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Para evaluar la resistencia a fluoroquinolonas en aislamientos clínicos de cocos grampositivos se revisaron los resultados de los cultivos procesados en el Centro de Referencia Bacteriológica del Servicio Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, durante el periodo enero 2011-diciembre 2015. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el software WHONETTM, (versión 5,6) y el IBM® SPSS® Statistics para Windows, (versión 25). Se encontró una frecuencia de 29,70% para los cocos grampositivos (9.292 cepas), correspondiendo el 76,18% de los aislamientos al género Staphylococcus (7.072); 15,30% a Enterococcus (1.422) y 8,59% a Streptococcus (798). Para Staphylococcus, la resistencia fue mayor en cepas resistentes a meticilina. Las tasas de resistencia más elevadas se detectaron en los enterococos, especialmente en Enterococcus faecium resistente a vancomicina. No se detectó resistencia a fluoroquinolonas en las cepas de Enterococcus faecalis resistentes a vancomicina. Los estreptococos, incluyendo Streptococcus pneumoniae, se mostraron, mayormente, sensibles a las fluoroquinolonas. La mayoría de las cepas de estafilococos y enterococos; presentó, resistencia cruzada a todas las fluoroquinolonas probadas. La distribución de la resistencia a las fluoroquinolonas por año de estudio en cada género bacteriano fue diferente. La resistencia a las fluoroquinolonas muestra una tendencia creciente en los tres géneros de cocos grampositivos evaluados
To evaluate the resistance to fluoroquinolones in clinical isolates of Gram-positive cocci records of processed culture al the Bacteriological Reference Center of the Autonomous Service University Hospital of Maracaibo during the period January 2011-December 2015, were reviewed. The data was analyzed using WHONETTM software (version 5.6) and IBM® SPSS® Statistics for Windows (version 25). A frequency of 29.70% was found for Gram-positive cocci (9,292 strains), with 76.18% of isolates corresponding to the genus Staphylococcus (7,072); 15.30% to Enterococcus (1422) and 8.59% to Streptococcus (798). For Staphylococcus, resistance was higher in methicillin-resistant strains. The highest resistance rates were detected in enterococci, especially vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. No resistance to fluoroquinolones was detected in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis strains. Streptococci, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, were mostly sensitive to fluoroquinolones. Most strains of staphylococci and enterococci; presented cross resistance to all tested fluoroquinolones. The distribution of resistance to fluoroquinolones per year of study in each bacterial genus was different. Resistance to fluoroquinolones shows an increasing trend in the three genera of Gram-positive cocci evaluated
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Abstract Background: The increasingly frequent use of dermoscopy makes us think about the possibility of transfer of microorganisms, through the dermatoscope, between doctor and patients. Objectives: To identify the most frequent gram-positive cocci in dermatoscopes and smartphone adapters, as well as the resistance profile, and to evaluate the factors associated with a higher risk of bacterial contamination of the dermatoscopes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 118 dermatologists from Porto Alegre/Brazil between September 2017 and July 2018. Gram-positive cocci were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and habits of use of the dermatoscope were evaluated through an anonymous questionnaire. Results: Of the dermatoscopes analysed, 46.6% had growth of gram-positive cocci on the lens and 37.3% on the on/off button. The microorganisms most frequently found were S. epidermidis, S. hominis and S. warneri. Attending a hospital, using the dermatoscope at the hospital, with inpatients and in the intensive care unit were significantly associated with colonisation by gram-positive cocci. The highest resistance rates were observed for penicillin, erythromycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Study limitations: The non-search of gram-negative bacilli, fungi and viruses. Moreover, the small number of adapters did not make it possible to better define if the frequency differences were statistically significant. Conclusion: Coagulase-negative staphylococci were frequently identified. S. aureus was detected only on the lens.