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Orbit and sinonasal metastases are rare. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) can metastasise to this region. We present the case of a 49-year-old woman with weight loss, diplopia and a rapidly growing facial mass. The initial diagnosis was a primary tumour and patient underwent excisional biopsy, which showed findings consistent with a diagnosis of RCC. On a subsequent focused review of system, the patient reported having intermittent haematuria. Imaging studies revealed a complex right renal mass as the primary tumour. Metastatic RCC should be in the differential diagnosis of patients with facial masses, especially if associated with symptoms suggestive of a systemic involvement such as haematuria. Despite treatment, patients with metastatic RCC tend to have a dismal prognosis. However, early stage diagnosis of metastatic disease can considerably limit surgical complications and improve survival rate in these patients.

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RESUMEN La poliarteritis nudosa (PAN) es una vasculitis necrosante, rara en la infancia, caracterizada por el compromiso de vasos pequeños/medianos y de múltiples órganos. Presentamos a una paciente que inició a los 4 arios con síndrome febril prolongado, dolor abdominal crónico, mialgias incapacitantes y compromiso en la piel, quien luego de 2 años de cuadro clínico completa criterios clínicos para PAN. Recibió tratamiento con corticoide sistêmico por vía oral e intravenosa, 6 meses de ciclofosfamida por vía intravenosa y manejo de mantenimiento con inmunosupresores convencionales sin respuesta adecuada, logrando control de la enfermedad únicamente con ciclofosfamida por vía oral y corticoide a largo plazo. Luego de 5 años y de recibir una dosis alta acumulada de ciclofosfamida, inicia con cuadros de hematuria macroscópica. Se evaluaron, entre otras causas, la toxicidad por ciclofosfamida y la actividad de la enfermedad. El estudio incluyó biopsia vesical, con hallazgo de vas-culitis necrosante de paredes vesicales. La vasculitis vesical es raramente reportada en la literatura (3-5 casos en adultos) y en lo consultado no hay reportes en niños. Se describe, en nuestro conocimiento, el primer caso de compromiso vesical asociado a vasculitis sistêmica reportado en la edad pediátrica.

A B S T R A C T Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a necrotising vasculitis, rare in childhood, and characterized by the inflammation of small and medium vessels and multiple organ involvement. The case is presented of a 4 year old girl with prolonged febrile syndrome, chronic abdominal pain, disabling myalgia, and skin involvement. After 2years of symptoms, she met clinical criteria for PAN. She received treatment with oral and intravenous systemic corticosteroids, 6 months of intravenous cyclophosphamide and maintenance with conventional immuno-suppressants without an adequate response. However, she showed clinical improvement with oral cyclophosphamide and long-term corticosteroids. She had several relapses during follow-up visits due to irregular treatment requiring a high cumulative dose of cyclophosphamide. Five years later she presented with macroscopic haematuria, and was assessed for, among other causes, cyclophosphamide toxicity and disease activity. The workup included cystoscopy and bladder biopsy with findingof necrotising vasculitis of bladder wall. Bladder vasculitis is rarely reported in the literature (3-5 cases in adults) and in that consulted there are no reports in children. To our knowledge, this is the first case of bladder involvement associated with systemic vasculitis reported in the paediatric age.

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Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor which often affects the pelvic ring and its symptomathology is non-specific and insidious. We display a case of a right iliopubic branch chondrosarcoma in a 62-year-old male whose first sing was a four-year history of sporadic macroscopic haematuria, related to efforts. After being studied by the Urology Department by cystoscopy and biopsy of bladder tumor, chondral cells were appreciated. Further study with imaging tests diagnosed low-grade chondrosarcoma with bladder infringement. The case is assessed by Musculoskeletal Tumors Committee and a multidisciplinary approach is carried out through en bloc resection and pelvic floor reconstruction. Currently the patient remains asymptomatic.

