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The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria calls for innovative approaches to combat multidrug-resistant strains. Here, the potential of the standard histological stain, Giemsa, to act as a photosensitizer (PS) for antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains is reported. Bioassays were performed using various Giemsa concentrations (ranging from 0.0 to 20.0 µM) under 625 nm illumination at a light dose of 30 J cm-2. Remarkably, Giemsa completely inhibited the growth of MSSA and MRSA bacterial colonies for concentrations at 10 µM and higher but exhibited no inhibitory effect without light exposure. Partition coefficient analysis revealed Giemsa's affinity for membranes. Furthermore, we quantified the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and singlet oxygen (1O2) to elucidate the aPDI mechanisms underlying bacterial inactivation mediated by Giemsa. These findings highlight Giemsa stain's potential as a PS in aPDI for targeting multidrug-resistant bacteria.

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Objetivo: Describir las aberraciones citogenéticas que pueden ser observadas por medio de la técnica Giemsa en fluorescencia y encontradas en pacientes con cáncer antes y después de ser sometidos a tratamiento con radioterapia. Métodos: Se analizó un mínimo de 200 metafases en primera división mitótica antes y después del tratamiento de radioterapia en nueve pacientes que asistieron a la sección de radioterapia del Hospital San Juan de Dios Costa Rica. En cada caso se contabilizó cada tipo de cromosomopatía por medio de la prueba de Giemsa en fluorescencia y utilizando bromodeoxiuridina y naranja de acridina. Resultados: Las cromosomopatías producidas por radioterapia se observaron tanto antes como después del tratamiento sin embargo destacó el incremento en la frecuencia de los cromosomas dicéntricos y anillos céntricos una vez finalizada la terapia. La frecuencia de fracturas cromatídicas de asociaciones satelíticas y de alteraciones morfológicas no se ve afectada por la radioterapia. Uno de los participantes presentó un recuento mitótico bajo. Conclusión: La radioterapia aumenta significativamente la frecuencia de los cromosomas dicéntricos y dicéntricos más anillos en la muestra en estudio. Este trabajo es relevante por ser el primer estudio en Costa Rica en el que se analizan los cromosomas dicéntricos como biomarcadores de exposición a radiaciones ionizantes mediante la prueba de Giemsa en fluorescencia y utilizando bromodeoxiuridina y naranja de acridina.

Aim: The objective of this study was to describe the before and after cytogenetic aberrations found in current patients of radiotherapy. This can be observed through the technique called "Giemsa in fluorescence" Methods: A minimum of 200 metaphases were analyzed in the first mitotic division in 9 patients. The patients where observed before and after radiotherapy treatment at the San Juan de Dios Hospital in Costa Rica. In each case any type of chromosomopathy was counted using the "Giemsa in fluorescence" test as well as Bromodeoxyuridine and acridine orange. Results: The chromosomopathies are observed before and after treatment with radiotherapy. The treatment seems to change the frecuency increasing the dicentric chromosomes and centric rings after the treatment. The frequency of chromatid fractures satellite associations and morphological alterations were not affected by radiotherapy. Conclusion: The chromosomopathies produced by radiotherapy were observed both before and after treatment with variations in their frequency. After radiotherapy dicentric chromosomes and dicentric chromosomes plus rings frequencies increased significantly. A low mitotic count was present this could have been the result of radiation on the bone marrow or by the cell repair and apoptosis system. The standardized " Fluorescence Plus Giemsa" test using Bromodesoxyuridine and acridine orange was used for the fiesta time in Costa Reica. This allowed for the measurement of radiation exposure used in the treatment or detection of diseases and cancer in pacients.

