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Video tracking involves detecting previously designated objects of interest within a sequence of image frames. It can be applied in robotics, unmanned vehicles, and automation, among other fields of interest. Video tracking is still regarded as an open problem due to a number of obstacles that still need to be overcome, including the need for high precision and real-time results, as well as portability and low-power demands. This work presents the design, implementation and assessment of a low-power embedded system based on an SoC-FPGA platform and the honeybee search algorithm (HSA) for real-time video tracking. HSA is a meta-heuristic that combines evolutionary computing and swarm intelligence techniques. Our findings demonstrated that the combination of SoC-FPGA and HSA reduced the consumption of computational resources, allowing real-time multiprocessing without a reduction in precision, and with the advantage of lower power consumption, which enabled portability. A starker difference was observed when measuring the power consumption. The proposed SoC-FPGA system consumed about 5 Watts, whereas the CPU-GPU system required more than 200 Watts. A general recommendation obtained from this research is to use SoC-FPGA over CPU-GPU to work with meta-heuristics in computer vision applications when an embedded solution is required.

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Resumo Objetivo Desenvolver e avaliar um infográfico animado como recurso didático para o ensino de medicação segura em saúde da criança. Métodos Trata-se de estudo metodológico composto pela criação de um infográfico animado sobre medicação segura em saúde da criança para estudantes do ensino superior de enfermagem. O desenvolvimento desta tecnologia digital educacional seguiu quatro etapas: planejamento, produção, implementação e avaliação. O critério para avaliação foi concordância superior a 90%, analisada por meio do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo.Resultados: A versão final do infográfico animado possui 37 telas, as quais apresentam as metas do 3º Desafio da Organização Mundial de Saúde, os eventos adversos, fatores de risco do público-alvo e, por fim, as recomendações sobre boas práticas na administração segura de medicamentos em saúde da criança. O infográfico foi avaliado por 13 especialistas e obteve-se concordância entre todos os itens superior a 90%. Conclusão O infográfico animado foi considerado um recurso educacional válido, que poderá favorecer o processo de ensino aprendizagem de estudantes de enfermagem no que tange à conduta de boas práticas na administração de medicação na área da saúde da criança.

Resumen Objetivo Desarrollar y evaluar un infográfico animado como recurso didáctico para la enseñanza de medicación segura para la salud de los niños. Métodos Se trata de estudio metodológico compuesto por la creación de un infográfico animado sobre medicación segura para la salud del niño para estudiantes de la enseñanza superior en enfermería. El desarrollo de esta tecnología digital educativa siguió cuatro etapas: planificación, producción, implementación y evaluación. El criterio para la evaluación fue la coincidencia superior al 90 %, analizada por medio del Índice de Validez de Contenido.Resultados: La versión final del infográfico animado cuenta con 37 pantallas que presentan las metas del 3er Desafío de la Organización Mundial de Salud, los eventos adversos, factores de riesgo del público destinatario y, por fin, las recomendaciones sobre buenas prácticas en la administración segura de medicamentos para la salud para los niños. El infográfico fue evaluado por 13 especialistas y se obtuvo la coincidencia entre todos los ítems superior al 90 %. Conclusión El infográfico animado fue considerado como un recurso educativo válido, que podrá favorecer el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de estudiantes de enfermería en lo que se refiere a la conducta de buenas prácticas en la administración de medicación en el área de la salud de los niños.

Abstract Objective To develop and assess an animated infographic as a teaching resource for teaching safe medication in children's health. Methods This is a methodological study consisting of the creation of an animated infographic about safe medication in children's health for students in higher education in nursing. The development of this digital educational technology followed four stages: planning, production, implementation and assessment. The criterion for assessment was greater than 90% agreement, analyzed using the Content Validity Index. Results The final version has 37 screens, which present the goals of the 3rdChallenge of the World Health Organization, adverse events, risk factors for the target audience and, finally, recommendations on good practices in safe medication administration in children's health. The infographic was assessed by 13 experts and there was an agreement between all items greater than 90%. Conclusion The animated infographic was considered a valid educational resource, which could favor the teaching-learning process of nursing students regarding the conduct of good practices in medication administration in children's health.