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/epidemiologia , Cocos Gram-Positivos/isolamento & purificação , Dermoscopia/instrumentação , Smartphone , Dermatologistas/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Risco , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Cocos Gram-Positivos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cocos Gram-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Distribuição por Sexo , Distribuição por Idade , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antibacterianos/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The increasingly frequent use of dermoscopy makes us think about the possibility of transfer of microorganisms, through the dermatoscope, between doctor and patients. OBJECTIVES: To identify the most frequent gram-positive cocci in dermatoscopes and smartphone adapters, as well as the resistance profile, and to evaluate the factors associated with a higher risk of bacterial contamination of the dermatoscopes. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 118 dermatologists from Porto Alegre/Brazil between September 2017 and July 2018. Gram-positive cocci were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and habits of use of the dermatoscope were evaluated through an anonymous questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the dermatoscopes analysed, 46.6% had growth of gram-positive cocci on the lens and 37.3% on the on/off button. The microorganisms most frequently found were S. epidermidis, S. hominis and S. warneri. Attending a hospital, using the dermatoscope at the hospital, with inpatients and in the intensive care unit were significantly associated with colonisation by gram-positive cocci. The highest resistance rates were observed for penicillin, erythromycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. STUDY LIMITATIONS: The non-search of gram-negative bacilli, fungi and viruses. Moreover, the small number of adapters did not make it possible to better define if the frequency differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Coagulase-negative staphylococci were frequently identified. S. aureus was detected only on the lens.
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Dermatologistas/estatística & dados numéricos , Dermoscopia/instrumentação , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/epidemiologia , Cocos Gram-Positivos/isolamento & purificação , Smartphone , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Feminino , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Cocos Gram-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Cocos Gram-Positivos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) by using 190 Catalase-negative Gram-Positive Cocci (GPC) clinical isolates. METHODS: All isolates were identified by conventional phenotypic tests following the proposed scheme by Ruoff and Christensen and MALDI-TOF MS (Bruker Daltonics, BD, Bremen, Germany). Two different extraction methods (direct transfer formic acid method on spot and ethanol formic acid extraction method) and different cut-offs for genus/specie level identification were used. The score cut-offs recommended by the manufacturer (≥ 2.000 for species-level, 1.700 to 1.999 for genus level and <1.700 no reliable identification) and lower cut-off scores (≥1.500 for genus level, ≥ 1.700 for species-level and score <1.500 no reliable identification) were considered for identification. A minimum difference of 10% between the top and next closest score was required for a different genus or species. MALDI-TOF MS identification was considered correct when the result obtained from MS database agreed with the phenotypic identification result. When both methods gave discordant results, the 16S rDNA or sodA genes sequencing was considered as the gold standard identification method. The results obtained by MS concordant with genes sequencing, although discordant with conventional phenotyping, were considered correct. MS results discordant with 16S or sodA identification were considered incorrect. RESULTS: Using the score cut-offs recommended by the manufacturer, 97.37% and 81.05% were correctly identified to genus and species level, respectively. On the other hand, using lower cut-off scores for identification, 97.89% and 94.21% isolates were correctly identified to genus and species level respectively by MALDI-TOF MS and no significant differences between the results obtained with two extraction methods were obtained. CONCLUSION: The results obtained suggest that MALDI-TOF MS has the potential of being an accurate tool for Catalase-negative GPC identification even for those species with difficult diagnosis as Helcococcus, Abiotrophia, Granulicatella, among others. Nevertheless, expansion of the library, especially including more strains with different spectra on the same species might overcome potential "intraspecies" variability problems. Moreover, a decrease of the identification scores for species and genus-level identification must be considered since it may improve the MALDI-TOF MS accuracy.
