados reaccionales de la lepra. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el período de enero de 2019 a septiembre de 2022, en pacientes que acudieron a la Consulta Provincial de Lepra en el Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández, de Matanzas. El universo estuvo constituido por 8 pacientes que presentaron estados reaccionales en la etapa mencionada. Se recogieron de las historias clínicas variables como: edad, sexo, clasificación de la lepra según Ridley-Jopling, tipo de estado reaccional, forma clínica y momento de aparición. Resultados: La mayor frecuencia estuvo entre el rango de 50 a 64 años, con un 50 %. El sexo masculino representa el 62,5 %. Se mostró prevalencia de la lepra lepromatosa en el 62,5 %. La reacción tipo II y las formas graves fueron las más frecuentes, con un 62,5 % y 75 % respectivamente. Existió predominio de las reacciones leprosas durante y después del tratamiento, sin diferencias entre estas, con un 37,5 %. Conclusiones: La reacción tipo II y las formas graves de presentación fueron las predominantes en pacientes masculinos, representados en el grupo etario de 50 a 64 años. La forma clínica preponderante en estos eventos fue la lepromatosa.

Introduction: Leprosy is a floridly expressed entity with frequent involvement of the cutaneous integument and peripheral nerves due to the predisposition of Mycobacterium leprae to these structures. Leprosy reactions may appear during the course of the disease. These interrupt the usual chronic course and the clinical stability of patients suffering from the disease. Objective: To characterize the reactional states of leprosy. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was carried out from January 2019 to September 2022 in patients who attended the Provincial Leprosy Clinic at the Clinical Surgical University Hospital Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández, in Matanzas. The universe consisted of 8 patients who presented reactional states in the aforementioned stage. The variables, collected from the clinical records, were: age, sex; classification of leprosy according to Ridley-Jopling, type of reactional state, clinical form and time of onset. Results: The highest frequency was between 50 and 64 years, with 50%. The male sex represents 62.5%. Lepromatous leprosy prevalence was shown in 62.5%. The type II reaction and severe forms were the most frequent with 62.5% and 75% respectively. There was predominance of leprosy reactions during and after treatment without differences between them, with 37.5%. Conclusions: The type II reaction with severe forms of presentation was predominant in male patients represented in the age group of 50 to 64 years. The predominant clinical form in these events was the lepromatous one.

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This scoping review indicates a lack of scientific articles that specifically explore software and mobile applications designed to assist in the clinical diagnosis of leprosy, and our findings have provided insights into the available tools, their usage methods, and the benefits offered by health technologies.

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Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), characterized by erythematous subcutaneous nodules with multiorgan involvement and systemic manifestations such as neuritis, arthritis, and orchitis, affects approximately 50 % of patients with lepromatous leprosy (LL). It has also been associated with testicular atrophy and adult-onset hypogonadism, but testicular nodules have rarely been reported. We present the case of a 35-year-old male patient with biopsy confirmed LL who completed multidrug therapy and presented for follow-up with a complaint of testicular tenderness. His disease course had been complicated by ENL and polyneuritis. At the time, physical examination revealed a palpable tender nodule in the left testicle. Testicular ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral intratesticular masses, of which the differential diagnosis included malignancy and inflammatory or postinfectious granulomatous process. Laboratory workup, testicular malignancy markers, and hormone levels were within normal limits. In view of the patient's underlying condition and after Urology evaluation, a diagnosis of granulomatous process was favored. The patient completed a prednisone taper followed by a 3-day prednisone pulse and weekly methotrexate, with sequential testicular ultrasounds to monitor response. After a year of close follow-up and slow tapering of methotrexate, the patient achieved complete resolution of the left intratesticular mass and decrease in size of the contralateral mass, evidenced by both physical examination and imaging. This case highlights the importance of a high index of suspicion in patients with LL and ENL who present with testicular nodules, as awareness of testicular involvement in this population is imperative to avoid life altering procedures such as orchiectomy.