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Scientific illustration continues to remain a critical part of taxonomy. Illustrations often require lots of time and, in many cases, the results are not as expected. At present, taxonomy journals only accept high quality digital illustrations; thus, image manipulation programs using vector or bitmap graphics have become the new focus of attention. This paper provides a step-by-step guide to making illustrations using bitmap graphics in Autodesk SketchBook. This application provides an alternative to other known tools by allowing: 1) faster illustrations; 2) direct drawing with a wide range of tools that simulate traditional drawing; 3) more detailed illustrations; and 4) an easy interface and work-flow for novice illustrators, all while being completely free and compatible with multiple operating systems.

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Once the collection of data from a study has been completed and the respective database is available, the researcher is often impatient to answer the research question and ventures into the final steps of the analysis. However, a key stage, prior to a more complex or sophisticated statistical analysis, is data exploration and descriptive statistics. Unfortunately, the exploratory analysis of the data is often performed without much dedication, or is simply "skipped", which can have important consequences on the results obtained and lead to the report of erroneous conclusions. On the one hand, exploration allows to detect errors in the data and, if possible, to correct them from the source of origin or take them into account to make decisions about what to do with them. On the other hand, exploration allows to know the behavior of the variables evaluated in terms of their distribution (key concept in Statistics) and possible relationships among them, which is essential for subsequent descriptive and inferential analysis. The objective of this article is to show graphic tools for the exploration of quantitative data, in order to visualize its distribution and compare groups according to categories of qualitative variables.

Una vez finalizada la recolección de datos de un estudio y contado con la respectiva base de datos, es frecuente que el investigador esté impaciente por responder a la pregunta de investigación y se aventure a realizar los pasos finales del análisis. No obstante, una etapa clave, previa a un análisis estadístico más complejo o sofisticado, es la exploración de datos y la estadística descriptiva. Lamentablemente, el análisis exploratorio de los datos muchas veces es realizado sin mucha dedicación, o simplemente es "saltado", lo que puede tener consecuencias importantes en los resultados obtenidos y conducir al reporte de conclusiones erróneas. Por un lado, la exploración permite detectar errores en los datos y, si es posible, corregirlos desde la fuente de origen o tenerlos en cuenta para tomar decisiones respecto a qué hacer con ellos. Por otra parte, la exploración permite conocer el comportamiento de las variables evaluadas en términos de su distribución (concepto clave en Estadística) y posibles relaciones entre ellas, lo cual es fundamental para los análisis descriptivo e inferencial posteriores. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar herramientas gráficas para la exploración de datos cuantitativos, con el fin de visualizar su distribución y comparar grupos según categorías de variables cualitativas.

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BACKGROUND: Waveform analysis by visual inspection can be a reliable, noninvasive, and useful tool for detecting patient-ventilator asynchrony. However, it is a skill that requires a properly trained professional. METHODS: This observational study was conducted in 17 urban ICUs. Health-care professionals (HCPs) working in these ICUs were asked to recognize different types of asynchrony shown in 3 evaluation videos. The health-care professionals were categorized according to years of experience, prior training in mechanical ventilation, profession, and number of asynchronies identified correctly. RESULTS: A total of 366 HCPs were evaluated. Statistically significant differences were found when HCPs with and without prior training in mechanical ventilation (trained vs non-trained HCPs) were compared according to the number of asynchronies detected correctly (of the HCPs who identified 3 asynchronies, 63 [81%] trained vs 15 [19%] non-trained, P < .001; 2 asynchronies, 72 [65%] trained vs 39 [35%] non-trained, P = .034; 1 asynchrony, 55 [47%] trained vs 61 [53%] non-trained, P = .02; 0 asynchronies, 17 [28%] trained vs 44 [72%] non-trained, P < .001). HCPs who had prior training in mechanical ventilation also increased, nearly 4-fold, their odds of identifying ≥2 asynchronies correctly (odds ratio 3.67, 95% CI 1.93-6.96, P < .001). However, neither years of experience nor profession were associated with the ability of HCPs to identify asynchrony. CONCLUSIONS: HCPs who have specific training in mechanical ventilation increase their ability to identify asynchrony using waveform analysis. Neither experience nor profession proved to be a relevant factor to identify asynchrony correctly using waveform analysis.

