RESUMO
This study describes the anthelmintic efficacy of an organic fraction (EtOAc-F) from Guazuma ulmifolia leaves and the evaluation of its reactive oxidative stress on Haemonchus contortus. The first step was to assess the anthelmintic effect of EtOAc-F at 0.0, 3.5, 7.0 and 14 mg kg of body weight (BW) in gerbil's (Meriones unguiculatus) artificially infected with H. contortus infective larvae (L3). The second step was to evaluate the preliminary toxicity after oral administration of the EtOAc-F in gerbils. Finally, the third step was to determine the relative expression of biomarkers such as glutathione (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) against H. contortus L3 post-exposition to EtOAc-F. Additionally, the less-polar compounds of EtOAc-F were identified by gas mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The highest anthelmintic efficacy (97.34%) of the organic fraction was found in the gerbils treated with the 14 mg/kg of BW. Histopathological analysis did not reveal changes in tissues. The relative expression reflects overexpression of GPx (p<0.05, fold change: 14.35) and over expression of SOD (p≤0.05, fold change: 0.18) in H. contortus L3 exposed to 97.44 mg/mL of EtOAc-F compared with negative control. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1), leucoanthocyanidin derivative (2), coniferyl alcohol (3), ferulic acid methyl ester acetate (4), 2,3,4-trimethoxycinnamic acid (5) and epiyangambin (6) as major compounds. According to these results, the EtOAc-F from G. ulmifolia leaves exhibit anthelmintic effect and increased the stress biomarkers on H. contortus.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos , Catalase , Gerbillinae , Glutationa , Hemoncose , Haemonchus , Estresse Oxidativo , Extratos Vegetais , Folhas de Planta , Superóxido Dismutase , Animais , Haemonchus/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/química , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hemoncose/veterinária , Hemoncose/tratamento farmacológico , Hemoncose/parasitologia , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Helmínticos/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Catalase/metabolismo , Catalase/análise , Glutationa/metabolismo , Glutationa/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Masculino , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Biomarcadores , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , FemininoRESUMO
Flood tolerance is crucial to the survival of tree species subject to long periods of flooding, such as those present in the Amazonian várzea. Tolerance can be mediated by adjustments of metabolism, physiology and morphology, reinforcing the need to investigate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms used by tropical tree species to survive this stress. Moreover, such mechanisms may vary between populations that are subjected to differences in the frequency of flooding events. Here, we aimed to identify the mechanisms used by two populations of the tropical tree Guazuma ulmifolia (Lam.) to tolerate flooding: an Amazonian population frequently exposed to flooding and a Cerrado population, adapted to a dry environment. Young plants were subjected to a flooding of the roots and lower stem for 32 days, followed by 17 days of recovery. Amazonian plants exhibited greater increases in shoot length and higher maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) compared with non-flooded plants from 7 days of flooding onwards, whereas increased Amax occurred later in flooded Cerrado plants and was not accompanied by increased shoot length. Lactate accumulated in roots of Cerrado plants after 24 h flooding, together with transcripts coding for lactate dehydrogenase in roots of both Cerrado and Amazonian plants. After 7 days of flooding, lactate decreased and alcohol dehydrogenase activity increased transiently, together with concentrations of alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid and succinate, indicating activation of metabolic processes associated with low oxygen availability. Other amino acids also increased in flooded Cerrado plants, revealing more extensive metabolic changes than in Amazonian plants. Wetland and dryland populations of G. ulmifolia revealed the great capacity to tolerate flooding stress through a suite of alterations in photosynthetic gas exchange and metabolism. However, the integrated physiological, biochemical and molecular analyses realized here indicated that wetland plants acclimatized more efficiently with increased shoot elongation and more rapid restoration of normal metabolism.
