RESUMO

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation with two sources of non-protein nitrogen at different feeding times on the performance, ingestive behavior, and rumen metabolism of growing Nellore bulls during the dry season. Exp. 1: One hundred and twenty Nellore bulls, weighing 206 ± 39 kg of initial body weight (BW) and 12 months of age, were divided into 20 paddocks, and they were used in randomized block design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to evaluate performance and ingestive behavior. Exp. 2: 12 rumen cannulated animals with 509 ± 59 BW, divided into 4 paddocks, were used in a triple Latin square 4 × 4 in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to evaluate metabolism. The factors were 2 non-protein nitrogen sources (urea or slow-release urea) and 2 feeding times (07:00 or 13:00 at 4 g/kg BW of supplement). There was no influence of non-protein sources, supplementation time, or their interaction on the grazing time or the trough time during daytime, nighttime, or total (P ≥ 0.16). There were no interactions or factor effects on ADG (P ≥ 0.45) or final body weight (P ≥ 0.39). There was an interaction between supplementation time and collection time (P < 0.01) on ruminal pH. Animals supplemented in the morning had greater total SCFA at 18 h after supplementation (P = 0.03). The supplementation time and the non-protein nitrogen sources did not alter the ingestive behavior or animal performance of young Nellore cattle.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, feed intake, carcass traits, and economic aspects of cattle fed different levels of supplementation during the growing phase (mineral supplementation-MS; low protein supplementation-PS, at 0.15% of body weight (BW); and a high protein-energy supplementation-PES at 0.40% of BW) and finished on the pasture with concentrate supplementation at 1.6% of BW. Ninety bulls were distributed in a completely randomized design and allocated into paddocks predominantly composed of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu grass. During the finishing phase, cattle were managed in paddocks of Urochloa decumbens grass. The average daily gain (ADG) and total weight gain during the growing phase were not different between animals fed PS (0.670 kg/day; 57.1 kg, respectively) and PES (0.730 kg/day; 62.4 kg, respectively), but both differed significantly from those supplemented with MS (0.540 kg/day; 45.1 kg). There was no difference between groups for average daily gain and total weight gain during the finishing phase (0.600 kg/day; 48.3 kg) and the same response was observed for carcass yield (55.18%, on average). However, bulls fed PES had higher hot carcass weight compared with those supplemented with MS and PS. Protein supplementation (0.15% of BW) and protein-energy supplementation (0.40% of BW) improved beef cattle performance during the growing phase. However, supplementation during the growing phase has a small impact on cattle performance in the finishing phase, although protein-energy supplementation at the growing phase improves the hot carcass weight and carcass traits during the finishing phase.