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Descriptive statistics is the branch of statistics that gives recommendations on how to summarize clearly and simply research data in tables, figures, charts, or graphs. Before performing a descriptive analysis it is paramount to summarize its goal or goals, and to identify the measurement scales of the different variables recorded in the study. Tables or charts aim to provide timely information on the results of an investigation. The graphs show trends and can be histograms, pie charts, "box and whiskers" plots, line graphs, or scatter plots. Images serve as examples to reinforce concepts or facts. The choice of a chart, graph, or image must be based on the study objectives. Usually it is not recommended to use more than seven in an article, also depending on its length.

La estadística descriptiva es la rama de la estadística que formula recomendaciones de cómo resumir, de forma clara y sencilla, los datos de una investigación en cuadros, tablas, figuras o gráficos. Antes de realizar un análisis descriptivo es primordial retomar el o los objetivos de la investigación, así como identificar las escalas de medición de las distintas variables que fueron registradas en el estudio. El objetivo de las tablas o cuadros es proporcionar información puntual de los resultados. Las gráficas muestran las tendencias y pueden ser histogramas, representaciones en "pastel", "cajas con bigotes", gráficos de líneas o de puntos de dispersión. Las imágenes sirven para dar ejemplos de conceptos o reforzar hechos. La selección de un cuadro, gráfico o imagen debe basarse en los objetivos del estudio. Por lo general no se recomienda usar más de siete en un artículo destinado a una publicación periódica, parámetro que está también en función de la extensión misma del artículo.

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Here we show the effects of repeated electroejaculation (EE) on mean values of motility, mitochondrial functionality, and expression of active caspases on goat sperm obtained by EE. Evaluations were done using CASA and flow cytometry. A strategy for identification of kinematic sperm subpopulations, when individual data of sperm are not provided by the CASA system, is provided. Fifty semen samples, five of each of ten adult creole goats, were obtained by electroejaculation. Mean values of total motility, progressive motility and flow cytometry evaluations were compared among EEs. Relationships among mean values of variables were investigated using Spearman correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). For identification of kinematic sperm subpopulations, PCA followed by hierarchical clustering was applied on data of the intervals provided automatically by the CASA system. Total motility does no change after repeated EE. Mean values of motility parameters and molecular markers were unrelated in multivariate space, but bivariate correlations were found. Values in upper and lower intervals defined clearly the sperm subpopulations, which had motility parameters changing over time. Taken together, our results show that repeated EE does not affect mean values of total motility, that molecular markers are not related with motility parameters, and that it is possible to identify kinematic sperm subpopulations when individual data, of motility parameters, are not provided by the CASA system.

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Se examinaron las respuestas gráficas de hombres y mujeres jóvenes, de 17 años en promedio, inscritos en cursos de nivelación en ciencias. Se encontró que predominan en toda la población alusiones a material de laboratorio y a experimentos. La categoría denominada Iconos/Iconemas (representaciones de sensaciones o sentimientos, o figuras geométricas aisladas) aparece con frecuencia en la población de 17 años. Los análisis muestran que el porcentaje de población que incluye el cuerpo humano en sus expresiones nunca es superior al 30%. Cuando aparecen figuras humanas sus escenarios dejan ver que son experimentadores, no se muestra el cuerpo humano como parte del estudio químico. Al indagar sobre la orientación vocacional, se encontró que los hombres prefieren carreras científicas y las mujeres optan por programas del área de la salud. El artículo concluye que es posible indagar y analizar la percepción esencial sobre el área de la química gracias al estudio de expresiones gráficas y considerar correspondencias entre edad, sexo y orientación vocacional. Esta información es útil tanto para planear y orientar las actividades de aula, como para inquirir paradigmas y concepciones, y establecer el grado de abstracción y el conocimiento de los estudiantes sobre el alcance y la aplicabilidad de la química.