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Para evaluar los aspectos morfológicos, clínicos y de laboratorio, en sujetos sintomáticos y asintomáticos con infección por Blastocystis spp. se analizaron 250 muestras fecales de individuos del Hospital Universitario "Antonio Patricio de Alcalá", Cumaná, estado Sucre, previo consentimiento informado. Cada espécimen fecal fue analizado mediante examen directo, la cuantificación del cromista se hizo en diez campos consecutivos de 40X, el análisis morfométrico mediante frotis fecales teñidos con Giemsa observados a 100X, midiendo las estructuras con un micrómetro ocular. Del total de individuos evaluados 32,00% presentó infección por el cromista, 31,25% con monoinfección con más de 5 parásitos por campo de 400X, de los cuales 71,25% de ellos fueron sintomáticos. El morfotipo mayormente identificado fue el de cuerpo central, aunque en una sola muestra de consistencia líquida, se identificó también el de resistencia, hallazgo que no fue posible en el examen directo. En lo concerniente al análisis morfométrico, al evaluar los diámetros de los morfotipos de cuerpo central en pacientes con y sin síntomas, mediante la prueba no paramétrica W Mann-Whitney, se evidenció correspondencia entre ellos (W= 5360,0; p<0,05). El estudio morfológico, la cuantificación del número de parásitos por campo y la utilización de técnicas de tinción complementarias, pueden contribuir a optimizar el diagnóstico de laboratorio.

To evaluate morphological, clinical and laboratory aspects in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects with Blastocystis spp. 250 faecal samples were analyzed from individuals of the University Hospital "Antonio Patricio de Alcalá", Cumaná, Sucre state, with prior informed consent. Each fecal specimen was analyzed by direct examination, Ritchie and Kinyoun method; The quantification of the chromist was done in ten consecutive 40X fields, the morphometric analysis by fecal smears stained with Giemsa observed at 100X, measuring the structures by an ocular micrometer. Of the total of individuals evaluated 32.00% presented infection by the chromist, 31.25% with monoinfection with more than 5 parasites per field of 400X, of which 71.25% of them were symptomatic. The most identified morphotype was that of the central body, although in a single of liquid consistency, resistance morphotype was also identified, a finding that was not possible in the direct examination. Regarding the morphometric analysis, when evaluating the diameters of the morphotypes of the central body in patients with and without symptoms, by means of the non-parametric W Mann-Whitney test, the correspondence between them was evidenced (W= 5360,0; p<0,05). The morphological study, the quantification of the number of parasites per field and the use of complementary staining techniques, may contribute to optimize the laboratory diagnosis.

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Resumen Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) es una bacteria Gram negativa inmóvil, caracterizada por ser un microorganismo intracelular obligado y por poseer un ciclo reproductivo en el que puede distinguirse una forma infecciosa extracelular metabólicamente inerte (cuerpo elemental - EB's), y una forma no infecciosa intracelular y activa (cuerpo reticulado - RB's). C trachomatis se caracteriza por causar infección en humanos, está relacionada con enfermedades de transmisión sexual e infecciones oculares; por lo que puede conllevar a secuelas de interés, si no se da un tratamiento oportuno. El objetivo de este estudio fue optimizar el modelo de infección de C. trachomatis en células HEp-2 con cuerpos elementales (EB's) de C. trachomatis serovar L2. Inicialmente, se establecieron las condiciones para el crecimiento adecuado de las células HEp-2 en tiempo y con una confluencia del 90%, para continuar con la optimización de un protocolo de infección. La infección fue confirmada a partir de la coloración con Giemsa permitiendo evaluar características morfológicas tanto de las células HEp-2 sin infectar e infectadas, y así mismo, de los cuerpos elementales de C. trachomatis. Finalmente, se corroboró la infección con la técnica de inmunofluorescencia directa que detecta la proteína de membrana MOMP de C. trachomatis. Tras los ensayos realizados se evidenció la presencia de cuerpos elementales próximos y dentro del citoplasma celular, así como células vacuoladas y daño celular causado por la infección.

Abstract Chlamydia trachomatis (C. Trachomatis) is a Gram negative unmoving bacterium, characterized by being an obligate intracellular microorganism and having a reproductive cycle in which a metabolically inactive extracellular infectious form (elementary body - EB's) can be distinguished from an intracellular active and non-infectious form (reticulated body - RB's). C trachomatis is characterized by causing infection in humans, is related to sexually transmitted diseases and eye infections, so it can lead to sequelae of interest if timely treatment is not given. The objective of this study was to optimize the infection model of C. trachomatis in HEp-2 cells with elementary bodies (EB's) of C. trachomatis serovar L2. Initially, the conditions for the adequate growth of HEp-2 cells were established in time and with a confluence of 90%, to continue with the optimization of an infection protocol. The infection was confirmed from the staining with Giemsa allowing to evaluate morphological characteristics of both uninfected and infected HEp-2 cells and also of the elementary bodies of C. trachomatis. Finally, the infection was corroborated with the direct immunofluorescence technique, that detects the C. trachomatis MOMP membrane protein. After the tests were performed, the presence of elementary bodies nearby and within the cellular cytoplasm was evidenced, as well as vacuolated cells and cellular damage caused by the infection.