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Introducción. La resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos es un problema de salud mundial. Las investigaciones relacionadas con este problema emergente son indispensables para reconocer y desarrollar programas para su vigilancia y control. Objetivo. Revisar y comentar las contribuciones de los investigadores mexicanos en el área de la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura científica relacionada con la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos producida por investigadores mexicanos y registrada en Medline-PubMed entre 1973 y julio de 2013. Resultados. En 66 publicaciones, las contribuciones de investigadores mexicanos incluyeron datos sobre la resistencia de agentes patógenos entéricos como Salmonella Typhi, múltiples contribuciones sobre la producción de betalactamasas de espectro extendido, de metalobetalactamasas y de carbapenemasas, los mecanismos de resistencia en Pseudomonas aeruginosa y la evolución de la resistencia en cocos Gram positivos como Streptococcus pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus y Enterococcus spp., entre otros. Conclusiones. Los datos publicados en los últimos 40 años son fuente adecuada para entender la evolución de la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos y desarrollar programas para su control.
Introduction: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a worldwide public health concern. Research priorities for the study and control of this emerging problem include country-wide surveillance. Objective: To review and comment on the contributions by Mexican investigators towards a greater understanding of the mechanisms of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Materials and methods: A comprehensive search of the medical literature on Medline/PubMed between 1973 and July 2013 was performed. Results: The contributions of Mexican investigators have included descriptions of resistance in enteric pathogens, such as Salmonella Typhi, publications on the production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases, metallo-beta-lactamases, and carbapenemases, resistance mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and the evolution of resistance in Gram-positive pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus , and Enterococcus spp. Conclusion: The Mexican literature on mechanisms of bacterial resistance is relevant for the development of plans to control the antibiotic resistance crisis.
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Humanos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bibliometria , Evolução Biológica , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterobacteriaceae/enzimologia , Enterobacteriaceae/genética , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/enzimologia , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/genética , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/enzimologia , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/genética , Cooperação Internacional , México , Estudos Retrospectivos , Especificidade por Substrato , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: determinar a correlação da coloração de Gram com o resultado final das culturas de LBA em pacientes cirúrgicos sob ventilação mecânica com PAV clínica. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 252 amostras de lavado broncoalveolar em pacientes com clínica de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica com trauma ou cuidados de pós-operatório. As amostras de coloração de Gram foram classificadas como cocos Gram-positivos e bacilos Gram-negativos, todos os outros resultados foram excluídos. Culturas de lavado broncoalveolar foram comparadas aos resultados da coloração de Gram. RESULTADOS: A correlação entre a coloração de Gram e a cultura do lavado broncoalveolar apresentou índice kappa de 0,27. A sensibilidade da coloração de Gram foi 53,9% e a especificidade de 80,6%. Considerando a identificação de cocos Gram-positivos comparada com os outros resultados (negativos e bacilos Gram-negativos), o valor preditivo negativo foi 94,8%. Na avaliação de bacilos Gram-negativos comparada com os outros resultados (negativos e cocos Gram-positivos), a sensibilidade foi 27,1% e a especificidade foi 95,4%. CONCLUSÃO: O valor preditivo negativo para cocos Gram-positivos parece ser aceitável, mas a sensibilidade da coloração de Gram na etiologia de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica não permite prever qual é o micro-organismo antes da cultura.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation of Gram staining with the culture of bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with clinical features of ventilator-associated pneumonia from two adult trauma and surgical intensive care units. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 252 samples of bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with clinical ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma or surgical postoperative care. Gram staining samples were classified as Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli, all other results being excluded. Cultures from bronchoalveolar lavage were compared with Gram staining results. RESULTS: The correlation between Gram staining and culture from the bronchoalveolar lavage showed a kappa index of 0.27. The sensitivity of Gram staining was 53.9% and the specificity, 80.6%. Considering the identification of Gram-positive cocci against other results (negative and Gram-negative bacilli), the negative predictive value was 94.8%. The evaluation of Gram-negative bacilli against other results (negative and Gram-positive cocci) rendered a sensitivity of 27.1% and a specificity of 95.4%. CONCLUSION: It appears that the negative predictive value for Gram-positive cocci is acceptable, but the sensitivity of Gram staining in the etiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia was not able to identify the microorganism before culture.
