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The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can be developed using safe and environmentally friendly routes, can replace potentially toxic chemical methods, and can increase the scale of production. This study aimed to synthesize AgNPs from aqueous extracts of guarana (Paullinia cupana) leaves and flowers, collected in different seasons of the year, as a source of active biomolecules capable of reducing silver ions (Ag+) and promoting the stabilization of colloidal silver (Ag0). The plant aqueous extracts were characterized regarding their metabolic composition by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS), phenolic compound content, and antioxidant potential against free radicals. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV/Vis spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). The results demonstrated that the chemical characterization indicated the presence of secondary metabolites of many classes of compounds in the studied aqueous extracts studied, but alkaloids and flavonoids were predominant, which are widely recognized for their antioxidant capabilities. It was possible to notice subtle changes in the properties of the nanostructures depending on parameters such as seasonality and the part of the plant used, with the AgNPs showing surface plasmon resonance bands between 410 and 420 nm using the leaf extract and between 440 and 460 nm when prepared using the flower extract. Overall, the average hydrodynamic diameters of the AgNPs were similar among the samples (61.98 to 101.6 nm). Polydispersity index remained in the range of 0.2 to 0.4, indicating that colloidal stability did not change with storage time. Zeta potential was above -30 mV after one month of analysis, which is adequate for biological applications. TEM images showed AgNPs with diameters between 40.72 to 48.85 nm and particles of different morphologies. EDX indicated silver content by weight between 24.06 and 28.81%. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited antimicrobial efficacy against various pathogenic microorganisms of clinical and environmental interest, with MIC values between 2.12 and 21.25 µg/mL, which is close to those described for MBC values. Therefore, our results revealed the potential use of a native species of plant from Brazilian biodiversity combined with nanotechnology to produce antimicrobial agents.
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Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have therapeutic potential due to their abilities of differentiation, immunomodulation, and migration to injured tissues, potentiating such effects when cells are activated. Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is a tropical plant species found in South America that is known for its antioxidant, stimulant, and cicatricial effects. The guarana extract is composed of many substances and caffeine is the main component. The objective was to evaluate the effects of guarana and caffeine on MSCs. After the initial characterization, MSCs were treated with Paullinia cupana (10, 100, and 1000 μg/mL) or caffeine (0.4, 4, and 40 μg/mL) for 24 h. MSCs treatment with 1000 μg/mL guarana increased cell polarity, viability, cell migration to chemoattractant, antioxidant potential, and liberation of extracellular vesicles (EVs), while it reduced the levels of autophagy. MSCs treated with 100 and 1000 μg/mL guarana or 40 μg/mL caffeine showed a decrease of cell proliferation. No treatment affected the cellular area and cell cycle of MSCs. The study shows in vitro evidence that guarana could be a promising alternative for activating MSCs to promote better cellular products for future clinical therapies.
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Abstract Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is a native plant from the Amazon whose seeds contain a high concentration of caffeine. Aqueous extract of guarana is widely used in the world. In this study, the objective was to develop and validate a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography method for the determination of caffeine in extracts and commercial beverages based on guarana. A sensitive, simple, and viable high performance liquid chromatographic method without the need of an analyte extraction procedure was developed and validated according to Brazilian and international requirements. The method presented high performance, fulfilling Brazilian and international requirements, in addition to allowing product compliance tests. Results confirmed high selectivity and linearity (>0.999) between 5 to 135 ug/mL, with no significant matrix effect. Detection and quantification limits were 0.02 µg/mL and 2 µg/mL, respectively. Precision was less than 4 %, and accuracy varied from 99.9-120 %. Applicability of the method was demonstrated by conducting a limited evaluation in products containing caffeine. Commercial extracts showed quite different caffeine levels, while carbonated drinks follow Brazilian and American recommendations. Our results indicate that the developed method can be used to evaluate the quality of the guarana extract and of products containing caffeine
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Sementes/classificação , Cafeína/agonistas , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Paullinia/efeitos adversos , Plantas/classificação , Bebidas/classificação , Gestão da Qualidade Total/normasRESUMO
Abstract Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth) are native species from the Amazon Forest that in folk medicine are used to treat several diseases due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This review brings together findings from different studies on the potential neuroprotective effects of acai and guarana, highlighting the importance of the conservation and sustainable exploitation of the Amazon Forest. A bibliographic survey in the PubMed database retrieved indexed articles written in English that focused on the effects of acai and guarana in in vitro and in vivo models of neurodegenerative diseases. In general, treatment with either acai or guarana decreased neuroinflammation, increased antioxidant responses, ameliorated depression, and protected cells from neurotoxicity mediated by aggregated proteins. The results from these studies suggest that flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids found in both acai and guarana have therapeutic potential not only for neurodegenerative diseases, but also for depressive disorders. In addition, acai and guarana show beneficial effects in slowing down the physiological aging process. However, toxicity and efficacy studies are still needed to guide the formulation of herbal medicines from acai and guarana.