Graphic answers about meaning of chemistry were examined in men and women (around 17 years old) enrolled in remedial courses in sciences areas. Representations of laboratory material and chemical experiments predominated. The icons category (representations of sensations and feelings or isolated geometric figures) appears frequently in population around 17 years old. The analysis shows the percentage of population that includes the human body in their representation is never upper than 30%; when human representations were done, seems they are experimentalists; the human body is not part of the chemical study. By vocational orientation examination, predominance for men in scientific careers and women in health areas were found. The research concludes is possible enquire the essential perception about the chemistry by analyzing of graphic expressions and considering correlations between age, sex and vocational orientation. This information is useful to planning and orienting the classroom activities. In addition, it is possible to investigate paradigms and preconceptions and to stablish the abstraction level and the knowledge about scope and applicability of the chemistry.

Na esta pesquisa, examinaram as repostas gráficas de homens e mulheres jovens, de 17 anos na media, inscritos nas disciplinas de nivelação em ciências. A majoritária das respostas, com na população pesquisada, são referências ao material do laboratório e experimentos. A categoria denominada Ícones (representações de sensações ou sentimentos, ou figuras geométricas isoladas) aparece com frequência na população de 17 anos. Os analises apresentam que a percentagem da população que usa as expressões corporais nunca é maior que 30%. Quando aparecem figuras humanas, os seus cenários mostram que são experimentadores; o corpo humano não faz parte do estudo químico. Al perguntar sobre a orientação vocacional, encontrou se que os homens preferem carreiras científicas e as mulheres escolhem os programas da área da saúde. O artigo conclui que é possível indagar e analisar a percepção essencial sobre a química com a ajuda do estudo de expressões gráficas e encontrar correlações entre a idade, o sexo e a orientação vocacional. Esta informação é útil tanto para planear e orientar as atividades da aula quanto para inquirir paradigmas e concepções, e estabelecer o grado de abstração e o conhecimento dos estudantes sobre o alcance e a aplicabilidade da química.

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Graphics are powerful tools to communicate research results and to gain information from data. However, researchers should be careful when deciding which data to plot and the type of graphic to use, as well as other details. The consequence of bad decisions in these features varies from making research results unclear to distortions of these results, through the creation of "chartjunk" with useless information. This paper is not another tutorial about "good graphics" and "bad graphics". Instead, it presents guidelines for graphic presentation of research results and some uncommon, but useful examples to communicate basic and complex data types, especially multivariate model results, which are commonly presented only by tables. By the end, there are no answers here, just ideas meant to inspire others on how to create their own graphics.

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: A obesidade é um dos maiores e principais fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. A gordura epicárdica é encontrada em torno das artérias coronárias e do miocárdio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um protótipo de software capaz de quantificar a gordura em imagens de tomografia computadorizada. Foram encontrados estudos sobre o assunto, porém todos necessitam da interação do usuário. Os resultados foram avaliados positivamente por um cardiologista, que, hoje, delimita manualmente essa membrana. A gordura localizada em torno do coração contribui diretamente para a obstrução das artérias. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, no qual os pacientes receberam aproximadamente 20mg de metoprolol endovenoso, para controle da frequência cardíaca (faixa de 70bpm), e 5mg de dinitrato de isossorbida sublingual, para dilatação e melhor visualização das artérias coronárias. As mesmas imagens foram submetidas a três operadores, sendo um deles cardiologista, para que detectassem, de forma manual, a gordura nas imagens. O comparativo entre o sistema manual e automático foi realizado usando o RUMA, para identificar a validade do experimento automático. RESULTADO: O protótipo obteve um percentual médio de 91% de acerto das imagens analisadas. Esse percentual correspondeu à área de gordura encontrada de maneira automática em comparação àquela encontrada por intermédio do processo manual. CONCLUSÃO: As reais possibilidades de automatização de processos maçantes na área médica reforçam os resultados positivos obtidos por este trabalho. O sistema deve garantir ao cardiologista ou operador um tempo mais longo, a ser utilizado em trabalhos que exijam análise e delineamento do problema...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Obesity is one of the highest and major risk factors among those for cardiovascular diseases. The epicardial fat remains around the coronary arteries and myocardium. The objective of this work was to develope a prototype to quantify the epicardial fat in tomography images. We have found studies that address the topic, but in all of them the user interaction is necessary. The results were evaluated by a cardiologist with extensive experience. The fat localized around the heart directly contributes to bad prognosis. The aim of this study was to develop a prototype for the automatic detection of epicardial fat in computed tomography images. METHODS: Retrospective study, in which patients received around 20mg of intravenous metoprolol, for heart rate control (70bpm), and 5mg sublingual isosorbide dinitrate, to dilation and better visualization of the coronary arteries. These images were processed by one cardiologist and by two lay operators, to detect the fat manually. The RUMA method was used to validate the automatic process. RESULTS: The prototype achieved an average percentage of 91% correct images analyzed. This percentage corresponded to the area of fat found in an automatic way compared to that found by manual process. CONCLUSION: The real possibilities of automation of tiresome processes in the medical reinforce the positive results obtained in this work. This system must ensure a greater portion of time, that can be used in analysis that require a more critical thinking...

