RESUMO
Disclosing a seropositive HIV status still is a complex process of assessing the risks, benefits, and potential personal and interpersonal outcomes associated with disclosure, such as stigma, rejection, or emotional support. We examined HIV disclosure practices to family and intersectional stigma related to HIV and sexual orientation among Latino sexual minority men (LSMM) of Mexican and Puerto Rican origin with HIV in the continental USA. Guided by Framework Analysis, we present data from 54 interviews with 33 LSMM participants in HIV care engagement interventions, and 21 project staff implementing the interventions. LSMM disclosed their HIV status to family seeking support. They applied stigma management techniques to manage the information communicated to family about their HIV status, including selective disclosure to some family members, conveying strategic information about the significance of having HIV, non-disclosure, or partial disclosure, silence and deceptions. LSMM HIV disclosure practices to family encompassed appraisals of intersectional stigma related to their sexual orientation and HIV, assessing the potential outcomes of disclosure, and the preservation of family ties.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Revelação , Homens , Estigma Social , Homossexualidade Masculina/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy has minimized mother-to-child transmission of HIV and given hope to HIV-positive women considering pregnancy. In Jamaica, 36% of HIV-positive pregnant women enrolled in a pediatric/perinatal HIV/AIDS program had repeat pregnancies. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology and identify factors associated with pregnancy after HIV diagnosis among HIV-positive women in Western Jamaica. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was designed among HIV-positive women 18-54 years old who either had or did not have at least one pregnancy after HIV-positive diagnosis. A questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic factors and health-seeking, reproductive, and sexual risk behaviors. RESULTS: A total of 219 HIV-positive women participated in this study. Length of time since HIV diagnosis, CD4 count, and birth-control methods used were significant predictors of pregnancy after HIV diagnosis. Women diagnosed with HIV <5 years previously had lower odds for pregnancy after HIV diagnosis (adjusted OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02-0.84) compared to those who had been diagnosed ≥8 years previously. Women with CD4 count <350 were over six times as likely to have a pregnancy after HIV diagnosis (adjusted OR 6.94, 95% CI 1.18-40.66). The odds for pregnancy after HIV diagnosis for a woman decreased by 93% if her children shared the same father (adjusted OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.006-0.77). CONCLUSION: This study identified significant predictors of pregnancy after HIV diagnosis that indicate that integrative family-planning interventions with supportive reproductive counseling are likely to help HIV-positive women obtain early appropriate care and plan the pregnancies they desire.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite recommendations for disclosure of HIV status to children living with HIV (CLHIV), fewer than half of CLHIV at the Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño (INSN) in Lima, Peru, have had disclosure. How and when the disclosure process for CLHIV should take place in Peru has not been studied. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study at INSN to explore perceptions and experiences of 6 health care providers (HCPs), 14 disclosed and nondisclosed CLHIV (8-17 years), and their 14 caregivers regarding knowledge of illness, disclosure of HIV status, and appropriate disclosure approaches. RESULTS: Disclosed children wanted to be told their diagnosis earlier. Nondisclosed children expressed frustration taking medications. Caregivers and HCPs discussed motivations to disclose, including educating, honesty, improving medication adherence, and preventing secondary transmission. CONCLUSION: Culturally appropriate guidelines and training for HCPs and caregivers are needed to support disclosure of children's HIV status and ongoing support for CLHIV.
Assuntos
Cuidadores/psicologia , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Revelação da Verdade , Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Masculino , Peru/epidemiologia , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Este trabalho objetiva pesquisar a potencialidade mutativa do uso de histórias ficcionais personalizadas para revelar diagnóstico de doença orgânica para crianças e adolescentes. Articula-se ao redor de sessões de atendimento psicológico de uma adolescente HIV+, registradas sob a forma de narrativas transferenciais e apreciadas à luz do Procedimento de Ambrosio e Vaisberg de avaliação de benefícios psicoterapêuticos. Por essa via, foi possível constatar que o uso da história favoreceu uma experiência mutativa de transição desde um posicionamento defendido e dissociado para outro mais integrado e menos ansioso, caracterizado pela possibilidade de maior tolerância ao sofrimento quando o pertencimento à vida comum é oferecido. Interlocuções clínico-reflexivas com a psicanálise winnicottiana finalizam o texto, evidenciando a passagem do diagnóstico HIV+ de objeto subjetivo para objeto pertencente ao mundo compartilhado.
This work investigates the mutative potential of using personalized fictional stories to reveal to children and adolescents the diagnosis of organic diseases. It is set around psychology sessions of an HIV+ adolescent which were transcribed in the form of transference narratives and examined under the Ambrosio and Vaisberg Procedure for evaluation of psychotherapeutic benefits. Adopting this procedure, it was possible to verify that the use of stories favored a mutative experience of transition from a defended and dissociated position to a more integrated and less anxious position, characterized by the possibility of greater tolerance to suffering when the option of belonging to ordinary life is offered. Clinical and reflective dialogues with Winnicot psychoanalysis finalize the text, evidencing the passage of a HIV+ diagnosis from a subjective object to an object that belongs to the shared world.
Este trabajo busca investigar la potencialidad cambiante del uso de historias ficticias personalizadas para revelar el diagnóstico de enfermedad orgánica para niños y adolescentes. Está elaborado alrededor de sesiones de atención psicológica de una adolescente VIH+ que fueron registradas en forma de narraciones transferenciales y apreciadas a la luz del Procedimiento Ambrosio y Vaisberg de evaluación de beneficios psicoterapéuticos. Por esta vía, ha sido posible constatar que el uso de la historia favoreció una experiencia cambiante de transición desde una posición de defensa y disociada para otra más integrada y menos ansiosa, caracterizada por la posibilidad de mayor tolerancia al sufrimiento cuando el pertenecer a la vida en común es ofrecido. Interlocuciones clínico-reflectivas con el psicoanálisis winnicottiano finalizan el texto, evidenciando la transición del diagnóstico VIH+ de objeto subjetivo para objeto perteneciente al mundo compartido.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Psicanálise/métodos , HIV , Processos Psicoterapêuticos , Terapia Narrativa , Enquadramento PsicológicoRESUMO
Internalized stigma and disclosure concerns are key elements for the study of mental health in people living with HIV. Since no measures of these constructs were available for Spanish population, this study sought to develop such instruments, to analyze their reliability and validity and to provide a short version. A heterogeneous sample of 458 adults from different Spanish-speaking countries completed the HIV-Internalized Stigma Scale and the HIV-Disclosure Concerns Scale, along with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale and other socio-demographic variables. Reliability and correlation analyses, exploratory factor analyses, path analyses with latent variables, and ANOVAs were conducted to test the scales' psychometric properties. The scales showed good reliability in terms of internal consistency and temporal stability, as well as good sensitivity and factorial and criterion validity. The HIV-Internalized Stigma Scale and the HIV-Disclosure Concerns Scale are reliable and valid means to assess these variables in several contexts.