Assuntos
Álcool Desidrogenase , Malvaceae , Alanina , Aminoácidos , Inundações , Pradaria , Lactato Desidrogenases , Lactatos , Oxigênio , Succinatos , Árvores/fisiologia , Ácido gama-AminobutíricoRESUMO
This study aimed at evaluating the impact of a diet supplemented with Guazuma ulmifolia leaves on the productive performance and gastrointestinal parasites (GI) eggs/oocysts shedding of sheep (Pelibuey breed). Twenty-two non-lactating ewes were used. They were randomly allocated to two similar groups in terms of age, weight, body condition score (BCS), and GI parasites status. For 30 days, while the control group (G0) was given basic forage hay of Cynodon nlemfuensis, the test group (G1) received a blend of G. ulmifolia fresh foliage and C. nlemfuensis hay (respectively 30 and 70% of the diet on a DM basis). Animals were housed in separate covered pens. Quantitative coprological analysis was performed. Weight and BCS were evaluated. The daily feed amounts given and refused were measured in order to assess nutrient components intake (minerals, energy, and nitrogen). The results showed no significant differences between G1 and G0 regarding the anthelmintic and anticoccidial effects (p = 0.57, p = 0.91, respectively). Similarly, no significant overall impact on weight and BCS during the experiment (p = 0.77, p = 0.32, respectively) was observed. Nevertheless, concerning the bromatological analysis of G. ulmifolia, its use as a diet supplement to address protein and mineral deficits due to a poor-quality diet is fully justified.
RESUMO
Cement industries located nearby limestone outcrops in Brazil have contributed to the coating of cement dust over native plant species. However, little is known about the extent of the response of tropical woody plants to such environmental pollutant particularly during the first stages of plant development and establishment. This work focused on the investigation of possible alterations in leaf structural and ultrastructural traits of 5-month-old Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Malvaceae), 6-month-old Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Anacardiaceae), and 9-month-old Trichilia hirta L. (Meliaceae) challenged superficially with cement dust during new leaf development. Leaf surface of plants, the soil or both (leaf plus soil), were treated (or not) for 60 days, under controlled conditions, with cement dust at 2.5 or 5.0 mg cm(-2). After exposure, no significant structural changes were observed in plant leaves. Also, no plant death was recorded by the end of the experiment. There was also some evidence of localized leaf necrosis in G. ulmifolia and T. hirta, leaf curling in M. urundeuva and T. hirta, and bulges formation on epidermal surface of T. hirta, after cement dust contact with plant shoots. All species studied exhibited stomata obliteration while T. hirta, in particular, presented early leaf abscission, changes in cellular relief, and organization and content of midrib cells. No significant ultrastructural alterations were detected under the experimental conditions studied. Indeed, mesophyll cells presented plastids with intact membrane systems. The high plant survival rates, together with mild morphoanatomic traits alterations in leaves, indicate that G. ulmifolia is more resistant to cement dust pollutant, followed by M. urundeuva and T. hirta. Thus, the three plant species are promising for being used to revegetate areas impacted by cement industries activities.
Assuntos
Anacardiaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Poeira , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Malvaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Meliaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Anacardiaceae/anatomia & histologia , Anacardiaceae/ultraestrutura , Brasil , Malvaceae/anatomia & histologia , Malvaceae/ultraestrutura , Meliaceae/anatomia & histologia , Meliaceae/ultraestrutura , Folhas de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Folhas de Planta/ultraestrutura , Clima TropicalRESUMO
This work describes the antiparasitic and cytotoxic activities of three plant species from the Cerrado biome, Northeastern Brazil. Significant antiparasitic inhibition was observed against Trypanosoma cruzi (63.86%), Leishmania brasiliensis (92.20%) and Leishmania infantum (95.23%) when using ethanol extract from leaves of Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Malvaceae), at a concentration of 500 µg/mL. However, low levels of inhibition were observed when assessing leishmanicidal and trypanocidal (Clone CL-B5) activities of crude ethanol extracts from leaves and bast tissue of Luehea paniculata (Malvaceae) and leaves and bark of Prockia crucis (Salicaceae) at a concentration of 500 µg/mL. The extracts revealed the presence of phenolic acids such as gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid, as well as flavonoids such as rutin, luteolin, apigenin and quercetin - the latter detected only in G. ulmifolia. G. ulmifolia extract displayed higher leishmanicidal activity probably due to the presence of quercetin, a potent known leishmanicidal compound. A cytotoxicity test indicated values over 50% at the highest concentration (1000 µg/mL) for all natural products, which were considered cytotoxic. This points out the need for further tests to enable future in vivo trials, including antineoplastic activity on human tumor cells.