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A aproximação fisionômica é o método que busca, a partir do crânio, simular a fotografia de um indivíduo quando em vida. Deve ser empregada como último recurso, na busca de desaparecidos, quando não houver possibilidade de aplicação de um método válido de identificação. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter a aproximação fisionômica, a partir de um crânio seco e de tomografia computadorizada multislice de indivíduos vivos, através da função de base radial hermitiana (FBRH). Constituiu-se também em avaliar o resultado da mesma quanto ao reconhecimento. Na primeira etapa do estudo, foi utilizada a imagem escaneada de um crânio seco, de origem desconhecida, com o intuito de avaliar se a quantidade de pontos obtidos seria suficiente para aplicação da FBRH e consequente reconstrução da superfície facial. Na segunda fase, foram utilizadas três tomografias de indivíduos vivos, para análise da semelhança alcançada entre a face escaneada e as aproximações faciais. Nesta etapa, foi aplicada uma associação de diferentes metodologias já publicadas, para reconstrução de uma mesma região da face, a partir de um mesmo crânio. Na última etapa, foram simuladas situações de reconhecimento com familiares e amigos dos indivíduos doadores das tomografias. Observou-se que a metodologia de FBRH pode ser empregada em aproximação fisionômica. Houve reconhecimento positivo nos três sujeitos estudados, sendo que, em dois deles, os resultados foram ainda mais significativos. Desta forma, conclui-se que a metodologia é rápida, objetiva e proporciona o reconhecimento. Esta permite a criação de múltiplas versões de aproximações fisionômicas a partir do mesmo crânio, o que amplia as possibilidades de reconhecimento. Observou-se ainda que a técnica não exige habilidade artística do profissional...

Facial approximation works by building the visual face up from the skull. This method should be performed as last resort, to carry out for missing persons, when there is no other primary identification method avaliable. The purpose of this study was to introduce a new computerized method with hermite radial basis function (HRBF) for facial approximation using dry skull and computed tomography (CT). The same was also evaluated as a result of the recognition. Firstly, a scan of a dry unidentified skull image was used in order to assess if the amount of points would be sufficient for HRBF methodology and subsequent reconstruction of the facial surface. In second, three CT scans of living individuals were used to evaluate the similarity achieved between the real face scanned and facial approximations. An association of different facial structures reconstruction techniques already published for the same region of the face was applied for the same skull. Moreover, some situations from developed facial approximations were simulated, as recognition by a relative or parent, on a face pool-test. Results from the study showed that the purposed methodology can be used for facial approximation. At the three cases a correct approximation identification as one of a few possible matches to the missing person happened. In two of them, the results were consistently better at identifying the correct approximation. In conclusion, the proposed methodology is fast, objective and reaches visual identification. It is possible to perform multiple versions of the same skull, changing the selected data into the system, which maximizes the chances of establishing recognition of the target face. It was also observed that the technique does not need artistic interpretation...