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Ecossistema Amazônico , Paullinia/efeitos adversos , Euterpe/efeitos adversos , Frutas/classificação , Técnicas In Vitro/métodos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/classificação , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/patologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologiaAssuntos
Paullinia , Envelhecimento , Tecido Adiposo , Suplementos Nutricionais , Antioxidantes , ObesidadeRESUMO
The COVID-19 pandemic had a great impact on the mortality of older adults and, chronic non- transmissible diseases (CNTDs) patients, likely previous inflammaging condition that is common in these subjects. It is possible that functional foods could attenuate viral infection conditions such as SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), the causal agent of COVID-19 pandemic. Previous evidence suggested that some fruits consumed by Amazonian Diet from Pre-Colombian times could present relevant proprieties to decrease of COVID-19 complications such as oxidative-cytokine storm. In this narrative review we identified five potential Amazonian fruits: açai berry (Euterpe oleracea), camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa), and guaraná (Paullinia cupana). Data showed that these Amazonian fruits present antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other immunomodulatory activities that could attenuate the impact of inflammaging states that potentially decrease the evolution of COVID-19 complications. The evidence compiled here supports the complementary experimental and clinical studies exploring these fruits as nutritional supplement during COVID-19 infection. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: These fruits, in their natural form, are often limited to their region, or exported to other places in the form of frozen pulp or powder. But there are already some companies producing food supplements in the form of capsules, in the form of oils and even functional foods enriched with these fruits. This practice is common in Brazil and tends to expand to the international market.
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COVID-19 , Euterpe , Humanos , Idoso , Frutas , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , AntioxidantesRESUMO
New perspectives arise in the therapeutic practice for cancer, with the objective to not only treat patients, but also improve their quality of life. Guarana, a plant from Brazilian Amazon presents a wide range of pharmacological actions. This study evaluated the effect of Guarana (Paullinia cupana) extract, pure and dry Guarana (PC-18) extract and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) in mice of the Balb/c strain inoculated with the Ehrlich tumor regarding gene expression of inflammatory markers transforming growth factor-ß1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha and oxidative stress (OS) and fatigue, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase 4 and analyzed myelotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. After euthanasia, blood was collected to analyze the complete blood count and measured the levels of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase). Hepatoprotective actions of the crude extract of P. cupana and PC-18 extract were noticed. The PC-18 and MgCl2 group showed the best result regarding animal welfare. There were no associations between compounds and gene expression regarding fatigue and OS. PC-18 reduced the tumor and may have an antitumor action. The crude extract of Guarana presented hepatoprotective action.
