RESUMO

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of beef cattle with two levels of energy-protein supplementation of low-consumption on African Bermudagrass pasture, overseeded in winter with oat and ryegrass, with or without irrigation. Twenty-four castrated Angus steers (11 months old and had an initial average of 220 kg body weight (BW)) were used in experimental area of 3.6 ha. The experiment was completely randomized in a 2×2 factorial design, with three replicates. The evaluation period was 249 days (July/2019 to March/2020). The treatments were: irrigated pasture with supplementation of 1 g/kg BW or 2.7 g/kg BW and non-irrigated pasture with 1 g/kg BW of supplement or 2.7 g/kg BW. The grazing method was continuous with a variable stocking rate. Irrigation provided pastures with better chemical composition in winter and spring. Irrigation increased the daily accumulation rate in winter (84.6 vs. 45.9 kg DM/ha/day), providing a greater stocking rate (1,702 vs. 1,385 kg/ha) and, consequently, body weight gain per hectare. Supplementation of 2.7 g/kg BW provided a greater stocking rate in winter (1,652 vs. 1,435 kg/ha) and spring (3,096 vs. 2,811 kg/ha), not changing in summer. The association of irrigation and supplementation of 2.7 vs. 1.0 g/kg BW improves the intake pattern by the animal in summer without changing productivity parameters. Irrigation increases productivity and the nutritional value of pasture with higher livestock production per area in periods of water deficit. The supply of 2.7 vs. 1.0 g/kg BW provides a greater stocking rate and body weight gain per hectare.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to estimate the carbon footprint (CF) of milk production (in kg of CO2 equivalents (CO2e) per kg of fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM)) in dairy farms of the San Martín region, in the Peruvian Amazon. A cradle-to-farm gate characterization and analysis were carried out on eight representative dairy farms. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were estimated using equations, following the 2019 refinement of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The results showed an average milk production of 9.7 ± 0.82 L milk/cow/day, Gyr x Holstein crosses as the predominant breed, use of cultivated grasses such as Brachiaria brizantha, living fences (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam) as the predominant silvopastoral arrangement, and low level of external inputs such as feed or grain additives. In relation to CF, an average value of 2.26 ± 0.49 kg CO2e/kg FPCM was obtained, with enteric fermentation being the most important source (1.81 ± 0.51 kg CO2e/kg FPCM), followed by manure management, land use, and energy/transport (0.26 ± 0.06, 0.14 ± 0.04, and 0.05 ± 0.04 kg CO2e/kg FPCM, respectively). Differences were found between farmers, obtaining lower CF values (1.76 vs 3.09 kg CO2e/kg FPCM) on farms with better feed quality, higher production levels, and a higher percentage of lactating animals compared to dry cows. It is concluded that dairy farms in the Peruvian Amazon region can reduce their emissions if they improve their current feeding practices.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The present study aimed to analyze large volumes of tympanic temperature (TT) data to identify its use as a physiological indicator of climatic conditions and its relationship with milk production in grazing cows under tropical lowland conditions. Three dairy farms and 21 multiparous early lactation cows were included in the study. Seven animals were equipped with tympanic temperature wireless sensors within each farm, and permanent information was collected hourly for 22 days on average. Ambient temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS), precipitation (PP), and THI information were obtained from meteorological stations located close to each farm. Statistical analyses included Spearman correlations and random coefficient regression models (P < 0.05). TT presented moderate and significant correlations with AT (0.35 to 0.49), SR (0.25 to 0.32), THI (0.35 to 0.49), and RH (-0.35 to -0.49). Climatic variables like AT, PP, SR, and WS were the most contributing factors to TT prediction (R2 =0.42 to 0.86). Grazing dairy cows in tropical scenarios accumulate heat during the day and dissipate it at nighttime, although higher producing animals deal with more problems to reach thermal homeostasis. Correlations between TT and daily milk production varied according to animal yield; however, higher TT values were related to the most productive cows. The effect of TT on milk production prediction was not conclusive among farms, possibly by animal management or others characteristics of the systems. TT determination through remote sensors allows a reliable diagnosis of the physiological temperature response to climatic conditions.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The present study aimed to analyze large volumes of tympanic temperature (TT) data to identify its use as a physiological indicator of climatic conditions and its relationship with milk production in grazing cows under tropical lowland conditions. Three dairy farms and 21 multiparous early lactation cows were included in the study. Seven animals were equipped with tympanic temperature wireless sensors within each farm, and permanent information was collected hourly for 22 days on average. Ambient temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS), precipitation (PP), and THI information were obtained from meteorological stations located close to each farm. Statistical analyses included Spearman correlations and random coefficient regression models (P < 0.05). TT presented moderate and significant correlations with AT (0.35 to 0.49), SR (0.25 to 0.32), THI (0.35 to 0.49), and RH (-0.35 to -0.49). Climatic variables like AT, PP, SR, and WS were the most contributing factors to TT prediction (R2 =0.42 to 0.86). Grazing dairy cows in tropical scenarios accumulate heat during the day and dissipate it at nighttime, although higher producing animals deal with more problems to reach thermal homeostasis. Correlations between TT and daily milk production varied according to animal yield; however, higher TT values were related to the most productive cows. The effect of TT on milk production prediction was not conclusive among farms, possibly by animal management or others characteristics of the systems. TT determination through remote sensors allows a reliable diagnosis of the physiological temperature response to climatic conditions.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumen El conocimiento de la dinámica composicional y de crecimiento del pasto kikuyo (Cenchrus clandestinus) permite establecer estrategias de manejo para maximizar la producción animal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la edad de rebrote sobre la variables morfológicas, composicionales y productivas del pasto kikuyo en las cuencas lecheras Alto Chicamocha (AC), Sabana de Bogotá (SB) y Ubaté-Chiquinquirá (UC) durante las épocas de lluvia y sequía. Se seleccionaron dos fincas por cuenca y se evaluó el crecimiento del forraje a través de un muestreo longitudinal del kikuyo desde el día 7 al 70 de rebrote. En cada muestreo se determinó la altura de la planta, la longitud y el ancho de las hojas y el ancho del estolón. Además, se midió el rendimiento y la composición química del forraje. Los datos se analizaron como un diseño completo al azar con medidas repetidas (10 etapas de rebrote). La altura de la planta fue superior (p<0,05) en época de lluvias a partir del día 14, 42 y 49 en AC, SB y UC, respectivamente. El número de hojas aumentó con la edad de rebrote (p<0,05), independiente de la época en SB y UC. El rendimiento de forraje seco fue mayor (p<0,05) en la época de lluvias, desde el día 42 en AC y UC y desde el 49 en SB. La proteína cruda disminuyó (p<0,05) con la edad de la planta y presentó los mayores valores en la época de lluvias en las cuencas AC y SB. El rendimiento y la composición química del kikuyo fue afectada por la edad de rebrote y la época de corte, lo cual hace necesario ajustar los esquemas de alimentación de acuerdo con las características del forraje y el requerimiento nutricional de los animales en cada región.

