RESUMO

Hybrid alkali-activated cements (HAACs), also known as cements with high percentages of alkali-activated supplementary materials, are alternative cements that combine the advantages of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and alkali-activated systems. These cements are composed of a minimum of 70% precursor material and a maximum of 30% OPC mixed with an alkaline activator. This article evaluates the corrosion performance of reinforced HAAC concrete based on fly ash (FA) under exposure to chlorides (FA/OPC, 80/20). Its performance is compared with that of a binary alkali-activated cement (AAC) based on FA and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) (FA/GBFS, 80/20). The tests performed on the concrete matrix correspond to the compressive strength and permeability to chloride ions. Using accelerated corrosion techniques (impressed voltage) and electrochemical tests after immersion in 3.5% NaCl, the progress of the corrosive process in the reinforcing steel is evaluated. The FA/OPC exhibit a better corrosion performance than the FA/GBFS concrete. At the end of the exposure to chlorides, the FA/OPC hybrid concrete presents the best performance, with a 49% lower corrosion rate than that of the FA/GBFS. Note that according to the polarization curves, the values of the proportionality constant B in the alkaline-activated concretes differ from the values recommended for concrete based on OPC.

RESUMO

Scant attention has been given to understanding the impact of creaming stability on the final structure of semi-sweet biscuits, an aspect that has traditionally concerned the biscuit industry. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to analyze the influence of the creaming phase stability on the quality attributes of rotary-molded biscuits. Doughs were formulated with 10.2% of fat (wet basis) and 16.3% of sucrose (w.b.), using two sucrose particle sizes, which were either added directly or after dilution in water at different concentrations. Additionally, the creaming phase was prepared using either a low-shear or a high-shear mixer. The results show that an aqueous-phase migration occurred when the creaming was blended in a low-shear mixer, when using either powdered sucrose or granular sucrose diluted in water at a high concentration. The phase separation was inhibited with the high-shear mixer, which provided a stable creaming. Notwithstanding the variation in creaming stability, no differences were observed in hardness, aeration, sweetness, color and noise intensity. Additionally, the micro-CT analysis revealed that biscuits had a similar microstructure (air porosity and thickness of biscuit walls) when they were prepared with either an unstable or a stable creaming phase. Consequently, creaming stability does not seem to affect the structure and the most relevant sensory attributes of rotary-molded biscuits under this set of experimental conditions, which are representative of those used by the industry for this product category.

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficiency of hemoperfusion in removing South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) venom from rats compared with neutralization by antivenom. DESIGN: An exploratory experimental investigation in rats involving the injection of snake venom with or without subsequent hemoperfusion or antivenom administration. SETTING: Basic animal research laboratory in a private university. ANIMALS: Normal, healthy male Wistar rats (0.29-0.40 kg, 3-6 months old) from a commercial breeder. INTERVENTIONS: Four experimental groups of randomly allocated rats (n = 3/group) were studied: Group 1: rats were injected with a single dose of venom (5 mg/kg, IM, in the right thigh) with no other treatment; blood samples were collected minutes before death to determine leukocyte, platelet, and erythrocyte counts; Group 2 (Control): rats underwent hemoperfusion alone for 60 min using a hemoperfusion cartridge designed for protein adsorption (by granulated charcoal) and protein precipitation (by tannic acid); Group 3 (Venom + antivenom): rats were injected with venom (5 mg/kg, IM) and, 10 min later, were treated with antivenom at the venom:antivenom ratio recommended by the manufacturer; Group 4 (Venom + hemoperfusion): Rats were injected with venom (5 mg/kg, IM) and, 10 min later, were hemoperfused for 60 min. In groups 2-4, blood samples were collected for leukocyte, platelet, and erythrocyte counts 24 h after venom. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Rats injected with venom alone (Group 1) developed signs of neurotoxicity and ataxia and died in 9.0 ± 0.43 h but showed no changes in leukocyte or erythrocyte counts. In contrast, there were no deaths in groups 2-4. The lack of deaths in Groups 3 and 4 indicated that antivenom and hemoperfusion, respectively, protected against the lethal effects of the venom. CONCLUSIONS: Hemoperfusion with a double-action hemoperfusion cartridge capable of protein adsorption and precipitation protected rats against C. d. terrificus venom.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and severe metabolic dysfunction, it's slow and progressive evolution interferes directly in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, causing hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polydipsia, hyperlipidaemia, among others. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of hydroethanolic extract and granulated of Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess., Clusiaceae, species in diabetic rats as well as it's biochemical parameters. The results demonstrated that both the pharmaceutical forms, hydroethanolic extract and granulated, were able to reduce significantly (p < 0.001) hyperglycemia and glycosuria, in addition to improve polydipsia, polyuria, and weight loss. Treatments using hydroethanolic extract and granulated were also able to reduce significantly levels of triacylglycerides, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein, as well as the transaminases, urea and creatinine levels. Therefore, it is concluded that these pharmaceutical forms have anti-diabetic effect and act improving the biochemical parameters, this effect is probably due to the high content of polyphenolic compounds found in the formulations.