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Melanoma is a neoplasm originating from melanocytes and represents 7% of skin tumors and the most common in oral cavity of dogs. Melanoma may present melanocytic pigment in its cytoplasm in varying quantity and its characterization by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is challenging due to the use of chromogen diaminobenzidine (DAB) which itself produces a brown product what makes difficult to distinguish from melanin pigment in this technique. To demonstrate a reliable technique, the use of the Giemsa counterstaining was performed in the IHC of melanomas with different degrees of pigmentation for different cytoplasmic, membrane and nuclear markers. The modification in the IHC technique by the counterstaining of Giemsa allows observable differences under the microscope between melanic pigment(in a blue-green stain), while the DAB chromogen will be observed in brown. With this technique, the prognostic and predictive interpretation of markers in canine melanomas may be more reliable in definitions of clinical behaviors and inexperimental analyzes.(AU)

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Melanoma is a neoplasm originating from melanocytes and represents 7% of skin tumors and the most common in oral cavity of dogs. Melanoma may present melanocytic pigment in its cytoplasm in varying quantity and its characterization by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is challenging due to the use of chromogen diaminobenzidine (DAB) which itself produces a brown product what makes difficult to distinguish from melanin pigment in this technique. To demonstrate a reliable technique, the use of the Giemsa counterstaining was performed in the IHC of melanomas with different degrees of pigmentation for different cytoplasmic, membrane and nuclear markers. The modification in the IHC technique by the counterstaining of Giemsa allows observable differences under the microscope between melanic pigment(in a blue-green stain), while the DAB chromogen will be observed in brown. With this technique, the prognostic and predictive interpretation of markers in canine melanomas may be more reliable in definitions of clinical behaviors and inexperimental analyzes.

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This study was aimed at comparing the commonly used metachromatic stains viz., Papanicolaou stain, WrightGiemsa, Toluidine blue and Methylene blue in the assessment of cell types of the oestrous cycle in rats. Eight female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 8-9 weeks were used for this assessment. Cotton Swabs were gently inserted in the animals vagina to obtain cells from which they were then transferred to glass slides for staining and evaluation under microscopy. The different cell types were compared for their morphological features and clarity of cellular detail under all four stains. The application, advantages and limitations of all stains were then discussed. It was concluded that the selection of the most effective stain in the assessment of vaginal cytology depends on their application to clinical or research which was based on the cellular detail of interest, time, cost and availability of each staining procedure.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar las tinciones metacromáticas comúnmente utilizadas, Wright's-Giemsa, azul de toluidina, azul de metileno y tinción de Papanicolaou, en la evaluación de los tipos de células del ciclo estral en ratas. El estudio se realizó en ocho ratas hembras SpragueDawley, con edades entre 8 y 9 semanas, y se usaron hisopos vaginales de algodón para preparar portaobjetos. Los diferentes tipos de células se compararon por sus características morfológicas y claridad en las cuatro tinciones. La aplicación, ventajas y limitaciones de todas las tinciones fueron discutidas. Se concluye que la selección de la tinción más efectiva en la evaluación de la citología vaginal depende de su uso, es decir, clínico o de investigación, el detalle celular de interés, tiempo, costo y disponibilidad.