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Neoplasias , Paullinia , Animais , Fadiga/tratamento farmacológico , Cloreto de Magnésio/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to carry out a systematic review with a meta-analysis to assess evidence about the use of guarana fruit to manage fatigue in cancer patients. METHODOLOGY: The data were extracted from the EMBASE, Scopus, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and CINAHL databases, in any language, using the descriptors "neoplasms" and "Paullinia" or "guarana powder" and "placebos" and "fatigue". Searches were also conducted to identify any grey literature. Clinical studies with patients who presented cancer-related fatigue as a primary outcome and who used guarana as a dietary supplement were included. The risk of bias in randomized clinical trials was analyzed according to the Cochrane recommendations. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE system. For studies with the same types of tumors and treatments, meta-analysis was also conducted. RESULTS: A total of 383 studies were found and, of these, seven were included in the review, for a total of 427 cancer patients. The instruments used to analyze fatigue were the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), the Chalder Fatigue Scale, the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-FATIGUE), and the Piper Scale. Some studies presented a low risk of bias for all the categories. Meta-analysis was conducted for three studies about breast cancer, which presented sufficient data. The use of guarana did not reduce cancer-related fatigue compared with placebo groups (mean of - 0.02 [95% CI - 1.54, 1.50]; p = 0.98) and the quality of evidence according to GRADE was very low. CONCLUSION: Dietary supplements are used to improve cancer-related fatigue. The results of this review showed that the use of guarana was not superior to the placebo groups, pointing to the need for further studies with better methodological quality.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Paullinia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Fadiga/tratamento farmacológico , Fadiga/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Paullinia cupana Kunth., commonly named Guaraná, is a plant from Brazil used as stimulant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of extracts and tannins-rich and methylxanthines-free fraction from guaraná in the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect in vitro. Extract 1 obtained good yields of tannins and methylxanthines and was used to identify a type-A procyanidin trimer by LC-ESI-MS. Fraction 4 was rich in tannins and absent of methylxanthines. The extracts and fraction exhibited strong capacity for scavenging DPPH radical with IC50 between 5.88 and 42.75-µg/mL and inhibited TNF-α release by LPS-activated THP-1 cells when compared with control cells and did not present toxicity to THP-1 cells. The fraction 4, rich in tannins, was highly active, with IC50 5.88 µg/mL by DPPH method and inhibited TNF-α release in 83.50% at 90 µg/mL. These results reinforced potential anti-inflammatory of guaraná and data for new therapeutic approaches.
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Antioxidantes/química , Paullinia/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidores , Brasil , Cafeína/química , Linhagem Celular , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia de Fase Reversa , Humanos , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Monócitos/citologia , Monócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Monócitos/metabolismo , Paullinia/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Sementes/química , Sementes/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Teobromina/química , Teofilina/química , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
Neurodegenerative diseases are associated with chronic inflammatory states. There is evidence to support the design of novel supplements based on guarana (G) (Paullinia cupana), selenium (S), and L-carnitine (C), the use of which, potentially attenuates neuro oxi-inflammatory conditions. Therefore, this study analyzed the cytotoxic and redox effects of GSC on human leucocytes, the inflammatory activation of microglia BV-2 cells, and effect on mortality, oxidative metabolism, and the immune modulation of red earthworms (Eisenia fetida). The GSC concentrations tested in cell culture were in the range of 0.04-2.1 mg/mL. All the GSC-supplemented samples tested, reverted H2O2 oxidation in DNA molecules, suggesting its genoprotective potential. GSC did not induce mortality in leucocyte cultures. On the contrary, a reduction in the levels of oxidation of lipids, proteins, and cell apoptosis was observed, via downregulation of caspase 3 and 8 genes. GSC showed a dual effect on microglia, decreasing the cellular proliferation at lower concentrations (<0.24 mg/mL) and increasing the cellular proliferation mainly at concentrations > 1.0 mg/mL. GSC did not have a toxic effect on red earthworms, but induced an increase in amoebocyte cells and in brown body formation, indicating immune response activation. The results suggest that GSC could be safe for human consumption.
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Carnitina/farmacologia , Eimeria/efeitos dos fármacos , Paullinia , Selênio/farmacologia , Carnitina/química , Ciclo Celular , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Microglia , Oxirredução , Selênio/químicaRESUMO
Hyperlipidemia causes lipotoxicity which prompts an inflammatory response linked to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Natural compounds have been receiving special attention for its potential to treat diseases, inexpensiveness, and safety. Guarana (Paullinia cupana) has demonstrated notable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may prevent chronic diseases caused by changes in lipid profile. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effect of guarana powder (Paullinia cupana) in the purine metabolism and inflammatory profile in lymphocytes and serum of rats with Poloxamer-407-induced hyperlipidemia. Pretreatment with guarana 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day or caffeine (0.2 mg/kg/day) by gavage was applied to adult male Wistar rats for a period of 30 days. As a comparative standard, we used simvastatin (0.04 mg/kg) post-induction. Hyperlipidemia was acutely induced with intraperitoneally injection of Poloxamer-407 (500 mg/kg). Guarana powder and caffeine increased the activity of the E-NTPDase (ecto-apyrase), and all pretreatments decreased the E-ADA (ecto-adenosine deaminase) activity, reducing the inflammatory process caused by lipotoxicity. In hyperlipidemic rats, ATP levels were increased while adenosine levels were decreased, guarana and caffeine reverted these changes. Guarana powder, caffeine, and simvastatin also prevented the increase in INF-γ and potentiated the increase in IL-4 levels, promoting an anti-inflammatory profile. Guarana promoted a more robust effect than caffeine. Our results show that guarana powder and caffeine have an anti-inflammatory as seen by the shift from a proinflammatory to an anti-inflammatory profile. The effects of guarana were more pronounced, suggesting that guarana powder may be used as a complementary therapy to improve the lipotoxicity-associated inflammation.