RESUMO

A imobilização celular representa uma alternativa para a condução de bioprocessos. As células ficam retidas em matrizes e podem ser utilizadas por longos períodos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar uma nova metodologia de imobilização de fungos com custo reduzido, avaliar a viabilidade e segurança dos fungos submetidos ao novo método de encapsulamento e determinar a temperatura ideal para armazenar os fungos imobilizados. Os micélios dos fungos Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides e Penicillium solitum foram misturados com 15 g de arroz triturado e 3 g de alginato de sódio, que gotejava em uma solução de cloreto de cálcio a 0,25 M para a formação dos grânulos. Após a secagem em estufa a 26ºC, os grânulos foram armazenados em temperaturas ambiente, geladeira e freezer. Os plaqueamentos foram realizados a cada 15 dias em meio de cultura. As avaliações do tamanho das colônias e esporulação foram realizadas 7, 14 e 21 dias após o plaqueamento, durante 195 dias para A. niger, 225 dias para C. cladosporioides e 210 dias para P. solitum. A temperatura de armazenamento não afetou o desenvolvimento micelial de A. niger e P. solitum. Porém, a esporulação foi reduzida para os grânulos armazenados no freezer. O desenvolvimento micelial de C. cladosporioides foi influenciado pela temperatura. Os grânulos conservados em temperatura ambiente tiveram menor viabilidade. Na análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, observou-se que a imobilização é um método seguro no qual o micélio fúngico permanece no interior do grânulo, facilitando o transporte, o armazenamento e a aplicação de micro-organismos.(AU)

Cellular immobilization represents an alternative for the bioprocess conduction, in which the cells are kept in a matrix and can be used over long periods. The objective of this work was to test a new fungi immobilization methodology with reduced cost to evaluate the viability of these fungi when submitted to the new encapsulation method, and to determine the ideal temperature to store the immobilized fungi. The mycelium of the fungi Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Penicillium solitum were mixed with 15 g of titrated rice and 3 g of sodium alginate, which was dripped in a 0.25 M calcium chloride solution for the formation of pellets. After drying in an oven at 26ºC, the granules were stored at three temperatures: room, refrigerator and freezer. The platings were carried out every 15 days in culture medium. The evaluations of the colony size and sporulation were carried out 7, 14 and 12 days after plating, for 195 days for A. niger, 225 days for C. cladosporioides, and 210 days for P. solitum. Storage temperature did not affect the mycelial development of A. niger and P. solitum. However, sporulation was reduced for the granules stored in the freezer. The mycelial development of C. cladosporioides was influenced by temperature. The granules conserved at room temperature had lower viability than those stored in the refrigerator and freezer. In the Scanning Electronic Microscopy analysis, it was observed that the immobilization is a safe method in which the fungus mycelium remains inside the granule, facilitating transport, storage and application of micro-organisms.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

A imobilização celular representa uma alternativa para a condução de bioprocessos. As células ficam retidas em matrizes e podem ser utilizadas por longos períodos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar uma nova metodologia de imobilização de fungos com custo reduzido, avaliar a viabilidade e segurança dos fungos submetidos ao novo método de encapsulamento e determinar a temperatura ideal para armazenar os fungos imobilizados. Os micélios dos fungos Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides e Penicillium solitum foram misturados com 15 g de arroz triturado e 3 g de alginato de sódio, que gotejava em uma solução de cloreto de cálcio a 0,25 M para a formação dos grânulos. Após a secagem em estufa a 26ºC, os grânulos foram armazenados em temperaturas ambiente, geladeira e freezer. Os plaqueamentos foram realizados a cada 15 dias em meio de cultura. As avaliações do tamanho das colônias e esporulação foram realizadas 7, 14 e 21 dias após o plaqueamento, durante 195 dias para A. niger, 225 dias para C. cladosporioides e 210 dias para P. solitum. A temperatura de armazenamento não afetou o desenvolvimento micelial de A. niger e P. solitum. Porém, a esporulação foi reduzida para os grânulos armazenados no freezer. O desenvolvimento micelial de C. cladosporioides foi influenciado pela temperatura. Os grânulos conservados em temperatura ambiente tiveram menor viabilidade. Na análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, observou-se que a imobilização é um método seguro no qual o micélio fúngico permanece no interior do grânulo, facilitando o transporte, o armazenamento e a aplicação de micro-organismos.(AU)