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Enteric nervous plexuses have been the object of several studies, specially the myenteric plexus whose studies describe its organization, functions and alterations. On the other hand, the submucosal plexus has been less studied and still needs descriptive studies. To analyze morphologically and quantitatively submucosal neurons of the jejunum of 90-day-old healthy rats using different techniques for neuronal staining as a way to provide normality data to compare with future experimental studies. Whole mount preparations of the jejunum were submitted to Giemsa, NADH-diaphorase and NADPH-diaphorase techniques to stain the total neuronal population, more metabolically active subpopulation and subpopulation of nitrergic neurons, respectively. Neurons of the submucosal plexus of adult rats are mainly organized in ganglia with varied sized and shapes. Giemsa technique stained 243.93 ± 7.68 neurons per mm2. Regarding the total population stained by Giemsa, NADH- diaphorase positive (139.09 ± 11.14/mm2) neurons represented 57 % and NADPH-diaphorase positive (18.17 ± 0.28/mm2) represented 7.5 %. The area of the cell body was bigger in nitrergic neurons (412.29 ± 150.22) than in the ones stained by Giemsa (254.71 ± 63.32) and NADH-diaphorase positive (243.98 ± 123.82).

El plexo nervioso entérico ha sido objeto de varios estudios, especialmente el plexo mientérico, cuyos estudios consisten en describir su organización, funciones y alteraciones. Por otro lado, el plexo submucoso ha sido menos investigado y todavía necesita estudios descriptivos. Para analizar morfológica y cuantitativamente las neuronas de la submucosa del yeyuno de ratas de 90 días de edad, se realizaron diferentes técnicas de tinción neuronales, en animales sanos, como una forma de proporcionar datos de normalidad y compararlo con futuros estudios experimentales. Se realizaron montajes con preparados enteros del yeyuno que fueron sometidos a las técnicas de Giemsa, de NADPH-diaforasa y NADH-diaforasa para teñir la población total neuronal, subpoblación más activa metabólicamente y subpoblación de neuronas nitrérgicas, respectivamente. Las neuronas del plexo submucoso de ratas adultas se organizan principalmente en los ganglios con variaciones de tamaño y formas. Con la técnica de Giemsa se tiñeron 243.93±7.68 neuronas por mm2. Con respecto a la población total teñida con Giemsa, fueron positivas para NADH- diaforasa en 139.09 ±11.14 / mm2 neuronas, representando el 57% y fueron positivas para NADPH-diaforasa en 18,17 ± 0,28 / mm2 neuronas, lo que representó el 7,5%. El área del cuerpo celular fue mayor en neuronas nitrérgicas (412,29 ± 150.22) que en las teñidas con Giemsa (254,71 ± 63,32) y NADH-diaforasa positivas (243,98 ± 123,82).

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Several laboratory methods to evaluate ram sperm quality have been developed. The combination of different fluorescent probes is suitable to simultaneously evaluate different sperm characteristics but the need fora fluorescent microscope restricts its use. The Aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of Hypoosmotic Trypan Blue Giemsa (HTBG) staining to simultaneously detect sperm morphological abnormalities, plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity using phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy as the gold standards. Samples from twelve fresh ejaculates from three rams (4 ejaculates/ram) were used in the study. Sperm cells were evaluated using HTBG, phase contrast (PC) and fluorescent (FLUO) techniques. HTBG was more effective in detecting sperm defects when compared to PC (P < 0.05). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between HTBG and FLUO in the assessment of plasmatic membrane and acrosome integrity. High correlation between HTBG and FLUO techniques was observed when assessing plasma membrane and acrosome (R = 0.97 and 0.96, respectively). In conclusion, the HTBG staining is suitable to assess ram sperm morphology, plasma and acrossomal membrane integrity simultaneously.(AU)

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Several laboratory methods to evaluate ram sperm quality have been developed. The combination of different fluorescent probes is suitable to simultaneously evaluate different sperm characteristics but the need fora fluorescent microscope restricts its use. The Aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of Hypoosmotic Trypan Blue Giemsa (HTBG) staining to simultaneously detect sperm morphological abnormalities, plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity using phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy as the gold standards. Samples from twelve fresh ejaculates from three rams (4 ejaculates/ram) were used in the study. Sperm cells were evaluated using HTBG, phase contrast (PC) and fluorescent (FLUO) techniques. HTBG was more effective in detecting sperm defects when compared to PC (P 0.05) were observed between HTBG and FLUO in the assessment of plasmatic membrane and acrosome integrity. High correlation between HTBG and FLUO techniques was observed when assessing plasma membrane and acrosome (R = 0.97 and 0.96, respectively). In conclusion, the HTBG staining is suitable to assess ram sperm morphology, plasma and acrossomal membrane integrity simultaneously.