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A aproximação fisionômica é o método que busca, a partir do crânio, simular a fotografia de um indivíduo quando em vida. Deve ser empregada como último recurso, na busca de desaparecidos, quando não houver possibilidade de aplicação de um método válido de identificação. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter a aproximação fisionômica, a partir de um crânio seco e de tomografia computadorizada multislice de indivíduos vivos, através da função de base radial hermitiana (FBRH). Constituiu-se também em avaliar o resultado da mesma quanto ao reconhecimento. Na primeira etapa do estudo, foi utilizada a imagem escaneada de um crânio seco, de origem desconhecida, com o intuito de avaliar se a quantidade de pontos obtidos seria suficiente para aplicação da FBRH e consequente reconstrução da superfície facial. Na segunda fase, foram utilizadas três tomografias de indivíduos vivos, para análise da semelhança alcançada entre a face escaneada e as aproximações faciais. Nesta etapa, foi aplicada uma associação de diferentes metodologias já publicadas, para reconstrução de uma mesma região da face, a partir de um mesmo crânio. Na última etapa, foram simuladas situações de reconhecimento com familiares e amigos dos indivíduos doadores das tomografias. Observou-se que a metodologia de FBRH pode ser empregada em aproximação fisionômica. Houve reconhecimento positivo nos três sujeitos estudados, sendo que, em dois deles, os resultados foram ainda mais significativos. Desta forma, conclui-se que a metodologia é rápida, objetiva e proporciona o reconhecimento. Esta permite a criação de múltiplas versões de aproximações fisionômicas a partir do mesmo crânio, o que amplia as possibilidades de reconhecimento. Observou-se ainda que a técnica não exige habilidade artística do profissional.

Facial approximation works by building the visual face up from the skull. This method should be performed as last resort, to carry out for missing persons, when there is no other primary identification method avaliable. The purpose of this study was to introduce a new computerized method with hermite radial basis function (HRBF) for facial approximation using dry skull and computed tomography (CT). The same was also evaluated as a result of the recognition. Firstly, a scan of a dry unidentified skull image was used in order to assess if the amount of points would be sufficient for HRBF methodology and subsequent reconstruction of the facial surface. In second, three CT scans of living individuals were used to evaluate the similarity achieved between the real face scanned and facial approximations. An association of different facial structures reconstruction techniques already published for the same region of the face was applied for the same skull. Moreover, some situations from developed facial approximations were simulated, as recognition by a relative or parent, on a face pool-test. Results from the study showed that the purposed methodology can be used for facial approximation. At the three cases a correct approximation identification as one of a few possible matches to the missing person happened. In two of them, the results were consistently better at identifying the correct approximation. In conclusion, the proposed methodology is fast, objective and reaches visual identification. It is possible to perform multiple versions of the same skull, changing the selected data into the system, which maximizes the chances of establishing recognition of the target face. It was also observed that the technique does not need artistic interpretation.

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Objetivo: Divulgar entre los investigadores en salud pública algunas propuestas de gráficos estadísticos multivariantes, tales como las caras de Chernoff, los gráficos de estrella, las curvas de Andrews y gráficos de radar. Material y método: Los gráficos estadísticos multivariantes propuestos son aplicados para describir los Sistemas de Salud Públicos de Chile, año 2010, (n=29) en base a información cuantitativa de dimensión p=7; ellos son procesados usando software estadísticos standard como R, STATA y SAS. Resultados: La descripción de los 29 Sistemas de Salud Públicos de Chile en base a información cuantitativa de dimensión siete, representados en cada uno de los gráficos multivariantes exhibidos, permite determinar conglomerados, estándares y tendencias. Conclusiones: La disponibilidad de eficientes software estadísticos sugiere complementar las indispensables estrategias de análisis exploratorio de nuestra información con representaciones gráficas adecuadas al contexto multidimensional que pueden ayudar a alcanzar una mejor comprensión del problema de interés. La síntesis gráfica generada por la aplicación de gráficos estadísticos multivariantes para describir los Sistemas de Salud Públicos de Chile complementa nuestro conocimiento de este aspecto de la realidad nacional, puede sugerir algunas hipótesis, refutar otras y ayudar en la interpretación de resultados complejos. Naturalmente esto es extensible a muchas otras situaciones de interés para el investigador salubrista.