Cellular immobilization represents an alternative for the bioprocess conduction, in which the cells are kept in a matrix and can be used over long periods. The objective of this work was to test a new fungi immobilization methodology with reduced cost to evaluate the viability of these fungi when submitted to the new encapsulation method, and to determine the ideal temperature to store the immobilized fungi. The mycelium of the fungi Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Penicillium solitum were mixed with 15 g of titrated rice and 3 g of sodium alginate, which was dripped in a 0.25 M calcium chloride solution for the formation of pellets. After drying in an oven at 26ºC, the granules were stored at three temperatures: room, refrigerator and freezer. The platings were carried out every 15 days in culture medium. The evaluations of the colony size and sporulation were carried out 7, 14 and 12 days after plating, for 195 days for A. niger, 225 days for C. cladosporioides, and 210 days for P. solitum. Storage temperature did not affect the mycelial development of A. niger and P. solitum. However, sporulation was reduced for the granules stored in the freezer. The mycelial development of C. cladosporioides was influenced by temperature. The granules conserved at room temperature had lower viability than those stored in the refrigerator and freezer. In the Scanning Electronic Microscopy analysis, it was observed that the immobilization is a safe method in which the fungus mycelium remains inside the granule, facilitating transport, storage and application of micro-organisms.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Cellular immobilization represents an alternative for the bioprocess conduction, in which the cells are kept in a matrix and can be used over long periods. The objective of this work was to test a new fungi immobilization methodology with reduced cost to evaluate the viability of these fungi when submitted to the new encapsulation method, and to determine the ideal temperature to store the immobilized fungi. The mycelium of the fungi Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioidesand Penicillium solitum were mixed with 15 g of titrated rice and 3 g of sodium alginate, which was dripped in a 0.25 M calcium chloride solution for the formation of pellets. After drying in an oven at 26ºC, the granules were stored at three temperatures: room, refrigerator and freezer. The platings were carried out every 15 days in culture medium. The evaluations of the colony size and sporulation were carried out 7, 14 and 12 days after plating, for 195 days for A. niger, 225 days for C. cladosporioides,and 210 days for P. solitum.Storage temperature did not affect the mycelial development of A. niger and P. solitum. However, sporulation was reduced for the granules stored in the freezer. The mycelial development of C. cladosporioides was influenced by temperature. The granules conserved at room temperature had lower viability than those stored in the refrigerator and freezer. In the Scanning Electronic Microscopy analysis, it was observed that the immobilization is a safe method in which the fungus mycelium remains inside the granule, facilitating transport, storage and application of micro-organisms.

A imobilização celular representa uma alternativa para a condução de bioprocessos. As células ficam retidas em matrizes e podem ser utilizadas por longos períodos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar uma nova metodologia de imobilização de fungos com custo reduzido, avaliar a viabilidade e segurança dos fungos submetidos ao novo método de encapsulamento e determinar a temperatura ideal para armazenar os fungos imobilizados. Os micélios dos fungos Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioidese Penicillium solitum foram misturados com 15 g de arroz triturado e 3 g de alginato de sódio, que gotejava em uma solução de cloreto de cálcio a 0,25 M para a formação dos grânulos. Após a secagem em estufa a 26ºC, os grânulos foram armazenados em temperaturas ambiente, geladeira e freezer. Os plaqueamentos foram realizados a cada 15 dias em meio de cultura. As avaliações do tamanho das colônias e esporulação foram realizadas 7, 14 e 21 dias após o plaqueamento, durante 195 dias para A. niger, 225 dias para C. cladosporioides e 210 dias para P. solitum. A temperatura de armazenamento não afetou o desenvolvimento micelial de A. nigere P. solitum. Porém, a esporulação foi reduzida para os grânulos armazenados no freezer. O desenvolvimento micelial de C. cladosporioides foi influenciado pela temperatura. Os grânulos conservados em temperatura ambiente tiveram menor viabilidade. Na análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, observou-se que a imobilização é um método seguro no qual o micélio fúngico permanece no interior do grânulo, facilitando o transporte, o armazenamento e a aplicação de micro-organismos.