El condrosarcoma es un tumor maligno que afecta con frecuencia la pelvis y su sintomatología es inespecífica e insidiosa. Describimos el caso de un condrosarcoma de la rama iliopubiana derecha en un varón de 62 años cuyo primer signo de aparición fue una hematuria macroscópica esporádica, relacionada con esfuerzos y de cuatro meses de evolución. Tras ser estudiado por el servicio de urología mediante cistoscopía con biopsia de tumoración en pared vesical se aprecian células de estirpe condral. Tras posterior estudio con pruebas de imagen se diagnostica condrosarcoma de bajo grado con invasión de la vejiga, por lo que es valorado en el comité de tumores musculoesqueléticos y se realiza un abordaje multidisciplinar mediante exéresis en bloque y reconstrucción del suelo pélvico. Actualmente el paciente continúa asintomático.

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Nutcracker syndrome is a vascular anomaly consisting in the compression of the left renal vein between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta. Clinical features in nutcracker syndrome include pelvic pain, flank pain, haematuria, gonadal varices or simply asymptomatic. We are presenting two cases, one of them with macroscopic haematuria and flank pain and the other was studied for hypertension but with previous antecedents of left renal vein embolization in the setting of varicocele. We discuss the clinical presentation as well as diagnostic and therapeutic aspects related to this syndrome.

El síndrome del cascanueces es una anomalía vascular en la que se comprime la vena renal izquierda a su paso entre la unión de la aorta y la arteria mesentérica superior, debido a un ángulo muy cerrado entre ambas arterias. Clínicamente puede presentarse como hematuria macro o microscópica, dolor episódico en flanco izquierdo, dolor pélvico, várices gonadales o simplemente cursar de forma asintomática. Presentamos dos casos clínicos, uno de ellos con dolor abdominal tipo cólico nefrítico y hematuria macroscópica y otro estudiado por hipertensión pero con antecedentes de embolización de la vena renal izquierda por varicocele izquierdo. Discutimos los aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos de este síndrome.

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El síndrome del cascanueces es una anomalía vascular en la que se comprime la vena renal izquierda a su paso entre la unión de la aorta y la arteria mesentérica superior, debido a un ángulo muy cerrado entre ambas arterias. Clínicamente puede presentarse como hematuria macro o microscópica, dolor episódico en flanco izquierdo, dolor pélvico, várices gonadales o simplemente cursar de forma asintomática. Presentamos dos casos clínicos, uno de ellos con dolor abdominal tipo cólico nefrítico y hematuria macroscópica y otro estudiado por hipertensión pero con antecedentes de embolización de la vena renal izquierda por varicocele izquierdo. Discutimos los aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos de este síndrome.

Nutcracker syndrome is a vascular anomaly consisting in the compression of the left renal vein between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta. Clinical features in nutcracker syndrome include pelvic pain, flank pain, haematuria, gonadal varices or simply asymptomatic. We are presenting two cases, one of them with macroscopic haematuria and flank pain and the other was studied for hypertension but with previous antecedents of left renal vein embolization in the setting of varicocele. We discuss the clinical presentation as well as diagnostic and therapeutic aspects related to this syndrome.

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Resumen La malaria produce complicaciones y muerte especialmente en poblaciones con acceso limitado a la atención en salud. La malaria grave puede reconocerse tempranamente mediante la detección en la orina de hallazgos como la hematuria, la coluria y la proteinuria. Se hizo una revisión narrativa basada en estudios sobre malaria grave y el empleo del análisis de orina mediante la consulta de 91 publicaciones. Mediante el análisis de la orina, se pueden detectar alteraciones metabólicas y lesiones en distintos órganos. En estudios recientes en Colombia se ha confirmado su utilidad como apoyo en el diagnóstico de la disfunción renal, la disfunción hepática y la anemia asociada con hemólisis, las cuales son complicaciones frecuentes en la malaria. El examen constituye una herramienta de fácil aplicación en la consulta ambulatoria y en pacientes hospitalizados para reconocer tempranamente casos complicados, y permite la detección oportuna de diferentes lesiones en el paciente con malaria, contribuyendo así a la reducción de la morbilidad grave y la mortalidad.