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Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Lavagem Broncoalveolar , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/microbiologia , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Violeta Genciana , Fenazinas , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
La hematuria macroscópica es un síntoma y signo clínico más que una enfermedad por sí misma, dado que detrás de ésta siempre habrá una enfermedad responsable. La hematuria macroscópica, a diferencia de la microscópica, siempre obliga al médico a estudiarla exhaustivamente puesto que múltiples enfermedades pueden ser la posible etiología y, a su vez, pudiera generarse gran morbilidad para el paciente en caso de no ser rápidamente identificadas y tratadas. La historia clínica y el examen físico del paciente son el pilar fundamental para guiar el enfoque paraclínico inicial de los pacientes. Este último debe ser iniciado con el uroanálisis y según su resultado, se deben continuar los estudios necesarios para corroborar o confirmar las sospechas diagnósticas generadas en el interrogatorio y el examen clínico inicial. Se presenta un caso inusual de una paciente de 12 años con hematuria macroscópica franca, quien llega al servicio de urgencias pediátricas sin antecedentes claros que guiaran a un diagnóstico inicial, motivo por lo cual se le realizan varios paraclínicos para descartar enfermedades frecuentemente asociadas a este motivo de consulta. Finalmente se llega a un diagnóstico inusual de cistitis hemorrágica por Enterococcus Sp., del cual no se encontraron casos reportados previamente en la literatura. Este caso inusual permite hacer una revisión de la literatura respecto a la hematuria macroscópica en la población pediátrica, con el fin de puntualizar yaclarar el enfoque diagnóstico.
Gross hematuria is more a symptom and clinical sign than a disease by itself, because behind this there is always a disease that is responsible for it. Gross hematuria always obligates to be studied because many potentially complicated diseases might generate some morbidity for patient. Clinical history and physical examination are fundamental for guiding initial laboratory approach in our patients, which should be started with an urinalysis and continued as necessary for corroborating suspected diagnosis by clinical history and physical examination. We present an unusual case of 12 years old patient with gross hematuria that comes to emergency department, some laboratories test were taken looking for the most frequent pathologies, but we made the diagnosis of a very unusual case of enterococcal hemorrhagic cystitis, about what there are no previous reports in medical literature. This unusual case allows a review of literature on macroscopic haematuria in paediatric population in order to clarify the diagnostic approach in this type of symptomatology, as was done in this patient.
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Cistite/sangue , Bactérias Gram-Positivas , Cocos Gram-Positivos , HemorragiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: methicillin- and also vancomycin (glycopeptide)-resistant Gram-positive organisms have emerged as an increasingly problematic cause of hospital-acquired infections, also spreading into the community. Vancomycin (glycopeptide) resistance has emerged primarily among Enterococci, but the MIC values of vancomycin for the entire Staphylococcus species are also increasing worldwide. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the aim of our review is to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of newer antibiotics with activity against methicillin-resistant and glycopeptide-resistant Gram-positive cocci, on the ground of our experience at a tertiary care metropolitan Hospital, and the most recent literature evidences in this field. RESULTS: Quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, daptomycin, and tigecycline show an excellent in vitro activity, comparable to the activity of vancomycin and teicoplanin for methicillin-resistant staphylococci, and superior to the one that vancomycin for vancomycin-resistant isolates. Dalbavancin, televancin, and oritavancin are new lipoglycopeptide agents with excellent activity against Gram-positive cocci, and have superior pharmacodynamics properties compared to vancomycin. We review the bacterial spectrum, clinical indications and practical use, pharmacologic properties, and expected adverse events and contraindications associated with each of these novel antimicrobial agents, compared with the present standard of care. DISCUSSION: linezolid activity is substantially comparable to that of vancomycin in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia, although its penetration into the respiratory tract is exceptionally elevated. Tigecycline has activity against both Enterococus species and MRSA; it is also active against a broad spectrum of Enterobacteriaceae and anaerobes, which allows for use intraabdominal, diabetic foot and surgical infections. Daptomycin has a rapid bactericidal activity for ...