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This study was designed to examine carryover effect of dietary lysine (Lys) levels fed during the starter phase on the growth performance of three varieties of Aseel chickens. A total of 378 birds (126 from each variety) derived from a previous experiment, in which birds were distributed according a randomized block design in a 3×3 factorial arrangement, were evaluated from 7-18 weeks of age. Treatments consisted of three varieties of Aseel chicken [(Mianwali (MW), Peshawari (PW) and Lakha (LK)] fed three dietary Lys regimes (high, medium and low) during the starter phase (0-6 weeks). In the present experiment, the performance parameters, carcass traits, and meat chemical composition six replicates of seven birds per treatment were evaluated. The MW variety exhibited higher weight gain and better feed to gain ratio (p 0.05). Previous medium dietary Lys regimen improved weight gain, feed to gain ratio, final weight gain (p0.05). Birds previously fed medium dietary Lys showed higher thigh dry matter content (p 0.05), and those previously fed low Lys significantly higher thigh crude protein (CP) content (p 0.05). The highest breast muscle CP % were observed birds previously fed the high Lys regime (p 0.05), those of the MW variety (p 0.05). Higher slaughter weight and carcass weight and yield were obtained in the birds previously fed to medium dietary Lys level (p 0.05), and the MW variety showed overall better carcass traits (p 0.05). It is concluded that medium Lys levels in the starter feed promote subsequent better growth performance and that the MW variety has better carcass traits, it may be used as for rural chicken meat production.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study was designed to examine carryover effect of dietary lysine (Lys) levels fed during the starter phase on the growth performance of three varieties of Aseel chickens. A total of 378 birds (126 from each variety) derived from a previous experiment, in which birds were distributed according a randomized block design in a 3×3 factorial arrangement, were evaluated from 7-18 weeks of age. Treatments consisted of three varieties of Aseel chicken [(Mianwali (MW), Peshawari (PW) and Lakha (LK)] fed three dietary Lys regimes (high, medium and low) during the starter phase (0-6 weeks). In the present experiment, the performance parameters, carcass traits, and meat chemical composition six replicates of seven birds per treatment were evaluated. The MW variety exhibited higher weight gain and better feed to gain ratio (p 0.05). Previous medium dietary Lys regimen improved weight gain, feed to gain ratio, final weight gain (p0.05). Birds previously fed medium dietary Lys showed higher thigh dry matter content (p 0.05), and those previously fed low Lys significantly higher thigh crude protein (CP) content (p 0.05). The highest breast muscle CP % were observed birds previously fed the high Lys regime (p 0.05), those of the MW variety (p 0.05). Higher slaughter weight and carcass weight and yield were obtained in the birds previously fed to medium dietary Lys level (p 0.05), and the MW variety showed overall better carcass traits (p 0.05). It is concluded that medium Lys levels in the starter feed promote subsequent better growth performance and that the MW variety has better carcass traits, it may be used as for rural chicken meat production.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT This study was designed to examine carryover effect of dietary lysine (Lys) levels fed during the starter phase on the growth performance of three varieties of Aseel chickens. A total of 378 birds (126 from each variety) derived from a previous experiment, in which birds were distributed according a randomized block design in a 3×3 factorial arrangement, were evaluated from 7-18 weeks of age. Treatments consisted of three varieties of Aseel chicken [(Mianwali (MW), Peshawari (PW) and Lakha (LK)] fed three dietary Lys regimes (high, medium and low) during the starter phase (0-6 weeks). In the present experiment, the performance parameters, carcass traits, and meat chemical composition six replicates of seven birds per treatment were evaluated. The MW variety exhibited higher weight gain and better feed to gain ratio (p 0.05). Previous medium dietary Lys regimen improved weight gain, feed to gain ratio, final weight gain (p0.05). Birds previously fed medium dietary Lys showed higher thigh dry matter content (p 0.05), and those previously fed low Lys significantly higher thigh crude protein (CP) content (p 0.05). The highest breast muscle CP % were observed birds previously fed the high Lys regime (p 0.05), those of the MW variety (p 0.05). Higher slaughter weight and carcass weight and yield were obtained in the birds previously fed to medium dietary Lys level (p 0.05), and the MW variety showed overall better carcass traits (p 0.05). It is concluded that medium Lys levels in the starter feed promote subsequent better growth performance and that the MW variety has better carcass traits, it may be used as for rural chicken meat production.

RESUMO

O conhecimento da composição química e energética dos ingredientes utilizados nas dietas de avesé necessário para a formulação de rações com níveis nutricionais ótimos, permitindo uma maior produtividade erentabilidade para atividade avícola. Neste contexto, objetivou-se determinar a digestibilidade aparente dosnutrientes e o valor de energia metabolizável de uma ração convencional para aves Label Rouge em diferentesidades. Foram utilizadas 36 aves (machos e fêmeas) distribuídas individualmente em um delineamentointeiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos: aves jovens (8 semanas) e adultas (40 semanas). Durante operíodo experimental (14 dias), as aves foram alojadas em gaiolas metálicas adaptadas para coleta total deexcretas, sendo a ração pesada (250 g/ave/dia) e a água foi fornecida à vontade. Os coeficientes dedigestibilidade aparente (CDA) da ração para aves jovens e adultas, respectivamente, foram de 86,33 e 86,78%para matéria seca (MS), 83,46 e 86,48% para proteína bruta (PB), 93,76 e 91,50% para extrato etéreo (EE),34,45 e 32,77% para fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), 29,32 e 27,62% para fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) edisponibilidade de 27,66 e 21,42% para matéria mineral (MM). Por sua vez, o coeficiente de metabolização daenergia bruta (CMEB) e energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) para aves jovens e adultas foram,respectivamente,80,20 e 82,79%; 3.010 e 3.125 kcal/kg. As aves jovens obtiveram maior eficiência digestiva doEE, FDN, FDA e MM, enquanto as aves adultas foram mais eficientes no aproveitamento da proteína bruta eenergia de uma ração tradicional(AU)