Abstract Compositional and growth dynamics knowledge of Kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus) allows establishing strategies to maximize animal performance. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the regrowth period on morphological, compositional, and productive variables of Kikuyu grass in Alto Chicamocha (AC), Bogotá savanna (SB) and Ubaté-Chiquinquirá (UC) dairying regions, during rainy and dry seasons. Two farms were selected per region and the forage growth was evaluated from 7 to 70 regrowth day. Plant height, leaf length and width, and stolon width were determined. Also, biomass production and chemical composition were defined. The data were analyzed as a randomized complete design with repeated measurements (10 regrowth stages). Plant height was higher (p <0.05) during the rainy season from day 14, 42, and 49 in AC, SB, and UC, respectively. Leaf number increased (p<0.05) during the forage regrowth, independently of the season in SB and UC. Dry matter production was higher (p <0.05) in the rainy season, from day 42 in AC and UC, and 49 in SB. Crude protein decreased (p <0.05) during the growth period and presented high values in the rainy season in AC and SB regions. The production and chemical composition of the Kikuyu grass was affected by regrowth age and season, which requires adjusting the feeding programs related to forage characteristics and animal nutrient requirements in each region.

Resumo O conhecimento da composição e da dinâmica de crescimento do capimkikuyo (Cenchrus clandestinus) permite estabelecer estratégias de manejo para maximizar a produção animal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da idade de rebrota nas variáveis morfológicas, composicionais e produtivas do capim-kikuyo nas bacias leiteiras de Alto Chicamocha (AC), Sabana de Bogotá (SB) e Ubaté-Chiquinquirá (UC) durante a épocas de chuva e seca. Duas fazendas por bacia foram selecionadas e o crescimento da forragem foi avaliado por meio de uma amostragem longitudinal do kikuyu do 7º ao 70º dia de rebrota. Em cada amostragem, foram determinados a altura da planta, o comprimento e a largura das folhas e a largura do estolão. Além disso, foram medidos o rendimento e a composição química da forragem. Os dados foram analisados em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com medidas repetidas (10 estágios de rebrota). A altura da planta foi maior (p <0,05) no período chuvoso a partir dos dias 14, 42 e 49 no AC, SB e UC, respectivamente. O número de folhas aumentou com a idade de rebrota (p <0,05), independente da estação do ano em SB e UC. A produção de forragem seca foi maior (p <0,05) no período chuvoso, a partir do dia 42 no AC e UC e a partir do dia 49 no SB. A proteína bruta diminuiu (p <0,05) com a idade da.planta e apresentou os maiores valores no período chuvoso nas bacias AC e SB. O rendimento e a composição química do kikuyo foram afetados pela idade de rebrota e época de corte, o que torna necessário ajustar os esquemas alimentares de acordo com as características da forragem e as exigências nutricionais dos animais de cada região.