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BACKGROUND: Peripheral nerve injury caused by leprosy can lead to foot drop, resulting in an altered gait pattern that has not been previously described using 3D gait analysis. METHODS: Gait kinematics and dynamics were analyzed in 12 patients with unilateral foot drop caused by leprosy and in 15 healthy controls. Biomechanical data from patients' affected and unaffected limbs were compared with controls using inferential statistics and a standard distance, based on principal components analysis (PCA). FINDINGS: Patients walked slower than controls (0.8 ± 0.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.2 m/s, p = 0.003), with a reduced stance and increased swing percentage. The affected limb increased (p < 0.05) plantar flexion at the initial contact (-16.8o ± 8.3), terminal stance (-29.1o ± 11.5), and swing (-12.4o ± 6.2) in the affected limb compared to unaffected (-6.6o ± 10.3; -14.6o ± 11.6; 2.4o ± 7.6) and controls (-5.4o ± 2.5; -18.8o ± 5.8; -1.4o ± 3.9). Increased pelvic tilt and knee adduction/abduction range, with lower hip adduction, were observed. The second peak of ground reaction force (98.6 ± 5.2 %BW), ankle torque (0.99 ± 0.33 Nm/kg), and net ankle work in stance (-0.03 ± 5.4 J/Kg) decreased in the affected limb compared to controls (104.1 ± 5.5 %BW; 1.24 ± 0.4 Nm/kg; -4.58 ± 5.19 J/kg; p < 0.05). There were decreasing multivariate standard distances in the affected limb compared with the unaffected and controls. PCA loading factors highlighted the major differences between groups. INTERPRETATION: Leprosy patients with foot drop presented altered gait patterns in affected and unaffected limbs. There were remarkable differences in ankle kinematics and dynamics. Rehabilitation devices, such as ankle foot orthosis or tendon transfer surgeries to increase ankle dorsiflexion, could benefit these patients and reduce deviations from normal gait.

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Hansen's disease (HD) is an infectious, treatable, and chronic disease. It is the main cause of infectious peripheral neuropathy. Due to the current limitations of laboratory tests for the diagnosis of HD, early identification of infected contacts is an important factor that would allow us to control the magnitude of this disease in terms of world public health. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted in the Brazilian southeast with the objective of evaluating humoral immunity and describing the accuracy of the immunoassay based on IgA, IgM, and IgG antibodies against surface protein Mce1A of Mycobacterium, the predictive potential of these molecules, the clinical significance of positivity, and the ability to segregate new HD cases (NC; n = 200), contacts (HHC; n = 105), and healthy endemic controls (HEC; n = 100) as compared to α-PGL-I serology. α-Mce1A levels for all tested antibodies were significantly higher in NC and HHC than in HEC (p < 0.0001). The performance of the assay using IgA and IgM antibodies was rated as highly accurate (AUC > 0.85) for screening HD patients. Among HD patients (NC), positivity was 77.5% for IgA α-Mce1A ELISA, 76.5% for IgM, and 61.5% for IgG, while α-PGL-I serology showed only 28.0% positivity. Multivariate PLS-DA showed two defined clusters for the HEC and NC groups [accuracy = 0.95 (SD = 0.008)] and the HEC and HHC groups [accuracy = 0.93 (SD = 0.011)]. IgA was the antibody most responsible for clustering HHC as compared to NC and HEC, evidencing its usefulness for host mucosal immunity and as an immunological marker in laboratory tests. IgM is the key antibody for the clustering of NC patients. Positive results with high antibody levels indicate priority for screening, new clinical and laboratory evaluations, and monitoring of contacts, mainly with antibody indexes ≥2.0. In light of recent developments, the incorporation of new diagnostic technologies permits to eliminate the main gaps in the laboratory diagnosis of HD, with the implementation of tools of greater sensitivity and accuracy while maintaining satisfactory specificity.

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La lepra, o enfermedad de Hansen (EH), es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa crónica de evolución lenta, causada por el bacilo Mycobacterium Leprae. Resulta un problema de salud importante en áreas endémicas con un gran impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Actualmente, se presenta como una causa infrecuente de neuropatía en nuestra región, pero su sospecha diagnóstica y su tratamiento precoz repercute a nivel pronóstico y funcional. Nuestro objetivo es analizar un caso único de Enfermedad de Hansen en nuestro país, haciendo enfoque en la presentación clínica y el abordaje médico-quirúrgico. Se presenta un paciente con un cuadro de debilidad progresiva de mano izquierda y una lesión de piel cronificada a nivel de codo, cuyos hallazgos clínicos, neurofisiológicos e imagenológicos fueron concordantes con una lesión del nervio cubital por atrapamiento en el conducto epitrócleo-olecraneano. La anatomía patológica mostró un proceso granulomatoso crónico y la baciloscopia fue positiva para bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes con coloración de Hansel positiva, haciéndose diagnóstico de mononeuropatía cubital secundaria a infección por M. Leprae. Dada la severidad del compromiso nervioso, se realiza cirugía de nervio periférico con epineurotomía y descompresión nerviosa. En el caso de nuestro paciente con neuropatía cubital secundaria a enfermedad de Hansen, la cirugía descompresiva fue exitosa en el alivio del dolor, mostrándose como una opción terapéutica de relevancia en este tipo de pacientes(AU)