Knowledge of the chemical composition and energy of the ingredients used in poultry diets isnecessary to formulate diets with optimal nutritional levels, allowing greater productivity and profitability forpoultry activity. In this context, we aimed to determine the nutrient digestibility and metabolizable energy valueof a conventional Label Rouge poultry feed at different ages. Was used 36 poultry (males and females)distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments: young (8 weeks) and adult poultry (40weeks). During the experimental period (14 days), the birds were housed in cages adapted for excreta collection,with the heavy feed (250 g/chicken/day) and water was provided ad libitum. The apparent digestibilitycoefficients (ADC) of the diets for young and adult poultry, respectively, were 86.33 and 86.78% for dry matter(DM), 83.46 and 86.48% for crude protein (CP), 93.76 and 91.50% for ether extract (EE), 34.45 and 32.77% forneutral detergent fiber (NDF), 29.32 and 27.62% for acid detergent fiber (ADF) and availability of 27.66 and21.42% for mineral matter (MM). In turn, the coefficient of gross energy metabolism (CGEM) and apparentmetabolizable energy (AME) for young and adult poultry were, respectively, 80.20 and 82.79%, 3.010 and 3.125kcal/kg. The young poultry had higher digestive efficiency of EE, NDF, ADF and MM, while the adult poultrywere more efficient in the use of crude protein and energy of a traditional feed(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

O conhecimento da composição química e energética dos ingredientes utilizados nas dietas de avesé necessário para a formulação de rações com níveis nutricionais ótimos, permitindo uma maior produtividade erentabilidade para atividade avícola. Neste contexto, objetivou-se determinar a digestibilidade aparente dosnutrientes e o valor de energia metabolizável de uma ração convencional para aves Label Rouge em diferentesidades. Foram utilizadas 36 aves (machos e fêmeas) distribuídas individualmente em um delineamentointeiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos: aves jovens (8 semanas) e adultas (40 semanas). Durante operíodo experimental (14 dias), as aves foram alojadas em gaiolas metálicas adaptadas para coleta total deexcretas, sendo a ração pesada (250 g/ave/dia) e a água foi fornecida à vontade. Os coeficientes dedigestibilidade aparente (CDA) da ração para aves jovens e adultas, respectivamente, foram de 86,33 e 86,78%para matéria seca (MS), 83,46 e 86,48% para proteína bruta (PB), 93,76 e 91,50% para extrato etéreo (EE),34,45 e 32,77% para fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), 29,32 e 27,62% para fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) edisponibilidade de 27,66 e 21,42% para matéria mineral (MM). Por sua vez, o coeficiente de metabolização daenergia bruta (CMEB) e energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) para aves jovens e adultas foram,respectivamente,80,20 e 82,79%; 3.010 e 3.125 kcal/kg. As aves jovens obtiveram maior eficiência digestiva doEE, FDN, FDA e MM, enquanto as aves adultas foram mais eficientes no aproveitamento da proteína bruta eenergia de uma ração tradicional

Knowledge of the chemical composition and energy of the ingredients used in poultry diets isnecessary to formulate diets with optimal nutritional levels, allowing greater productivity and profitability forpoultry activity. In this context, we aimed to determine the nutrient digestibility and metabolizable energy valueof a conventional Label Rouge poultry feed at different ages. Was used 36 poultry (males and females)distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments: young (8 weeks) and adult poultry (40weeks). During the experimental period (14 days), the birds were housed in cages adapted for excreta collection,with the heavy feed (250 g/chicken/day) and water was provided ad libitum. The apparent digestibilitycoefficients (ADC) of the diets for young and adult poultry, respectively, were 86.33 and 86.78% for dry matter(DM), 83.46 and 86.48% for crude protein (CP), 93.76 and 91.50% for ether extract (EE), 34.45 and 32.77% forneutral detergent fiber (NDF), 29.32 and 27.62% for acid detergent fiber (ADF) and availability of 27.66 and21.42% for mineral matter (MM). In turn, the coefficient of gross energy metabolism (CGEM) and apparentmetabolizable energy (AME) for young and adult poultry were, respectively, 80.20 and 82.79%, 3.010 and 3.125kcal/kg. The young poultry had higher digestive efficiency of EE, NDF, ADF and MM, while the adult poultrywere more efficient in the use of crude protein and energy of a traditional feed