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Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Cocos Gram-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/tratamento farmacológico , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Introducción: el constante incremento de la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos, hace necesario disponer de herramientas terapéuticas. La tigeciclina es un nuevo antibiótico, derivado de la minociclina, y ha demostrado excelente actividad in vitro en contra de un amplio espectro de microorganismos. Objetivo: describir la sensibilidad de las bacterias aerobias grampositivas y gramnegativas a la tigeciclina, aisladas de muestras clínicas, en un hospital de cuarto nivel de atención. Metodología: se realizó la identificación por medios convencionales y el estudio de sensibilidad a la tigeciclina por el método de difusión con disco, a bacterias cultivadas de muestras (con excepción de orina) provenientes de pacientes atendidos en el servicio de Urgencias y ambulatorios. Resultados: en total se estudiaron 2 515 bacterias. El 100% de las cepas de Staphylococcus aureus (651), Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa (382) y Enterococcus spp. (276) es sensible a la tigeciclina. Del mayor número de enterobacterias analizadas, Escherichia coli (511) presentó una sensibilidad del 99.8%, Klebsiella pneumoniae (332) un 93.1% y Enterobacter cloacae (129) del 96.9%. Las cepas que presentaron mecanismos de resistencia como Staphylococcus spp. oxacilino resistentes y enterobacterias productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido presentaron altos porcentajes de sensibilidad a la tigeciclina. Conclusiones: la tigeciclina, como en la mayoría de los estudios realizados en otras regiones del mundo, presentó una excelente actividad in vitro en las bacterias cultivadas en las muestras clínicas de este Hospital y, por tanto, podría ser una opción en el tratamiento, tanto empírico como terapéutico, de las infecciones en las que esté indicado su uso.
Introduction: The steady increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics, will require new therapeutic strategies. Tigecycline is a new antibiotic derived from minocycline, which has demonstrated excellent in vitro activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. Objective: To describe the sensitivity of Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic bacteria to tigecycline, isolated from clinical samples, in a fourth-level hospital. Methods: The identification was carried out by conventional methodsof identification and the susceptibility study to tigecycline by the disk diffusion method, to isolated bacteria specimens (except urine) from patients treated in the emergency and outpatient department. Results: A total of 2515 bacteria strains were included. 100% of strains of Staphylococcus aureus (651), Staphylococcus coagulase negative (382) and Enterococcus spp. (276), were susceptible to tigecycline. The largest number of Enterobacteriaceae tested, Escherichia coli (511) had a sensitivity of 99.8%, Klebsiella pneumoniae (332) a 93.1% and Enterobacter cloacae (129) of 96.9%. The strains that showed resistance mechanisms such as Staphylococcus spp. oxacillin-resistant or Enterobacteriaceae producing extended spectrum beta lactamases showedhigh rates of susceptibility to tigecycline. Conclusions: Tigecycline, as with most studies conducted in other regions of the world, presented an excellent in vitro activity in bacteria isolated in the clinical samples from this hospital and therefore could be an option in treating both as empirical therapy of infections in which its use is indicated.