Abstract Malaria accounts for a significant morbidity and mortality rate around the world, especially in communities with limited access to healthcare. Some clinical signs in urine, like haematuria, coluria and proteinuria, help for the early diagnosis of severe malaria cases. A narrative review was conducted by analyzing 91 publications on studies about severe malaria cases and the use of urinalysis. A urinalysis can detect metabolic disturbances and organ injury. Its diagnostic utility for frequent complications caused by malaria, such as hepatic injury, kidney dysfunction and hemolysis, has been confirmed by recent Colombian studies. This test is an easy-to-use tool in outpatient clinics and with hospitalized patients to promptly recognize complicated cases, allowing the timely identification of different lesions in patients with malaria, thus contributing to the reduction of severe morbidity and mortality.

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Bovine enzootic haematuria (BEH) is caused by prolonged ingestion of toxic principles of bracken fern, essentially by Pteridium spp. In northwestern Argentina, this disease has a great economic impact ant it is attributed a chronic consumption to Pteridium arachnoideum. This paper describes two endemic areas for enzootic hematuria due to the consumption of Pteris deflexa and Pteris plumula. Two areas where P. deflexa and P. plumula are endemic, but free of Pteridium species, were devised and seven farms were visited. The disease was confirmed based on the presence of clinically affected animals. In four necropsies bleeding neoplastic lesions were observed in the mucosa of the urinary bladder. At phytochemical analysis, both ptaquiloside and pterosin B were found in P. deflexa and P. plumula. Thus, the consumption of P. deflexa and P. plumula can also cause BEH.

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BACKGROUND: Nutcracker syndrome is a rare entity, and in the majority of cases is the result of extrinsic compression of the left renal vein between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta, associated with functional stenosis. OBJECTIVE: To present the case of a 19-year-old female with no significant medical history with confirmed diagnosed of nutcracker syndrome treated successfully by endovascular means. CLINICAL CASE: She was referred to the Vascular Surgery Department with a 6-month history of macroscopic haematuria, after other aetiologies were ruled out. Abdominal computed tomography angiography revealed compression of the left renal vein; the patient underwent endovascular treatment, and a 12×16 mm balloon expandable stent was placed with immediate angiographic improvement, decreased pressure gradients and progressive resolution of haematuria. At one year, she remains symptom-free. CONCLUSION: Nutcracker syndrome is uncommon, and a high index of suspicion is needed. Macroscopic haematuria is not always present, and in our case stent placement demonstrated effectiveness in the resolution of symptoms at 12 months' follow--up. We also present a brief review of the literature.

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Malaria accounts for a significant morbidity and mortality rate around the world, especially in communities with limited access to healthcare. Some clinical signs in urine, like haematuria, coluria and proteinuria, help for the early diagnosis of severe malaria cases.A narrative review was conducted by analyzing 91 publications on studies about severe malaria cases and the use of urinalysis.A urinalysis can detect metabolic disturbances and organ injury. Its diagnostic utility for frequent complications caused by malaria, such as hepatic injury, kidney dysfunction and hemolysis, has been confirmed by recent Colombian studies.This test is an easy-to-use tool in outpatient clinics and with hospitalized patients to promptly recognize complicated cases, allowing the timely identification of different lesions in patients with malaria, thus contributing to the reduction of severe morbidity and mortality.