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RESUMO

Fifty gilts were used, with initial weight of 30.17 ± 2.03kg, to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of digestible lysine on performance and carcass characteristics. The animals were distributed in a random block experimental design, with five treatments (0.83; 0.93; 1.03; 1.13 and 1,23% of digestible lysine), five replicates and two animals which were considered one experimental unit. The criteria for the formation of the blocks were the animals initial weight. There was no effect of levels of digestible lysine on daily feed intake and daily weight gain. A quadratic effect was observed on feed conversion that improved until an estimated level of 1.11% of digestible lysine. A linear effect was observed on daily protein deposition, however, the data were adjusted through the Linear Response Plateau model, which indicated the estimated level of 1.09% of digestible lysine for best daily protein deposition. No effect was observed on daily fat deposition among the treatments. It conclude that the level of 1.11% of digestible lysine provided the best performance and daily protein deposition results for gilts with high potential for lean deposition, from 30 to 60kg.

Utilizaram-se 50 leitoas de alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra na carcaça, com peso inicial de 30,17 ± 2,03, a fim de avaliar o efeito de níveis crescentes de lisina digestível sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0,83; 0,93; 1,03; 1,13 e 1,23% de lisina digestível), cinco repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Na distribuição dos animais dentro de cada bloco foi adotado como critério o peso inicial dos animais. Não foi observado efeito dos níveis de lisina digestível sobre o consumo de ração diário e ganho de peso diário. Observou-se efeito quadrático dos tratamentos sobre a conversão alimentar, que melhorou até o nível estimado de 1,11% de lisina digestível. Foi observado efeito linear dos níveis de lisina sobre a taxa de deposição de proteína diária, entretanto, o modelo Linear Response Plateau foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados e estimou o nível de 1,09% de lisina digestível para melhor deposição de proteína diária. Não foi observado efeito dos tratamentos sobre a taxa de deposição diária de gordura. Conclui-se que o nível de 1,11% de lisina digestível proporciona os melhores resultados de desempenho e de taxa de deposição de proteína diária na carcaça de fêmeas suínas de alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra na carcaça, dos 30 aos 60kg.

RESUMO

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, o consumo e o coeficiente de digestibilidade na dieta de novilhas Nelore na fase de recria suplementada em pastejo durante a seca e transição seca/águas, sob ofertas de forragem. Foram utilizadas 84 novilhas, com aproximadamente 146 ± 21,37 kg de peso corporal (PC) médio, dividas em três tratamentos de acordo com as ofertas de forragem de 5, 10 e 20% do peso corporal. Os animais foram suplementados com 0,25% do PC utilizado-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância considerando 5% de probabilidade. Houve diferença para a disponibilidade de forragem na primeira coleta, quarta coleta e quinta coleta (p 0,05). O melhor ganho médio diário foi para a oferta de forragem de 20% (0,37 kg dia-1). Os animais que receberam 10 e 5% de forragem apresentaram melhores ganhos por área, de 150,56 e 216,41 kg ha-1, nesse contexto é recomendado o uso da oferta de forragem de 5%.

This study aimed to evaluate the performance, intake and digestibility coefficient in the diet of Nellore heifers in the rearing period supplemented in grazing during the drought and dry/rainy transition seasons under different forage allowances. A total of 84 heifers were used, with approximately 146 ± 21.37 kg body weight (BW), divided into three treatments according to forage on offer levels of 5, 10 and 20% of BW. The animals were supplemented with 0.25% of BW, using a completely randomized design. The data were subjected to analysis of variance at 5% probability. There was a difference for forage availability in the first, fourth and fifth collections (p 0.05). The average daily gain was best for the 20% forage allowance (0.37 kg day-1). Animals that received 10 and 5% forage showed better gains per area – 150.56 and 216.41 kg ha-1. In this context, the use of 5% forage allowance is recommended.