RESUMO

This study reports the results of microscopic analysis for detecting and identifying magnetic particles in granulated sugar produced and commercialized in the regions of Ribeirão Preto, Bauru and Campinas of São Paulo State. The National Health Surveillance Agency through the REALI (Alert and Communication of Risks in Foods Network) nº17/2011 requested for the Sanitary Surveillance Groups action for supervising and collecting samples from sugar factories after consumers complaints. Sixty samples collected between 2011 e 2012 were analyzed at the Centers for Regional Laboratories of these three regions. The methodologies of scattering sample (Zamboni, 1986) and of dissolution of sample (AOAC, 2005) were employed for detecting the magnetic particles, and the results were evaluated according to legislations in force. Of 41 samples collected in 2011, 41.5 % contained magnetic particles up to 4.5 mm of length, and of 19 samples analyzed in 2012, 21.1 % contained particles up to 2.0 mm, which indicate fails in good practical of manufacture and potentials health risks, which require corrective measures in production. It is crucial to institute a legislation to set benchmarks and limits for the presence of these particles, and the greater integration among industry, scientific community and regulatory agencies to ensure safe food production.(AU)

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados do monitoramento realizado por meio das análises microscópicas para pesquisa e identificação de partículas magnéticas presentes em açúcar cristal produzido e comercializado nas regiões de Ribeirão Preto, Bauru e Campinas/SP. A Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária por meio da REALI (Rede de Alerta e Comunicação de Riscos em Alimentos) nº 17/2011 solicitou aos Grupos de Vigilância Sanitária a fiscalização e coleta de amostras nas usinas de açúcar após denúncias de consumidores. Sessenta amostras coletadas entre 2011 e 2012 foram analisadas nos Centros de Laboratórios Regionais dessas três regiões, utilizando-se as metodologias de espalhamento da amostra para análise visual (Zamboni, 1986) e de dissolução da amostra (Tec. Nº 945.80–AOAC, 2005). Os resultados foram avaliados segundo as legislações em vigor. Das 41 amostras de 2011, 41,5 % continham partículas magnéticas de até 4,5 mm de comprimento e das 19 amostras analisadas em 2012, 21,1 % continham partículas de até 2,0 mm, as quais indicam falhas nas boas práticas e riscos à saúde, exigindo-se medidas corretivas na produção. É necessária uma legislação que defina padrões de referência e limites para a presença destas partículas, além de maior entrosamento entre indústria, comunidade científica e órgãos reguladores para garantia de alimentos seguros.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The development of a simulator for a packing and weighing system (PWS) of granulated powder is described. It employed system identification to obtain the deterministic part of the model and stochastic processes to reproduce disturbances. It reproduces the fluctuations in carton weight observed in real packing systems. Its final use is to evaluate proposed improvements in the PWS, aiming at reducing overweight and underweight. Its performance is satisfactory, as the oscillations observed in the carton weights, due to powder density variability, are close to reality as well as the monetary losses due to overweight and underweight and the power spectral density graphs of the real and simulated weights.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This research was developed in hibrid urograndis (Eucalyptus urophylla Eucalyptus grandis)plantation belonging to Jari Celulose S.A., in Pará State, Brazil, from August 1994 to January 1995. The objective was to test one granulated bait with sulfluramid and three others with chlorpirifos in three dosages compared to 10 grams of dodecachlor (0.45%) bait per square meter of ant nest against Atta sexdens sexdens(Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The bait with sulfluramid showed 77.78%; 100.00%; and 88.90% efficiency against A. sexdens sexdensat 6, 8, and 10 grams while the dodecachlor bait showed 100.00% control. The other baits and dosages showed efficiency below 45.00%.

Este trabalho foi realizado em plantios de eucalipto urograndis (Eucalyptus urophylla Eucalyptus grandis)da Jari Celulose S.A., no município de Almeirim, Pará, no período de agosto/94 a janeiro/95. Foi testada a eficiência de uma isca granulada com sulfluramida e de três outras com clorpirifós, em três dosagens cada por metro quadrado de formigueiro, no controle de Atta sexdens sexdens(Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Os resultados foram comparados com os de uma isca à base de dodecacloro (0,45%) a 10 gramas por metro quadrado de formigueiro. A isca granulada com sulfluramida a 6, 8 e 10 gramas por metro quadrado de formigueiro apresentou 77,78%, 100,00% e 88,90% de controle, respectivamente, assemelhando-se à isca a base de dodecacloro que apresentou 100,00% de formigueiros mortos. As outras iscas, em qualquer dosagem, apresentaram eficiência abaixo de 45,00%.