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Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Cafeína/farmacologia , Hiperlipidemias/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Teobromina/farmacologia , Teofilina/farmacologia , Adenosina/metabolismo , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Cafeína/administração & dosagem , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Hiperlipidemias/fisiopatologia , Inflamação/etiologia , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sinvastatina/farmacologia , Teobromina/administração & dosagem , Teofilina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Paullinia cupana (AEG) against ketoprofen side effects, through biochemical, hematological, and histological parameters. AEG showed antioxidant activity in the DPPH⢠scavenging (IC50 = 17.00 ± 1.00 µg/ml) and HPLC analysis revealed that this extract is constituted by antioxidants (caffeine, catechins, theobromine, and polyphenols). In vivo experiments in female Wistar rats demonstrated that alterations in urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels promoted (p < .05) by ketoprofen were reversed when AEG was co-administered. Ketoprofen significantly decreased the catalase levels of animal tissues (p < .05), which were restored when AEG was co-administered with the mentioned drug. Histological analysis showed that AEG protected tissues from damages caused by ketoprofen. Moreover, AEG reestablished the number of white blood cells, which had decreased when ketoprofen was administered. In conclusion, this study suggested that the association between ketoprofen and AEG may be an alternative to reduce health damages caused by this drug. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Paullinia cupana, popularly known as guaraná, is commonly consumed as a beverage in Brazil and exhibits pharmacological and beneficial effects to humans. Ketoprofen is an efficacious drug employed in the treatment of inflammatory processes. However, this drug can cause several side effects in humans. Thus, the usage of natural products and plant extracts that can reduce such undesirable effects consists in a valuable strategy to be applied in therapeutic interventions.
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Cetoprofeno , Paullinia , Animais , Feminino , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , TeobrominaRESUMO
Cold-adapted endo-ß-1,4-glucanases hold great potential for industrial processes requiring high activity at mild temperatures such as in food processing and extraction of bioactive compounds from plants. Here, we identified and explored the specificity, mode of action, kinetic behavior, molecular structure and biotechnological application of a novel endo-ß-1,4-glucanase (XacCel8) from the phytopathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. This enzyme belongs to an uncharacterized phylogenetic branch of the glycoside hydrolase family 8 (GH8) and specifically cleaves internal ß-1,4-linkages of cellulose and mixed-linkage ß-glucans releasing short cello-oligosaccharides ranging from cellobiose to cellohexaose. XacCel8 acts in near-neutral pHs and in a broad temperature range (10-50 °C), which are distinguishing features from conventional thermophilic ß-1,4-glucanases. Interestingly, XacCel8 was greatly stimulated by cobalt ions, which conferred higher conformational stability and boosted the enzyme turnover number. The potential application of XacCel8 was demonstrated in the caffeine extraction from guarana seeds, which improved the yield by 2.5 g/kg compared to the traditional hydroethanolic method (HEM), indicating to be an effective additive in this industrial process. Therefore, XacCel8 is a metal-stimulated and cold-adapted endo-ß-1,4-glucanase that could be applied in a diverse range of biotechnological processes under mild conditions such as caffeine extraction from guarana seeds.