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INTRODUCTION: Microscopic haematuria is common in adults and it has been reported in 13% of postmenopausal women. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the changes in urinary sediment after the use of vaginal conjugated oestrogens. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Postmenopausal women with vaginal dryness were studied. In all them a urinalysis was done, looking for density, pH, and the presence of leukocytes and erythrocytes. In order to be included in the study, all of the women had to have microscopic haematuria, considered as the presence of 3 or more erythrocytes in the urinary sediment. All received vaginally 1 g of conjugated equine oestrogens cream 3 times per week for one month, moment in which a new urinalysis was carried out and the same parameters were evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-four women were studied. The median age was 62 years (40-83), and the time since menopause was 144 months (24-336). When comparing the values between baseline and end of treatment urinalyses, no significant differences in pH and urinary density were found. The number of leukocytes significantly decreased after treatment (3.0 [1-6] vs. 1.0 [1-6], p < 0.026), and the erythrocytes number decreased (4.5 [3-12] vs. 0.0 [0-2], p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In postmenopausal women with microscopic haematuria and vaginal dryness, it is worth considering administration of local oestrogen for one month, and after repeat the urine exam, before deciding to begin the microscopic haematuria study protocol.

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Hematúria enzoótica bovina é causada principalmente pela ingestão crônica de samambaia e ainda é considerada uma importante causa de perdas econômicas em rebanhos de corte, especialmente em grandes áreas metropolitanas do Brasil que não são adequados para a agricultura (solo fraco, morros íngremes). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se há uma correlação entre o grau de hematúria e presença de lesões na bexiga urinária de vacas com hematúria enzoótica bovina (HEB). Avaliou-se a bexiga de vinte vacas Nelore com intoxicação por samambaia usando um endoscópio flexível para descrever as lesões presentes e foi realizado um teste de urina rápido por meio do uso de fitas químicas reagentes (Combur Roche ® - Suiça) para verificar o grau de hematúria; então foram correlacionados ambos os resultados com o uso do teste estatístico de Spearman. Todas as vacas apresentavam lesões na parede da bexiga e a urina estava visualmente avermelhada, também o teste com as tiras foi positivo para hematúria. As fitas reagentes apresentaram uma correlação positiva com o número de lesões da bexiga. Nos bexigas dos animais que foi realizado eutanásia, vários nódulos avermelhados difusos pela submucosa e múltiplos pontos de equimose foram vistos macroscopicamente, e em uma bexiga havia um tumor maior com um diâmetro de 3 centímetros, o qual foi determinado como hemangioma por meio da análise histopatológica. Concluiu-se que as fitas reagentes para urinálise são uma ferramentavaliosa para avaliar a gravidade das lesões da bexiga urinária nos casos de hematúria enzoótica bovina.Além disso, a cistoscopia é uma importante ferramenta diagnóstica para avaliar lesões vesicais embovinos. Mais estudos são necessários para avaliar o envolvimento de papilomavírus e ocorrência detumor de bexiga nestas vacas.(AU)

Enzootic bovine haematuria is mainly caused by the chronic ingestion of bracken fern and is still considered an important cause of economic losses in beef herds, particularly in large metropolitan areas of Brazil that are not suitable for agriculture (weak soil, steep hills).The aim of this paper was evaluate if there is a correlation between the degree of haematuria and the presence of lesions in the urinary bladder of cows with bovine enzootic haematuria (BEH).We evaluated the bladder of twenty Nelore cows with bracken fern intoxication using a flexible endoscope to describe the lesions present and we performed a rapid urine test with a chemical multiple-reagent commercial strips (Combur test Roche® Swiss) to check the degree of haematuria; then we correlated both results with the Spearman statistical test. All cows presented lesions in their bladder walls and the urine was visually reddish and positive for haematuria in the strips. Urine dipstick has shown to correlate with bladder lesion number. In the bladders of the euthanised animals, multiple sub-mucosal reddish nodules and multiple ecchymotic haemorrhages were seen macroscopically, and one bladder had a larger tumour with a 3cm diameter, which was determined to be a haemangioma by analysing the histopathology. We concluded that urine dipstick is a valuable device for bovine enzootic haematuria prognostic purposes and to evaluatethe severity of lesions from the urinary bladder. Moreover, cystoscopy is an important diagnostictool to assess bladder lesions in cattle. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the involvement ofpapillomaviruses and bladder tumour occurrence in these cows.(AU)