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different grazing systems: isolated, alternate and simultaneous, on feed intake, performance and carcass characteristics of sheep. About 5.2 ha area of Tanzania grass (Panicum maximun Jacq cultivate Tanzania) was divided into 13 paddocks. This area was used as a stocking rate of two animal units (AU) per ha for 7 days occupation and 21 days rest. A total number of 58 animals were used consisting of 12 heifers and 30 Santa Ines lambs with the addition of 16 adult ewes that were used to stabilize grazing pressure in the isolated system. The sheep were fed on 200 g per head per day of concentrate and cattle 2 kg per head per day. The parameters determined were the following: weekly weight (WW), total live weight gain (LWG) and mean daily weight gain (MDW). Also dry matter intake was estimated 84 days after the start of the experiment using external indicators (Purified and Enriched Lignin) in addition to carcass traits and composition which were also estimated. The result obtained for carcass composition revealed that the muscle:bone ratio and bone percentage were better in the alternate system. Moreover, the simultaneous and isolated systems showed higher lamb performance than the alternate system, while there was no effect on dry matter intake. Furthermore, there was no difference of the different systems on carcass traits and feed intake of sheep. Nevertheless, the simultaneous grazing system showed better sheep performance than the alternate grazing system.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different grazing systems: isolated, alternate and simultaneous, on feed intake, performance and carcass characteristics of sheep. About 5.2 ha area of Tanzania grass (Panicum maximun Jacq cultivate Tanzania) was divided into 13 paddocks. This area was used as a stocking rate of two animal units per ha for 7 days occupation and 21 days rest. A total number of 58 animals were used consisting of 12 heifers and 30 Santa Ines lambs with the addition of 16 adult ewes that were used to stabilize grazing pressure in the isolated system. The sheep were fed on 200 g per head per day of concentrate and cattle 2 kg per head per day. The parameters determined were the following: weekly weight (WW), total live weight gain (LWG) and mean daily weight gain (MDW). Also dry matter intake was estimated 84 days after the start of the experiment using external indicators (Purified and Enriched Lignin) in addition to carcass traits and composition which were also estimated. The result obtained for carcass composition revealed that the muscle:bone ratio and bone percentage were better in the alternate system. Moreover, the simultaneous and isolated systems showed higher lamb performance than the alternate system, while there was no effect on dry matter intake. Furthermore, there was no difference of the different systems on carcass traits and feed intake of sheep. Nevertheless, the simultaneous grazing system showed better sheep performance than the alternate grazing system.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Feed shortages are relatively frequent in subtropical pasture-based dairy production systems. The effect of feed restriction on milk yield and physical-chemical traits was evaluated in this study. The experiment was carried out in Brazil's south region. Treatments consisted of control and restricted diet. Six multiparous and six primiparous cows, with 499 ± 47.20 kg body weight (BW), at mid-lactation (188 ± 124 days in milk), producing 19.35 ± 4.10 kg of milk were assigned to two groups, balanced for parity, each group receiving a different sequence of the dietary treatments for 56 days, in a crossover design. Diet nominated as control included 8 kg DM 100 kg BW-1 of Bermuda grass var. Tifton pasture (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), 5.00 kg of concentrate and 2.50 kg of Tifton hay per day. The restriction diet consisted of 50 % of the quantity offered in the control diet. Milk production and physicochemical composition were evaluated. Feed restriction reduced milk production by 40 %, body condition score by 5 %, milk magnesium by 14.3 %, lactose by 1.7 %, titratable acidity by 10 % and stability to the ethanol test by 9 % and it tended to increase (7 %) milk potassium content. No changes were found for the remaining characteristics. Since feed restriction is quite frequent in Brazil's extensive dairy production systems, our concern is that besides decreased milk production, changes can occur in the physiochemical attributes of the milk, mainly a reduction in the stability to the ethanol test, which may increase the volume of milk rejected by the industry.

RESUMO

Feed shortages are relatively frequent in subtropical pasture-based dairy production systems. The effect of feed restriction on milk yield and physical-chemical traits was evaluated in this study. The experiment was carried out in Brazil's south region. Treatments consisted of control and restricted diet. Six multiparous and six primiparous cows, with 499 ± 47.20 kg body weight (BW), at mid-lactation (188 ± 124 days in milk), producing 19.35 ± 4.10 kg of milk were assigned to two groups, balanced for parity, each group receiving a different sequence of the dietary treatments for 56 days, in a crossover design. Diet nominated as control included 8 kg DM 100 kg BW-1 of Bermuda grass var. Tifton pasture (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), 5.00 kg of concentrate and 2.50 kg of Tifton hay per day. The restriction diet consisted of 50 % of the quantity offered in the control diet. Milk production and physicochemical composition were evaluated. Feed restriction reduced milk production by 40 %, body condition score by 5 %, milk magnesium by 14.3 %, lactose by 1.7 %, titratable acidity by 10 % and stability to the ethanol test by 9 % and it tended to increase (7 %) milk potassium content. No changes were found for the remaining characteristics. Since feed restriction is quite frequent in Brazil's extensive dairy production systems, our concern is that besides decreased milk production, changes can occur in the physiochemical attributes of the milk, mainly a reduction in the stability to the ethanol test, which may increase the volume of milk rejected by the industry.