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Humanos , Antibacterianos , beta-Lactamases , Minociclina , Cocos Gram-PositivosRESUMO
Automated instruments offer many advantages for clinical laboratories. Nevertheless, they can have problems identifying and determining susceptibilities of some pathogens. Vitek® 2 (bioMérieux) is an automated system that was recently introduced to Brazil. We evaluated the performance of this equipment for Brazilian isolates that had been characterized using reference identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. Ninety-nine strains of Gram-positive cocci from a local reference center collection were analyzed, consisting of 50 coagulasenegative Staphylococcus (CoNS) and 49 Enterococcus and related species. Vitek® 2 correctly identified 79.8 percent (79/99) of the isolates. Oxacillin resistance was detected in 76 percent (19/25) of resistant S. epidermidis strains and in 88 percent (22/25) of other resistant CoNS species strains. Vancomycin resistance was detected in 100 percent (20/20) of resistant Enterococcus and related species strains. Vitek® 2 performed very well for the identification of S. epidermidis and non-epidermidis staphylococci, and for the detection of vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus and related species. However, the system needs improvement in order to provide reliable results for the characterization of some CoNS species, identification of Enterococcus and related species and for detecting oxacillin resistance in CoNS.
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Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Automação Laboratorial/métodos , Enterococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterococcus/classificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/instrumentação , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Staphylococcus/classificaçãoRESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO: A infecção do trato urinário (ITU) é uma das mais comuns na clínica médica. Os testes que utilizam tiras reagentes detectam significativamente mais infecções por bactérias gram-negativas do que por espécies gram-positivas, uma vez que o teste de nitrito não revela a presença de patógenos gram-positivos em muitos casos. OBJETIVOS: Explorar a microbiologia e a freqüência de infecção urinária por cocos em adultos sintomáticos, relacionando-as com o resultado de nitrito urinário, para traçar o perfil epidemiológico desses pacientes. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Um estudo retrospectivo foi conduzido na Secretaria de Saúde do município de Maringá-PR, no período de abril de 2004 a março de 2005. RESULTADOS: Amostras de urina de 3.426 pacientes foram coletadas e analisadas. Um total de 448 (13,1 por cento) amostras foi positivo para cultura. Em 388 (86,6 por cento) casos houve crescimento de bacilos gram-negativos (BGN) e em 60 (13,4 por cento) casos, cocos gram-positivos (CGP). A análise estatística de co-morbidades revelou diferença significativa na proporção de pacientes com hipertensão (31,3 por cento com nitrito positivo versus 4,5 por cento com nitrito negativo, p < 0,05). Os pacientes com resultado de nitrito positivo relataram febre em proporção maior que os com nitrito negativo (75 por cento versus 43,2 por cento, respectivamente; p < 0,05). Staphylococcus aureus redutores de nitrato mostraram maior resistência à ciprofloxacina (66,7 por cento) quando em comparação com os isolados não-redutores (100 por cento sensíveis). CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo preliminar mostrou que a avaliação de sinais clínicos e sintomas, juntamente com o resultado de nitrito urinário na tira reagente, poderia auxiliar o médico na tomada de decisões importantes.
BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is among the most common infections in medical center. Urinalysis tests detect significantly more gram-negative infections than those due to gram-positive bacteria because the urinary nitrite test does not detect the presence of gram-positive pathogens in many cases. OBJECTIVES: Explore the microbiology and frequency of UTI by coccus in symptomatic adult patients, comparing them with urinary nitrite results, in order to delineate the epidemiological profile of these patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective analysis was conducted from April 2004 through March 2005 at Health Center, Maringa, Brazil. RESULTS: Urine specimens from 3,426 patients were collected and examined. A total of 448 (13.1 percent) samples had positive culture results. There were 388 (86.6 percent) strains of gram-negative rods and 60 (13.4 percent) of gram-positive cocci. A statistical analysis of patients' comorbidities revealed a significant difference in the proportion of patients with hypertension (31.3 percent with positive nitrite vs. 4.5 percent with negative nitrite, p < 0.05). The proportion of patients with positive nitrite who had fever was larger than patients with negative nitrite (75 percent vs. 43.2 percent respectively, p < 0.05). Nitrate-reducing Staphylococcus aureus showed high level resistance to ciprofloxacin (66.7 percent) in comparison with nitrite-negative isolates (100 percent sensitive). CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study had shown that evaluation of clinical signs and symptoms, together with urinary nitrite result, could help physician to take important decisions.