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Hematúria enzoótica bovina é causada principalmente pela ingestão crônica de samambaia e ainda é considerada uma importante causa de perdas econômicas em rebanhos de corte, especialmente em grandes áreas metropolitanas do Brasil que não são adequados para a agricultura (solo fraco, morros íngremes). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se há uma correlação entre o grau de hematúria e presença de lesões na bexiga urinária de vacas com hematúria enzoótica bovina (HEB). Avaliou-se a bexiga de vinte vacas Nelore com intoxicação por samambaia usando um endoscópio flexível para descrever as lesões presentes e foi realizado um teste de urina rápido por meio do uso de fitas químicas reagentes (Combur Roche ® - Suiça) para verificar o grau de hematúria; então foram correlacionados ambos os resultados com o uso do teste estatístico de Spearman. Todas as vacas apresentavam lesões na parede da bexiga e a urina estava visualmente avermelhada, também o teste com as tiras foi positivo para hematúria. As fitas reagentes apresentaram uma correlação positiva com o número de lesões da bexiga. Nos bexigas dos animais que foi realizado eutanásia, vários nódulos avermelhados difusos pela submucosa e múltiplos pontos de equimose foram vistos macroscopicamente, e em uma bexiga havia um tumor maior com um diâmetro de 3 centímetros, o qual foi determinado como hemangioma por meio da análise histopatológica. Concluiu-se que as fitas reagentes para urinálise são uma ferramentavaliosa para avaliar a gravidade das lesões da bexiga urinária nos casos de hematúria enzoótica bovina.Além disso, a cistoscopia é uma importante ferramenta diagnóstica para avaliar lesões vesicais embovinos. Mais estudos são necessários para avaliar o envolvimento de papilomavírus e ocorrência detumor de bexiga nestas vacas.

Enzootic bovine haematuria is mainly caused by the chronic ingestion of bracken fern and is still considered an important cause of economic losses in beef herds, particularly in large metropolitan areas of Brazil that are not suitable for agriculture (weak soil, steep hills).The aim of this paper was evaluate if there is a correlation between the degree of haematuria and the presence of lesions in the urinary bladder of cows with bovine enzootic haematuria (BEH).We evaluated the bladder of twenty Nelore cows with bracken fern intoxication using a flexible endoscope to describe the lesions present and we performed a rapid urine test with a chemical multiple-reagent commercial strips (Combur test Roche® Swiss) to check the degree of haematuria; then we correlated both results with the Spearman statistical test. All cows presented lesions in their bladder walls and the urine was visually reddish and positive for haematuria in the strips. Urine dipstick has shown to correlate with bladder lesion number. In the bladders of the euthanised animals, multiple sub-mucosal reddish nodules and multiple ecchymotic haemorrhages were seen macroscopically, and one bladder had a larger tumour with a 3cm diameter, which was determined to be a haemangioma by analysing the histopathology. We concluded that urine dipstick is a valuable device for bovine enzootic haematuria prognostic purposes and to evaluatethe severity of lesions from the urinary bladder. Moreover, cystoscopy is an important diagnostictool to assess bladder lesions in cattle. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the involvement ofpapillomaviruses and bladder tumour occurrence in these cows.