Leprosy, or Hansen disease, is a cronic infectious-contagious illness of slow progression that is caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium Leprae. It continues to be a major health problem in endemic areas and has a great impact on the quality of life of patients who suffer from it. It is currently presented as an infrequent cause of neuropathy in our region, but its diagnostic suspicion and therefore its early treatment have repercussions at the prognostic and functional level. Our goal is to analyze a unique case of Hansen's disease in our country, focusing on the clinical presentation and the medical-surgical approach. We present a patient with progressive weakness of the left hand and a chronic skin lesion at the level of the elbow, whose clinical, neurophysiological and imaging findings were consistent with an ulnar nerve injury due to entrapment in the epitrochlear-olecranon canal. The pathology showed a chronic granulomatous process; then bacilloscopy was performed, which was positive for acid-fast bacilli with positive Hansel staining, making a diagnosis of ulnar mononeuropathy secondary to infection by M. Leprae. Given the severity of the nerve involvement, peripheral nerve surgery with epineurotomy and nerve decompression was performed.In the case of our patient with ulnar neuropathy secondary to Hansen's disease, decompressive surgery was successful in relieving pain, proving to be a relevant therapeutic option in this type of patient

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La lepra o enfermedad de Hansen es una infección crónica causada por Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) o Mycobacterium lepromatosis (M. lepromatosis), es una enfermedad infecciosa curable que es endémica en más de 140 países de todo el mundo. La Organización Mundial de la Salud lo declaró eliminado como un problema mundial de salud pública en el año 2000, sin embargo, en 2017 se informaron aproximadamente 200 000 casos nuevos en todo el mundo. A pesar de la terapia farmacológica combinada disponible, continúa como un importante problema de salud pública, que conlleva un fuerte estigma. En Cuba, según el Anuario Estadístico de Salud de 2020, se reportaron durante ese año 116 casos, las provincias más afectadas fueron Santiago de Cuba con 25 nuevos casos y Guantánamo con 17 nuevos casos. La presentación de caso se trata de una joven de 20 años, en edad reproductiva, con manifestaciones generales de astenia, pérdida del cabello, adenopatías, poliartritis, lesiones cutáneas y fiebre, que hizo sospechar en una enfermedad del colágeno. En estos momentos con buena evolución y en seguimiento por atención primaria de salud de su provincia(AU)

Leprosy or Hansen's disease is a chronic infection caused by mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) or mycobacterium lepromatosis (M. lepromatosis). It is a curable infectious disease, endemic in more than 140 countries around the world. Despite being declared eradicated as a global public health problem by the World Health Organization in 2000, approximately 200,000 new cases were reported worldwide in 2017. Despite available combination drug therapy, it remains a major public health problem, carrying strong stigma. In Cuba, according to 2020 health statistical yearbook, 116 cases were reported during that year. The most affected provinces were Santiago de Cuba (25 new cases) and Guantánamo (17 new cases). The case to be reported concerns a 20-year-old young woman of reproductive age, with general manifestations of asthenia, hair loss, adenopathies, polyarthritis, skin lesions, and fever; she suspected was a collagen disease. Currently, she is well and she is followed up by primary health care in her province(AU)