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Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Cafeína/química , Temperatura Baixa , Glucana 1,4-beta-Glucosidase/metabolismo , Sementes/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Biocatálise , Cafeína/análise , Cobalto/química , Estabilidade Enzimática , Glucana 1,4-beta-Glucosidase/química , Paullinia/química , Xanthomonas/enzimologiaRESUMO
Actinobacteria are known by their ability to produce several antimicrobial compounds of biotechnological interest. Thus, in this study, we isolated and identified by partial 16S RNA sequencing â¼100 actinobacteria isolates from guarana (Paullinia cupana) bulk soil. Besides, we isolated from the actinobacteria Streptomyces morookaense AM25 a novel cyclic peptide, named gloeosporiocide, molecular formula C44H48N11O7S3 (calculated 938.2901), and characterized by the presence of cyclized cysteins to form three thiazols. The novel compound had activity against the plant pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, assayed by the paper disk diffusion method (42.7% inhibition, 0.1 mg disk-1) and by the microdilution assay (1.25 g L-1). Our results reveal the potential of the actinobacteria from the Amazon rhizospheric soils as biocontrol agents as well as producers of new compounds with antifungal activity. Thus, this work constitutes a step forward in the development of the biotechnology of actinobacteria in the production of compounds of agronomic interest.
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Antibiose , Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Peptídeos Cíclicos/isolamento & purificação , Peptídeos Cíclicos/farmacologia , Microbiologia do Solo , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Peptídeos Cíclicos/química , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
Obesity is a metabolic disorder associated with adverse health consequences that has increased worldwide at an epidemic rate. This has encouraged many people to utilize nonprescription herbal supplements for weight loss without knowledge of their safety or efficacy. However, mounting evidence has shown that some herbal supplements used for weight loss are associated with adverse effects. Guarana seed powder is a popular nonprescription dietary herb supplement marketed for weight loss, but no study has demonstrated its efficacy or safety when administered alone. Wistar rats were fed four different diets (low-fat diet and Western diet with or without guarana supplementation) for 18 weeks. Metabolic parameters, gut microbiota changes, and toxicity were then characterized. Guarana seed powder supplementation prevented weight gain, insulin resistance, and adipokine dysregulation induced by Western diet compared with the control diet. Guarana induced brown adipose tissue expansion, mitochondrial biogenesis, uncoupling protein-1 overexpression, AMPK activation, and minor changes in gut microbiota. Molecular docking suggested a direct activation of AMPK by four guarana compounds tested here. We propose that brown adipose tissue activation is one of the action mechanisms involved in guarana supplementation-induced weight loss and that direct AMPK activation may underlie this mechanism. In summary, guarana is an attractive potential therapeutic agent to treat obesity.
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Adipocinas/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo Marrom/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência à Insulina , Paullinia/química , Animais , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Dieta Ocidental , Suplementos Nutricionais , Humanos , Masculino , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Obesidade/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Aumento de Peso , Redução de Peso/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Abstract Seeds of guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth, Sapindaceae) feature diverse pharmacological functions, for example, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, stimulating, and cognitive functions, as well as liver protection and weight loss. Many of these actions are probably due to the high content of methylxanthines and tannins in its seeds. In Brazil, the world's largest producer of guarana, the plant material is predominantly used in the soft drinks industry, although it is also used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Although the Amazon region has the largest cropping area, the state of Bahia is the main guarana producer in Brazil (71%). This review focuses mainly on the possible pharmacological actions of guarana that have been investigated. Moreover, it discusses less-considered topics, such as the toxicology and quality control of seeds and extractives of guarana that will ultimately influence the safety of its use. In addition, it presents a detailed discussion of the methods used to prepare herbal drugs and their extracts, focusing on the importance of standardization and on the direct impact of preparatory factors, on the pharmacological properties of guarana extracts.
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A microwave-assisted digestion procedure using diluted HNO3 and H2O2 was developed for multi-element determination in guarana samples by ICP OES. Optimization step was performed employing a mixture design with pseudocomponents using HNO3, H2O2 and H2O. The analytical signal of each element, residual acidity and residual carbon content were optimized simultaneously using the desirability function. The best condition for digestion of a 250â¯mg sample mass resulted from a mixture constituted by 1.0â¯mL of HNO3, 3.0â¯mL of H2O2 and 6.0â¯mL of H2O. This condition allowed final digests with residual acidity and residual carbon content of 0.4â¯molâ¯L-1 and 6.5%, respectively. The method was validated and applied for the determination of K, Ca, Mg, S, P, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in 72 guarana seed samples from Bahia state. This work presents unpublished results about the mineral composition of guarana seed samples produced in Bahia state, Brazil.