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OBJECTIVE: To document the histological findings in Jamaican children undergoing renal biopsy in order to determine the relative prevalence of varying types of glomerular disease in the island. METHODS: This study analyses retrospectively the renal histology in all Jamaican children less than age 12 years undergoing their first adequate renal biopsy between January 1985 and December 2008. Clinicopathological data were obtained solely from the histology reports from the University Hospital of the West Indies where all paediatric renal biopsies are processed. RESULTS: Of the 270 children, aged 1 month to 11 years (mean 7.58 years), 147 [58.1%] were males. The commonest indications for renal biopsy were nephrotic syndrome (57.4%) and glomerulonephritis (30%). Most biopsied children (260/270) had glomerular disease. The predominant glomerulonephritides were diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN) (27.7%) and mesangialproliferative glomerulonephritis (MesGN) (25.5%). Glomerular disease was idiopathic in 136/260 (53%) but was infection-associated in 32.3% (84 cases) of which Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) was the commonest (75%) -predominantly DPGN (74.6%). Hepatitis B followed at 15.5% (13/84) manifested as membranous nephropathy in 83.3% (10/12). In patients with SS disease, DPGN was the commonest histology (47.4%). Systemic lupus erythematosus accounted for 5% ofall renal biopsies. Over time, PSGNoccurred less frequently, with a parallel reduction in DPGN and MesGN. CONCLUSION: In Jamaican children, DPGN is the commonest nephritis. Membranous nephropathy is primarily due to Hepatitis B. The commonest histology in SS disease is DPGN. The role ofinfection in the pathogenesis ofrenal disease in Jamaican children is probably underestimated.

OBJETIVO: Documentar los hallazgos histológicos en niños jamaicanos a los que se les ha realizado biopsias renales para determinar la prevalencia relativa de los diversos tipos de enfermedad glomerular en la isla. MÉTODOS: Este estudio analiza retrospectivamente la histología renal en todos los niños jamaicanos menores de 12 años sometidos a su primera biopsia renal adecuada entre enero de 1985 y diciembre de 2008. Los datos clinicopatológicos fueron obtenidos exclusivamente de los reportes de histología del Hospital Universitario de West Indies, dónde se procesan todas las biopsias renales. RESULTADOS: De 270 niños, cuyas edades fluctuaban de 1 mes a 11 años (media 7.58 años), 147 [58.1%] eran varones. Las indicaciones más comunes para la biopsia renal fueron el síndrome nefrótico (57.4%) y la glomerulonefritis (30%). La mayoría de los niños sometidos a biopsia (260/270) tenían la enfermedad del glomerular. Las glomerulonefritis predominantes fueron la glomerulonefritis proliferativa difusa (GNPD) (27.7%) y glomerulonefritis proliferativa mesangial (GNMes) (25.5%). La enfermedad glomerular fue idiomática en 136/260 (53%) pero estuvo asociada con infecciones en 32.3% (84 casos) en los cuales la glomerulonefritis poststreptocóccica (GNPS) fue la más común (75%) - predominantemente GNDP (74.6%). La hepatitis B siguió con 15.5% (13/84), manifestada como nefropatía membranosa en 83.3% (10/12). En los pacientes con la enfermedad de la hemoglobina SS, la GNDP fue la histología más común (47.4%). El lupus eritematoso sistémico representó el 5% de todas las biopsias renales. Al pasar el tiempo, la GNPS ocurrió menos frecuentemente, con una reducción paralela en GNPD y GNMes. CONCLUSIÓN: En los niños jamaicanos, la GNPD es la nefritis más común. La nefropatía membranosa se debe principalmente a la Hepatitis B. La histología más común en el caso de la enfermedad de hemoglobina SS es la GNPD. Probablemente se subestima el papel que las infecciones desempeñan en la patogénesis de la enfermedad renal en los niños jamaicanos.

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Paciente femenina de 50 años de edad, quien presenta hematuria y pérdida de peso. Se le realizaron varios exámenes, incluyendo ultrasonido abdominal, donde se observa masa tumoral en región vesical. No se pudo intervenir, posteriormente, por la evolución tórpida con deceso, que presentara la misma. Se toma muestra para biopsia y se envía el especimen quirúrgico a Anatomía Patológica; resultó un tumor vesical infrecuente con poca incidencia en la literatura. Lo fundamental es señalar la importancia de poner en práctica y descubrir, a tiempo, las herramientas necesarias para evidenciar y diagnosticar estos tipos de tumores(AU)