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RESUMO

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, o consumo e o coeficiente de digestibilidade na dieta de novilhas Nelore na fase de recria suplementada em pastejo durante a seca e transição seca/águas, sob ofertas de forragem. Foram utilizadas 84 novilhas, com aproximadamente 146 ± 21,37 kg de peso corporal (PC) médio, dividas em três tratamentos de acordo com as ofertas de forragem de 5, 10 e 20% do peso corporal. Os animais foram suplementados com 0,25% do PC utilizado-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância considerando 5% de probabilidade. Houve diferença para a disponibilidade de forragem na primeira coleta, quarta coleta e quinta coleta (p < 0,05). A utilização de ofertas variando de 5 a 20% não influenciaram a digestibilidade. A oferta de 10 e 20% foi capaz de suportar a carga animal exercida nelas durante o período experimental. Os consumos não apresentaram diferenças (p > 0,05). O melhor ganho médio diário foi para a oferta de forragem de 20% (0,37 kg dia-1). Os animais que receberam 10 e 5% de forragem apresentaram melhores ganhos por área, de 150,56 e 216,41 kg ha-1, nesse contexto é recomendado o uso da oferta de forragem de 5%.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the performance, intake and digestibility coefficient in the diet of Nellore heifers in the rearing period supplemented in grazing during the drought and dry/rainy transition seasons under different forage allowances. A total of 84 heifers were used, with approximately 146 ± 21.37 kg body weight (BW), divided into three treatments according to forage on offer levels of 5, 10 and 20% of BW. The animals were supplemented with 0.25% of BW, using a completely randomized design. The data were subjected to analysis of variance at 5% probability. There was a difference for forage availability in the first, fourth and fifth collections (p < 0.05).The use of offerings ranging between 5-20% did not affect digestibility. The offers of 10 and 20% were able to withstand the stocking rate during the trial period. The intakes did not differ (p > 0.05). The average daily gain was best for the 20% forage allowance (0.37 kg day-1). Animals that received 10 and 5% forage showed better gains per area 150.56 and 216.41 kg ha-1. In this context, the use of 5% forage allowance is recommended.(AU)

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Avaliou-se a resposta de juvenis de carpa capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) à inclusão de proteína bruta (PB) em dietas práticas, em um experimento com 120 juvenis e 80 dias de duração. As dietas eram compostas por farinha de carne suína, farelo de soja, milho e farelo de trigo com 22, 30, 36 ou 44 por cento de PB. Dez juvenis (153,0±1,5g) por tanque (850L) foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia (3 por cento da biomassa). Foi observado efeito linear positivo da PB para peso final, ganho em peso, taxa de crescimento específico, rendimento de carcaça e filé, coeficiente de retenção proteica, taxa de eficiência proteica, deposição de gordura e proteína e hematócrito. O mesmo efeito também foi observado para triglicerídeos e colesterol total no sangue, indicando que a proteína da dieta foi utilizada como fonte energética. Conversão alimentar aparente e gordura no peixe inteiro apresentaram efeito quadrático, com pontos de máxima em 40,6 e 37,1 por cento de PB, respectivamente. Pode-se concluir que a porcentagem mínima de PB para a carpa capim na fase de recria foi de 44 por cento e que a variação da proteína da dieta promoveu alterações no metabolismo dos juvenis de carpa capim, refletidos nos parâmetros sanguíneos e de carcaça.

The response of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) juveniles to crude protein (CP) levels in practical diets was evaluated in an experiment with 120 juveniles and 80 days of feeding. The diets containing porcine meat meal, soybean meal, corn and wheat meal, with 22, 30, 36, or 44 percent CP. Ten juveniles (153.0±1.5 g) per tank (850L) were fed twice daily with pelleted feed (3 percent of biomass). Linear effect of CP on final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, carcass and fillet yield, coefficient of protein retention, protein efficiency rate, deposition of fat and protein, and hematocrit were observed. It was also observed effect on triglycerides and total cholesterol in blood, indicating that dietary protein was being used as energy source. Feed conversion ratio and fat content in whole fish showed quadratic effect, with maximum points at 40.6 and 37.1 percent CP, respectively. The best CP content for grass carp in growing phase was 44 percent, and the variation of protein content in diet changed the metabolism of grass carp juveniles, reflected in blood and carcass parameters.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Avaliou-se a resposta de juvenis de carpa capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) à inclusão de proteína bruta (PB) em dietas práticas, em um experimento com 120 juvenis e 80 dias de duração. As dietas eram compostas por farinha de carne suína, farelo de soja, milho e farelo de trigo com 22, 30, 36 ou 44 por cento de PB. Dez juvenis (153,0±1,5g) por tanque (850L) foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia (3 por cento da biomassa). Foi observado efeito linear positivo da PB para peso final, ganho em peso, taxa de crescimento específico, rendimento de carcaça e filé, coeficiente de retenção proteica, taxa de eficiência proteica, deposição de gordura e proteína e hematócrito. O mesmo efeito também foi observado para triglicerídeos e colesterol total no sangue, indicando que a proteína da dieta foi utilizada como fonte energética. Conversão alimentar aparente e gordura no peixe inteiro apresentaram efeito quadrático, com pontos de máxima em 40,6 e 37,1 por cento de PB, respectivamente. Pode-se concluir que a porcentagem mínima de PB para a carpa capim na fase de recria foi de 44 por cento e que a variação da proteína da dieta promoveu alterações no metabolismo dos juvenis de carpa capim, refletidos nos parâmetros sanguíneos e de carcaça.(AU)