RESUMO

This research was developed in hibrid urograndis (Eucalyptus urophylla Eucalyptus grandis)plantation belonging to Jari Celulose S.A., in Pará State, Brazil, from August 1994 to January 1995. The objective was to test one granulated bait with sulfluramid and three others with chlorpirifos in three dosages compared to 10 grams of dodecachlor (0.45%) bait per square meter of ant nest against Atta sexdens sexdens(Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The bait with sulfluramid showed 77.78%; 100.00%; and 88.90% efficiency against A. sexdens sexdensat 6, 8, and 10 grams while the dodecachlor bait showed 100.00% control. The other baits and dosages showed efficiency below 45.00%.

Este trabalho foi realizado em plantios de eucalipto urograndis (Eucalyptus urophylla Eucalyptus grandis)da Jari Celulose S.A., no município de Almeirim, Pará, no período de agosto/94 a janeiro/95. Foi testada a eficiência de uma isca granulada com sulfluramida e de três outras com clorpirifós, em três dosagens cada por metro quadrado de formigueiro, no controle de Atta sexdens sexdens(Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Os resultados foram comparados com os de uma isca à base de dodecacloro (0,45%) a 10 gramas por metro quadrado de formigueiro. A isca granulada com sulfluramida a 6, 8 e 10 gramas por metro quadrado de formigueiro apresentou 77,78%, 100,00% e 88,90% de controle, respectivamente, assemelhando-se à isca a base de dodecacloro que apresentou 100,00% de formigueiros mortos. As outras iscas, em qualquer dosagem, apresentaram eficiência abaixo de 45,00%.

RESUMO

The experiment was carried out on adult orange-trees in the county of Limeira, SP, Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the efficiency of insecticide granules with 15% aldicarb and 5% imidadoprid, applied to the soil, to control the citrus coccid Orthezia praelonga Douglas, 1891. Treatments were six: A) check; B) aldicarb, 100g/pl; C) aldicarb, 65g/pl; D) imidacloprid 100g/pl; E) aldicarb, 130g/pl; F) imidacloprid, 75g/pl of commercial insecticide granules. Six evaluations were made, one previous and other five 07, 20, 34, 49 and 70 days after application. The most efficient treatments were E and B at 49 and 70 days, respectively.

Com o objetivo de se avaliar a eficiência de inseticidas granulados no controle da Orthezia praelonga em laranjeiras, foram empregados o aldicarbe 15% e o imidaclopride 5%, aplicados ao solo. Os tratamentos foram seis, com quatro repetições: A) testemunha; B) aldicarbe, 100g/pl; C) aldicarbe, 65g/pl; D) imidaclopride, 100g/pl; E) aldicarbe, 130g/pl; F) imidaclopride, 75g/pl. Foram feitas seis avaliações: uma prévia e outras cinco após 07, 20, 34, 49 e 70 dias da aplicação. Os melhores tratamentos foram: aldicarbe 100g/pl e aldicarbe, 130g/pl, aos 49 e 70 dias, respectivamente.

RESUMO

The experiment was carried out on adult orange-trees in the county of Limeira, SP, Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the efficiency of insecticide granules with 15% aldicarb and 5% imidadoprid, applied to the soil, to control the citrus coccid Orthezia praelonga Douglas, 1891. Treatments were six: A) check; B) aldicarb, 100g/pl; C) aldicarb, 65g/pl; D) imidacloprid 100g/pl; E) aldicarb, 130g/pl; F) imidacloprid, 75g/pl of commercial insecticide granules. Six evaluations were made, one previous and other five 07, 20, 34, 49 and 70 days after application. The most efficient treatments were E and B at 49 and 70 days, respectively.

Com o objetivo de se avaliar a eficiência de inseticidas granulados no controle da Orthezia praelonga em laranjeiras, foram empregados o aldicarbe 15% e o imidaclopride 5%, aplicados ao solo. Os tratamentos foram seis, com quatro repetições: A) testemunha; B) aldicarbe, 100g/pl; C) aldicarbe, 65g/pl; D) imidaclopride, 100g/pl; E) aldicarbe, 130g/pl; F) imidaclopride, 75g/pl. Foram feitas seis avaliações: uma prévia e outras cinco após 07, 20, 34, 49 e 70 dias da aplicação. Os melhores tratamentos foram: aldicarbe 100g/pl e aldicarbe, 130g/pl, aos 49 e 70 dias, respectivamente.