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Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Paullinia/química , Análise Espectral/métodos , Brasil , Carbono/análise , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/química , Metais/análise , Micronutrientes/análise , Micro-Ondas , Ácido Nítrico/química , Sementes/químicaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Maternal obesity can program the offspring, increasing the risk of overweight and obesity in adult life. Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is a Brazilian plant that has weight-reducing effects. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of Guarana on metabolic and inflammatory parameters in mice programmed by maternal obesity. METHODS: Swiss female mice were divided into two groups: control and high fat (HF), who received a standard diet or a high-fat diet (HFD), respectively, for 8 weeks prior to mating, gestation, and lactation. After post-natal day (PN) 21, the offspring of the HF group were subdivided into three groups: HF without treatment; HF early treatment, offspring treated with Guarana (1 g/kg bodyweight) in PN25-PN30; HF late treatment, offspring treated with Guarana (1 g/kg bodyweight) in PN65-PN75. Basal energy expenditure, the lipid profile and fasting glucose levels were determined. Body composition was evaluated by dissecting adipose tissue depots. Gene expression was analyzed using real-time PCR. RESULTS: During mating, the weight of HF females increased; after lactation, their adipose tissue depots and fasting glycemic levels also increased. The offspring of the HF group showed an increased body weight at PN21. At PN80, in the mice treated with Guarana (with both treatments), VO2 and energy expenditure increased, adipose tissue depots decreased, and the expression of leptin, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 decreased compared with that in the HF group. CONCLUSIONS: Guarana treatment at both stages of life reversed some of the alterations developed by the offspring of HF animals in adult life.
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Inflamação/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Obesidade/metabolismo , Paullinia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , GravidezRESUMO
Microbiota alterations are observed in pathological conditions, and their regulation is a subject of great interest. Gut microbes are affected by diet, and plant polyphenols may have positive effect on gut microbiota; however, plant-derived extracts may have toxic effects. Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) is a nontraditional medicinal plant applied worldwide. Guarana yields an alkaloid and polyphenol-rich seed with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, where caffeine is the major compound. We evaluated the effects of guarana seed powder (GSP) and purified caffeine on gut microbial composition and redox and inflammatory parameters in Wistar rats after 21 days of treatment. Fecal microbiota was analyzed utilizing 16S rDNA sequencing. Antioxidant enzymes activities from liver, kidney, and colon, as well as oxidative damage markers, were evaluated. Total nonenzymatic antioxidant potential was also evaluated. Microbiota was altered by both treatments, GSP and caffeine, without loss of diversity. In the liver, the kidney, and the colon, we observed a decrease in the antioxidant enzymes activities in the GSP group with no increase in the expression of oxidative damage markers, although some enzymes were also regulated by caffeine. Taken together, these results suggested that GSP ameliorates redox parameters but negatively affected gut microbiota, partially via caffeine.
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Cafeína/farmacologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Teobromina/farmacologia , Teofilina/farmacologia , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Cafeína/química , Disbiose/induzido quimicamente , Disbiose/microbiologia , Disbiose/patologia , Masculino , Oxirredução/efeitos dos fármacos , Paullinia/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais/química , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sementes , Teobromina/química , Teofilina/químicaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of guarana on mitochondrial biogenesis in a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. C57BL6J mice were divided in two groups: high-fat diet HFD and high-fat diet + guarana (HFD-GUA). Both groups received HFD and water ad libitum and the HFD-GUA group also received a daily gavage of guarana (1 g/kg weight). Body weight and food intake was measured weekly. Glycemic, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels were determined. VO2 and energy expenditure (EE) were determined by indirect calorimetry. Gene expression was evaluated by real-time PCR and protein content by western blotting. The HFD-GUA group presented lower body weight, subcutaneous, retroperitoneal, visceral, and epididyimal adipose tissue depots, and glycemic and triglyceride levels, with no change in food intake and cholesterol levels. Furthermore, the HFD-GUA group presented an increase in VO2 and basal energy expenditure (EE), as well as Pgc1α, Creb1, Ampka1, Nrf1, Nrf2, and Sirt1 expression in the muscle and brown adipose tissue. In addition, the HFD-GUA group presented an increase in mtDNA (mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid) content in the muscle when compared to the HFD group. Thus, our data showed that guarana leads to an increase in energetic metabolism and stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis, contributing to control of weight gain, even when associated with high-fat diet.