The response of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) juveniles to crude protein (CP) levels in practical diets was evaluated in an experiment with 120 juveniles and 80 days of feeding. The diets containing porcine meat meal, soybean meal, corn and wheat meal, with 22, 30, 36, or 44 percent CP. Ten juveniles (153.0±1.5 g) per tank (850L) were fed twice daily with pelleted feed (3 percent of biomass). Linear effect of CP on final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, carcass and fillet yield, coefficient of protein retention, protein efficiency rate, deposition of fat and protein, and hematocrit were observed. It was also observed effect on triglycerides and total cholesterol in blood, indicating that dietary protein was being used as energy source. Feed conversion ratio and fat content in whole fish showed quadratic effect, with maximum points at 40.6 and 37.1 percent CP, respectively. The best CP content for grass carp in growing phase was 44 percent, and the variation of protein content in diet changed the metabolism of grass carp juveniles, reflected in blood and carcass parameters.(AU)

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RESUMO

Para avaliar o potencial dos ingredientes de origem vegetal como substitutos da farinha de carne suína em dietas para Ctenopharyngodon idella Valenciennes, (1844) (carpa capim), 180 juvenis (15 por tanque) foram criados durante 60 dias em sistema derecirculação de água. Foi avaliada a substituição da farinha de carne suína (FCS) por farelo de canola (FC), farelo de girassol (FG) e a mistura dos farelos de canola e girassol (FCG). As dietas também continham farelo de soja como fonte proteica. O consumo diário deforragem (1,24 a 2,11% do peso vivo) não diferiu entre os tratamentos. Peso final, ganho em peso, taxa de crescimento específico e conversão alimentar aparente não diferiramestatisticamente entre as dietas. O rendimento de filé foi maior nos tratamentos FC e FCG, enquanto o índice digestivossomático foi maior nos tratamentos FG e FCG. Maior teor degordura e menores teores de proteína no peixe inteiro e de cinzas no filé foram obtidos no tratamento FCG. Os filés dos tratamentos FCS e FCG apresentaram maior valor de luminosidade. Os peixes da dieta FCS apresentaram maiores valores de proteínas, triglicerídeos e colesterol total no soro. Conclui-se que os farelos de canola e girassol podem ser utilizados em dietas para recria da carpa capim.

To evaluate the potential of plant-protein sources to replace porcine meat meal in diets for grass carp juveniles, 180 fish (15 per tank) were reared for 60 days in a re-use water system.We evaluated the replacement of porcine meat meal (FCS) for canola meal (FC), sunflower meal (FG) or a mixture of canola and sunflower meal (FCG). The diets were also composed of soybean meal as a protein source. Daily forage intake ranged from 1.24 to 2.11% body weight and did not differ among treatments. Final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion rate did not differ statistically among diets. The fillet yieldwas higher in FC and FCG diets, while the digestive-somatic index was higher in treatments FG and FCG. Higher fat, lower protein content in whole fish and ash in fillet were obtained in the treatment FCG. The FCG and FCS fillets showed higher L value (brightness). Fish fed the FCS diet had higher values of protein, triglycerides and totalcholesterol in serum. We conclude that canola meal and sunflower meal can be used in diets for grass carp in the growing phase.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Para avaliar o potencial dos ingredientes de origem vegetal como substitutos da farinha de carne suína em dietas para Ctenopharyngodon idella Valenciennes, (1844) (carpa capim), 180 juvenis (15 por tanque) foram criados durante 60 dias em sistema derecirculação de água. Foi avaliada a substituição da farinha de carne suína (FCS) por farelo de canola (FC), farelo de girassol (FG) e a mistura dos farelos de canola e girassol (FCG). As dietas também continham farelo de soja como fonte proteica. O consumo diário deforragem (1,24 a 2,11% do peso vivo) não diferiu entre os tratamentos. Peso final, ganho em peso, taxa de crescimento específico e conversão alimentar aparente não diferiramestatisticamente entre as dietas. O rendimento de filé foi maior nos tratamentos FC e FCG, enquanto o índice digestivossomático foi maior nos tratamentos FG e FCG. Maior teor degordura e menores teores de proteína no peixe inteiro e de cinzas no filé foram obtidos no tratamento FCG. Os filés dos tratamentos FCS e FCG apresentaram maior valor de luminosidade. Os peixes da dieta FCS apresentaram maiores valores de proteínas, triglicerídeos e colesterol total no soro. Conclui-se que os farelos de canola e girassol podem ser utilizados em dietas para recria da carpa capim. (AU)