50 years old female who suffrered haematuria and lost weight is presented. Several tests are perfomed including abdominal ultrasonographic test in which a tumoral mass in vesical region are noted. The patient was not surgered due to bad evolution and fast death. Surgical specimen for biopsy was sent to Anatomy pathology deparment. The diagnosis was an infrecuent vesical tumor as well as the lower incidence in the literature. I think that the most important goal is finding as soon as possible the necessary tools that just may us to diagnose them at time(AU)

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Bovine enzootic haematuria (EH) occurs worldwide and is endemic in regions with bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) infested grassland. EH is chronic disease that is characterized by clinical signs of intermitent haematuria, anemia and progressive emaciation and haemorragic, hyperplasic and neoplasic lesions of urinary bladder. Although bracken fern intoxication has been related to EH, most recent bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) infection has been also assessed. Some researches has shown that the presence of BPV-2 in association with bracken fern carcinogenic compound leads to the malignant progression of urinary bladder lesions that cause the clinical signs of EH. In this review the major evidence of BPV-2 involviment in the aetiology of EH is presented along with diagnostic methods and prophylaxis of this disease that causes considerable economic losses in brazilian cattle breeding.

A hematúria enzoótica (HE) bovina é de ocorrência mundial e apresenta caráter endêmico em regiões com pastagens infestadas com samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum). A HE é uma doença crônica caracterizada por sinais clínicos de hematúria intermitente, anemia e emagrecimento progressivo e por lesões hemorrágicas, hiperplásicas e neoplásicas da mucosa da bexiga. Apesar da intoxicação pela samambaia estar relacionada à etiologia da HE, mais recentemente a infecção pelo papilomavírus bovino tipo 2 (BPV-2) também tem sido avaliada. Estudos demonstram que a presença do BPV-2, associada à ação dos compostos carcinogênicos da samambaia, leva à progressão maligna das lesões na mucosa vesical responsáveis pelos quadros clínicos observados na HE. Nesta revisão são apresentadas as principais evidências do envolvimento do BPV-2 na etiologia da HE, bem como métodos de diagnóstico e profilaxia desta doença que ocasiona prejuízos econômicos consideráveis à pecuária bovina brasileira.

RESUMO

Bovine enzootic haematuria (EH) occurs worldwide and is endemic in regions with bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) infested grassland. EH is chronic disease that is characterized by clinical signs of intermitent haematuria, anemia and progressive emaciation and haemorragic, hyperplasic and neoplasic lesions of urinary bladder. Although bracken fern intoxication has been related to EH, most recent bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) infection has been also assessed. Some researches has shown that the presence of BPV-2 in association with bracken fern carcinogenic compound leads to the malignant progression of urinary bladder lesions that cause the clinical signs of EH. In this review the major evidence of BPV-2 involviment in the aetiology of EH is presented along with diagnostic methods and prophylaxis of this disease that causes considerable economic losses in brazilian cattle breeding.

A hematúria enzoótica (HE) bovina é de ocorrência mundial e apresenta caráter endêmico em regiões com pastagens infestadas com samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum). A HE é uma doença crônica caracterizada por sinais clínicos de hematúria intermitente, anemia e emagrecimento progressivo e por lesões hemorrágicas, hiperplásicas e neoplásicas da mucosa da bexiga. Apesar da intoxicação pela samambaia estar relacionada à etiologia da HE, mais recentemente a infecção pelo papilomavírus bovino tipo 2 (BPV-2) também tem sido avaliada. Estudos demonstram que a presença do BPV-2, associada à ação dos compostos carcinogênicos da samambaia, leva à progressão maligna das lesões na mucosa vesical responsáveis pelos quadros clínicos observados na HE. Nesta revisão são apresentadas as principais evidências do envolvimento do BPV-2 na etiologia da HE, bem como métodos de diagnóstico e profilaxia desta doença que ocasiona prejuízos econômicos consideráveis à pecuária bovina brasileira.