Objective: To inform public health researches about some proposal of multivariate statistical graphics, such as Chernoff faces, star charts, Andrews curves and radar graphs. Its use is now possible thanks to recent software development. Material and method: Proposed multivariate statistical graphics are used to describe the Systems of Public Health of Chile, year 2010 (n = 29), using quantitative information with dimension p =7; these graphics are processed using standard statistical software such as R, STATA and SAS. Results: The description of the 29 systems of public health of Chile based on quantitative information from dimension seven, represented in each of multivariate graphs, allow to determine clusters, standards and trends. Conclusions: The availability of efficient statistical software indispensable suggests to complement strategies of exploratory analysis of our data with appropriate graphical representations of multidimensional context that can help us to achieve a better understanding of the problem of interest. The graphical summary generated by the application of multivariate statistical graphs to describe Public Health Systems of Chile complements our knowledge of this aspect of national life, may suggest hypotheses, refute others and assist in the interpretation of complex results. Naturally this can be extended to many other situations of interest to the health care professional.

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Considerando a necessidade de gerar análises da relação entre os dados ambientais e epidemiológicos que caracterizaram a incidência da malária nos municípios de Bragança, nas comunidades do Acarajó e Fazendinha e Augusto Corrêa, na comunidade do Treme, todas no estado do Pará, no período de 2001 a 2006, foi desenvolvido um modelo que integrou diversas geotecnologias emergentes. Para tal, foi utilizada a geoindexação de informações temáticas geradas em trabalhos de campo e laboratoriais, além de tecnologias de geoprocessamento, estatística e banco de dados epidemiológicos. Os resultados das análises foram expressos em bases cartográficas digitais. Para a realização da predição de risco de transmissão foi desenvolvido um módulo Fuzzy, com as características ambientais e socioeconômicas das áreas de estudo, em função das quais foi identificado um alto risco de transmissão pela doença, devido a práticas de desflorestamento e ocupação humana, nestes locais. Levando em consideração os resultados obtidos com a implementação do modelo, o mesmo foi considerado de grande potencial para análises ecoepidemiológicas de malária, em face dos objetivos preconizados.

Considering the need to analyze the relation between environmental and epidemiological data to characterize malaria incidence in Acarajó and Fazendinha communities, located in Bragança district, and also in Treme community, in Augusto Correa district, in the state of Pará, Brazil, between 2001 and 2006, an analysis model that integrated several emerging geotechnologies was developed. The proposed analysis used thematic information generated on laboratory and works, and also geoprocessing, epidemiological databases and statistical technologies. The results of the analysis were expressed on digital maps. In order to predict the transmissionrisk it was developed a fuzzy model with social, economic and environmental characteristics o f the study areas, that enabled the identification of high risk of disease transmission, due to deforestation and human occupation, in those areas. Considering the results obtained, the model was considered with great potential for eco-epidemiological analysis of malaria.

RESUMO

In real time computer graphics, "interactivity" is limited to a display rate of 30 frames per second. However, in multimodal virtual environments involving haptic interactions, a much higher update rate of about 1 kHz is necessary to ensure continuous interactions and smooth transitions. The simplest and most efficient interaction paradigm in such environments is to represent the haptic cursor as a point. However, in many situations, such as those in the development of real time medical simulations involving the interactions of long slender surgical tools with soft deformable organs, such a paradigm is nonrealistic and at least a line-based interaction is desirable. While such paradigms exist, the main impediment to their widespread use is the associated computational complexity. In this paper, we introduce, for the first time, an efficient algorithm for computing the interaction of a line-shaped haptic cursor and polygonal surface models which has a near constant complexity. The algorithm relies on space-time coherence, topological information, and the properties of lines in 3D space to maintain proximity information between a line segment and triangle meshes. For interaction with convex objects, the line is represented by its end points and a dynamic point, which is the closest point on the line to any potentially colliding triangle. To deal with multiple contacts and non-convexities, the line is decomposed into segments and a dynamic point is used for each segment. The algorithm may be used to compute collision detection and response with rigid as well as deformable objects with no performance penalty. Realistic examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.