To evaluate the potential of plant-protein sources to replace porcine meat meal in diets for grass carp juveniles, 180 fish (15 per tank) were reared for 60 days in a re-use water system.We evaluated the replacement of porcine meat meal (FCS) for canola meal (FC), sunflower meal (FG) or a mixture of canola and sunflower meal (FCG). The diets were also composed of soybean meal as a protein source. Daily forage intake ranged from 1.24 to 2.11% body weight and did not differ among treatments. Final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion rate did not differ statistically among diets. The fillet yieldwas higher in FC and FCG diets, while the digestive-somatic index was higher in treatments FG and FCG. Higher fat, lower protein content in whole fish and ash in fillet were obtained in the treatment FCG. The FCG and FCS fillets showed higher L value (brightness). Fish fed the FCS diet had higher values of protein, triglycerides and totalcholesterol in serum. We conclude that canola meal and sunflower meal can be used in diets for grass carp in the growing phase.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The experiment was conducted at the animal science department of Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, to evaluate productive and qualitative characteristics of elephantgrass pasture and animal performance under grazing. The experimental area consisted of eight paddocks of 0.443 ha of elephantgrass (Pennisetun purpureum, Schum. cv. Taiwam), where 36 Charolais, Nelore and crossbred were kept, with three tester animals per paddock, with two repetitions. Variables related to pasture production and quality and animal performance were studied. Real leaf lamina masses (LLM) of elephantgrass were: 1.167; 1.543; 1.926 and 2.248kg of dry matter of leaf lamina/ha, constituting the treatments. Stocking rate (y=2.243.14 - .32LLM, R2=.4), showed a negative linear relationship. The final liveweight is kg, presented a quadratic effect (y = 103,41 + .114LLM - .00003LLm², R2=.5) with the LLM increase. The average daily weight gain showed positive linear effect (y = .25 + .0002LLM, R2=.2). The increase of the elephantgrass leaf lamina mass proportioned a decrease of stocking rate supported by the pasture and increased the average weight gain.

O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, para avaliar produtiva e qualitativamente a pastagem de capim elefante e o desempenho animal sob pastejo. A área experimental foi composta de oito piquetes de 0,443ha cada de capim-elefante (Pennisetun purpureum, Schum. cv. "Tawian"), onde pastejaram 36 novilhos das raças Charolês, Nelore e suas cruzas, com três animais "testers" por piquete, em duas repetições. Foram estudadas as variáveis relacionadas à produtividade e à qualidade da pastagem e ao desempenho animal. As massas reais de lâminas foliares (MLF) de capim-elefante foram: 1.167; 1.543; 1.926 e 2.248kg MS LF/ha, o que constitui os tratamentos. A carga animal suportada pela pastagem, pode ser descrita pela equação y=2.243,14 - 0,32MLF (R2=0,4). O peso vivo final em kg apresentou resposta quadrática (PF=103,41 + 0,114x - 0,00003x², R2=0,5) com o acréscimo da MLF. O ganho de peso diário médio apresentou comportamento linear positivo (GMD = 0,25 + 0,0002MLF, R2=0,2). O aumento na massa de lâminas foliares de capim-elefante acarreta diminuição na carga animal suportada pela pastagem e aumenta o ganho de peso médio diário.