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Dislocated ankle fractures represent a common presenting pathology at US emergency departments, and several different procedural and anesthetic techniques are employed for attempted closed reduction of these injuries. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the frequency of and factors associated with success in the closed reduction of dislocated ankle fractures. A diagnostic code search produced 1050 ankle fractures presenting to an urban US level-1 emergency department. These medical records were interrogated and first categorized into whether or not a closed reduction was attempted. Those identified closed reduction attempts were further categorized into whether the attempt was successful. A comparative analysis was subsequently performed of variables associated with procedure success. Of the 1050, 97 (9.2%) required closed reduction and of these, 76 (78.4%) were successfully closed reduced on the first attempt. No differences were observed in initial procedure success with respect to subject age (p = .701), subject gender (p = .623), fracture laterality (p = 1.00), open versus closed injuries (p = .282), fracture mechanism (p = 1.00), utilized anesthetic technique (p value range 0.291-0.616), or the specialty performing the reduction (p-value range 0.402-1.00). A descriptive subanalysis was performed on those fractures with an unsuccessful first closed reduction attempt. It is our hope that this investigation adds to the body of knowledge with respect to a commonly performed procedure by foot and ankle surgeons.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: To build and validate a clinical simulation scenario designed to instruct community health workers (CHWs) in active leprosy case detection. Methods: Methodological study involving the development of a simulated clinical scenario and content validation by experts. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was used to determine the level of agreement among the judging commitee, and a descriptive analysis of their recommendations was performed. Results: A simulated scenario with a simulated participant was developed — a simulation characterized by low complexity, moderate physical/environmental fidelity, moderate to high psychological fidelity, and high conceptual fidelity, lasting 50 minutes and capable of training up to 10 CHWs simultaneously. The scenario was validated by 14 experts, with a CVI exceeding 80% for all components. Conclusions: The validated clinical simulation possesses attributes that make it highly reproducible in various national health contexts, thereby contributing to the global "Towards Zero Leprosy" strategy.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Construir y validar escenario de simulación clínica para enseñar a agentes comunitarios de salud (ACS) acciones de búsqueda activa de la lepra. Métodos: Estudio metodológico de construcción de escenario clínico simulado y de validez de contenido por especialistas. Utilizado el Índice de Validez de Contenido (IVC) para determinar el grado de concordancia entre los jueces y el análisis descriptivo de las recomendaciones. Resultados: Creado una simulación escénica con participante simulado, de baja complejidad, mediana fidelidad física/ambiental, mediana/alta fidelidad psicológica y alta fidelidad conceptual, cuyo tiempo de duración total fue de 50 minutos, capaz de calificar hasta diez ACS simultáneamente. Catorce jueces validaron el escenario, obteniéndose IVC superior a 80% en todos los componentes. Conclusiones: La simulación clínica validada tiene atributos que la transforman altamente replicable en diferentes contextos de salud nacionales, pudiendo, de esa manera, contribuir con la estrategia global "Rumbo al cero lepra".

RESUMO Objetivos: Construir e validar cenário de simulação clínica para ensinar a agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) ações de busca ativa da hanseníase. Métodos: Estudo metodológico de construção de cenário clínico simulado e de validação de conteúdo por especialistas. Utilizou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) para determinar o grau de concordância entre os juízes e a análise descritiva das recomendações. Resultados: Criou-se uma simulação cênica com participante simulado, de baixa complexidade, média fidelidade física/ambiental, média/alta fidelidade psicológica e alta fidelidade conceitual, cujo tempo de duração total é de 50 minutos, capaz de qualificar até dez ACS simultaneamente. Quatorze juízes validaram o cenário, obtendo-se IVC superior a 80% em todos os componentes. Conclusões: A simulação clínica validada tem atributos que a tornam altamente replicável em diferentes contextos de saúde nacionais, podendo, dessa forma, contribuir com a estratégia global "Rumo à zero hanseníase".

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Leprosy is a neglected tropical disease that can cause physical injury and mental disability. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, but can be inconclusive due to the absence of initial symptoms and similarity to other dermatological diseases. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been used in dermatology, assisting clinical procedures and diagnostics. In particular, AI-supported solutions have been proposed in the literature to aid in the diagnosis of leprosy, and this Systematic Literature Review (SLR) aims to characterize the state of the art. This SLR followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) framework and was conducted in the following databases: ACM Digital Library, IEEE Digital Library, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. Potentially relevant research articles were retrieved. The researchers applied criteria to select the studies, assess their quality, and perform the data extraction process. Moreover, 1659 studies were retrieved, of which 21 were included in the review after selection. Most of the studies used images of skin lesions, classical machine learning algorithms, and multi-class classification tasks to develop models to diagnose dermatological diseases. Most of the reviewed articles did not target leprosy as the study's primary objective but rather the classification of different skin diseases (among them, leprosy). Although AI-supported leprosy diagnosis is constantly evolving, research in this area is still in its early stage, then studies are required to make AI solutions mature enough to be transformed into clinical practice. Expanding research efforts on leprosy diagnosis, coupled with the advocacy of open science in leveraging AI for diagnostic support, can yield robust and influential outcomes.