RESUMO
Sabe-se que o número de casos de câncer de pele tem crescido muito nos últimos anos. Com isso, novos produtos são constantemente desenvolvidos no intuito de aumentar a gama de substâncias para proteção solar. O principal objetivo desse trabalho foi a análise in vitro da propriedade fotoprotetora de uma formulação contendo filtros solares químicos, adicionada de extratos brutos de Guazuma ulmifolia, Maytenus ilicifolia, Stryphnodendron adstringens e Trichilia catigua, respectivamente, e a avaliação quanto ao acréscimo do Fator de Proteção Solar (FPS). O ensaio foi conduzido pelo método espectrofotométrico in vitro do Fator de Proteção Solar (FPS). O teor de Polifenóis Totais (PT) e sua correlação com a Capacidade Antioxidante (CA) dos extratos avaliados foram realizados. Os resultados demonstram que as formulações foram estáveis após a adição dos extratos, quanto a características físico-químicas (características macroscópicas, ensaio de centrifugação e pH) quando comparadas ao controle. O ensaio de FPS in vitro demonstrou decaimento do FPS das formulações acrescidas de extratos vegetais ricas em compostos fenólicos, exceto para o extrato de S. adstringens. Os FPS obtidos para os extratos foram ≤2. O teor em PT foram (%): G. ulmifolia, 24,26±0,34; M. ilicifolia, 14,66±0,18; S. adstringens, 34,38±0,62 e T. catigua, 41,60±0,13. Os valores da CA (IC50) frente ao radical DPPH foram (miug/mL): vitamina C (7,52±0,12), G. ulmifolia (8,94±0,13), M. ilicifolia (38,41±0,93), S. adstringens (7,31±0,15) e T. catigua (5,48±0,04). A CA foi diretamente proporcional ao teor de PT.
It is known that the number of cases of skin cancer has increased greatly in recent years. Therefore, new products are constantly developed in order to increase the range of substances for sun protection. The aim of this study was evaluate in vitro the property the sunscreen containing chemical sunscreens, with added to extracts of Guazuma ulmifolia, Maytenus ilicifolia, Stryphnodendron adstringens and Trichilia catigua, Sun Protection Factor (SPF). The test was conducted by the spectrophotometric method of in vitro Sun Protection Factor (SPF). The percentage of the Total Polyphenol (TP) and its correlation with Antioxidant Capacity (CA) of the extracts evaluated were performed. The results show that the formulations were stable after the addition of extracts, in relation as the physico-chemical characteristics (macroscopic characteristics, test centrifugation and pH) when compared to control (time 0). The FPS test in vitro showed decrease SPF of the formulations added of plant extracts rich in phenolic compounds, except for the extract of S. adstringens. The FPS for the extracts obtained were ≤2. The percentage of the PT were (%): G. ulmifolia, 24,26±0,34; M. ilicifolia, 14,66±0,18; S. adstringens, 34,38±0,62 e T. catigua, 41,60±0,13. The values of CA (IC50) against the DPPH radical were (miug/mL): vitamin C (7,52±0,12), G. ulmifolia (8,94±0,13), M. ilicifolia (38,41±0,93), S. adstringens (7,31±0,15) e T. catigua (5,48±0,04). CA was directly proportional to the content of PT.