RESUMO

The experiment was conducted at the animal science department of Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, to evaluate productive and qualitative characteristics of elephantgrass pasture and animal performance under grazing. The experimental area consisted of eight paddocks of 0.443 ha of elephantgrass (Pennisetun purpureum, Schum. cv. Taiwam), where 36 Charolais, Nelore and crossbred were kept, with three tester animals per paddock, with two repetitions. Variables related to pasture production and quality and animal performance were studied. Real leaf lamina masses (LLM) of elephantgrass were: 1.167; 1.543; 1.926 and 2.248kg of dry matter of leaf lamina/ha, constituting the treatments. Stocking rate (y=2.243.14 - .32LLM, R2=.4), showed a negative linear relationship. The final liveweight is kg, presented a quadratic effect (y = 103,41 + .114LLM - .00003LLm², R2=.5) with the LLM increase. The average daily weight gain showed positive linear effect (y = .25 + .0002LLM, R2=.2). The increase of the elephantgrass leaf lamina mass proportioned a decrease of stocking rate supported by the pasture and increased the average weight gain.

O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, para avaliar produtiva e qualitativamente a pastagem de capim elefante e o desempenho animal sob pastejo. A área experimental foi composta de oito piquetes de 0,443ha cada de capim-elefante (Pennisetun purpureum, Schum. cv. "Tawian"), onde pastejaram 36 novilhos das raças Charolês, Nelore e suas cruzas, com três animais "testers" por piquete, em duas repetições. Foram estudadas as variáveis relacionadas à produtividade e à qualidade da pastagem e ao desempenho animal. As massas reais de lâminas foliares (MLF) de capim-elefante foram: 1.167; 1.543; 1.926 e 2.248kg MS LF/ha, o que constitui os tratamentos. A carga animal suportada pela pastagem, pode ser descrita pela equação y=2.243,14 - 0,32MLF (R2=0,4). O peso vivo final em kg apresentou resposta quadrática (PF=103,41 + 0,114x - 0,00003x², R2=0,5) com o acréscimo da MLF. O ganho de peso diário médio apresentou comportamento linear positivo (GMD = 0,25 + 0,0002MLF, R2=0,2). O aumento na massa de lâminas foliares de capim-elefante acarreta diminuição na carga animal suportada pela pastagem e aumenta o ganho de peso médio diário.

RESUMO

Determinou-se a exigência de aminoácidos sulfurados para suínos machos castrados, mantidos em ambiente termoneutro, dos 15 aos 30kg. Utilizaram-se 70 leitões mestiços, distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0,465; 0,511; 0,558; 0,605 e 0,652% de metionina + cistina digestível), sete repetições e dois animais por repetição. As rações experimentais e a água foram fornecidas à vontade. A temperatura no interior da sala foi mantida em 21,8±0,4ºC e a umidade relativa, em 73,8±4,9%. Os níveis de metionina + cistina digestível da dieta influenciaram de forma quadrática o ganho de peso diário, que aumentou até o nível de 0,596%, e a conversão alimentar, que reduziu até o nível de 0,627%. O consumo de ração dos animais não variou com os tratamentos. Os tratamentos influenciaram a deposição de proteína na carcaça, que aumentou de forma quadrática até o nível de 0,630%, enquanto a de gordura não variou. A exigência de aminoácidos sulfurados digestíveis para suínos machos castrados, mantidos em ambiente termoneutro, dos 15 aos 30 kg, é de 0,63%, correspondente à relação metionina + cistina digestível:lisina digestível de 67%, para máximo desempenho e composição de ganho.(AU)

The requirements of digestible sulphurous aminoacids for swine barrows maintained in a thermoneutral environment from 15 to 30kg were estimated. Seventy crossbred barrows were allotted to a completely randomized block design with five treatments (0.465; 0.511; 0.558; 0.605; 0.652% of digestible methionine+cystine), seven replicates and two animals by replicate. The experimental diets and the water were supplied ad libitum. The inside room temperature was maintained in 21.8±0.4ºC and the relative humidity in 73.8±4.9%. The digestible methionine and cystine levels of the diet had a quadratic effect on average daily gain that increased until the level of 0.596% and the feed:gain ratio that reduced quadraticaly until the level of 0.627%. No effect of digestible aminoacid on feed intake was observed. The treatments affected protein deposition in the carcass that increased quadraticaly until the level of 0.630%, but had no effect on fat deposition. The digestible sulphurous aminoacids requirement for barrows maintained in a thermoneutral environment from 15 to 30kg was 0.63%, which corresponds to digestible methionine and cystine:digestible lysine ratio of 67%, respectively, for highest performance and gain composition.(AU)

Assuntos