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Genotoxic and hematological parameters in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), a native freshwater fish, were used as biomarkers to assess exposure to environmental stressors within the Maracanã Protected Area of Maranhão State, Brazil. Fish were sampled at two sites-Serena Lagoon (control) and Ambude River-on four occasions (dry and rainy season), and biometric data (length and weight) recorded and blood collected from all fish for analysis. Erythrocyte indices-mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration-were calculated. Blood samples were stained with Giemsa and acridine orange, and microscopically examined for micronuclei and morphological nuclear abnormalities. Micronuclei were observed in fish from both sites, although the frequency was significantly higher in fish from the Ambude River and morphological nuclear abnormalities were only observed in fish from the Ambude River. More morphological nuclear abnormalities and a larger number of micronuclei were observed in erythrocytes stained with acridine orange compared with those stained with Giemsa. On average, erythrocyte indices were lower in fish from the Ambude River than from the Serena Lagoon. The results confirm that genotoxic and hematological parameters in C. macropomum can be used as indicators of environmental health and could be valuable tools for monitoring environmental conditions within protected areas.

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Introduction: Several special staining methods are available for H. pylori (Hp) identification in histological sections of chronic gastritis (CG), including the routine hematoxylin-eosin (HE) method. Some reports suggest that ancillary stains are not always needed to establish the diagnosis of Hp infection. In addition, the benefit of using them, when biopsies show minimal inflammation, is not clear. Objective: We performed a retrospective study to compare the usefulness of HE with Giemsa method for the histopathological diagnosis of Hp in tissue sections. Methods: Histological sections from 390 consecutive patients were reviewed. The patients were registered in the histopathology laboratory of Instituto Alfa de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brasil. They were divided in 4 groups according to the gastric inflammatory changes as follows: Group I, gastric mucosa with normal morphology or minimal inflammatory changes (n = 146); Group II, chronic gastritis (CG) with mild inflammatory activity (n = 101); Group III, CG with patent inflammatory activity (n = 123); Group IV, patients with atrophic body gastritis (n = 20). All histological sections were carefully evaluated by 2 examiners at the oil immersion objective (1000×). Results: The identification of Hp was positive by Giemsa and HE, respectively at: Group III, 111 (90.2%) and 93 (75.6%) patients (p < 0.01); Group II, 43 (42.6%) and 29 (28.7%) patients (p < 0.05). Hp was negative in Groups I and IV. Conclusion: The results show that Giemsa stain is superior to HE for histological identification of Hp in CG. Although Hp could be identified by HE stain in the majority of CG cases, a significant number of infected patients may be neglected, regardless the intensity of the inflammatory response. .

Introdução: Diversos métodos de coloração especial estão disponíveis para a identificação da bactéria H. pylori (Hp) em cortes histológicos. Entretanto, questiona-se a utilidade desses métodos na rotina diária dos laboratórios de patologia diagnóstica. Objetivos: Comparar a utilidade da coloração por hematoxilina-eosina (HE) com a do Giemsa para diagnóstico histopatológico do Hp. Materiais e métodos: Foram revistos os cortes histológicos de 390 pacientes consecutivos cadastrados no Laboratório de Histopatologia do Instituto Alfa de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Os pacientes foram divididos em quatro grupos: Grupo I - mucosa gástrica apresentando morfologia normal (n = 146); Grupo II - gastrite crônica (GC) com atividade inflamatória discreta (n = 101); Grupo III - CG com atividade inflamatória patente (n = 123); Grupo IV - pacientes com gastrite atrófica corpo (n = 20). Todos os cortes histológicos foram cuidadosamente avaliados por dois examinadores no aumento microscópico de imersão (1000×). Resultados: A identificação do Hp foi positiva pelo Giemsa e pela HE em, respectivamente, 111 (90,2%) e 93 (75,6%) pacientes do Grupo III (p < 0,01) e em 43 (42,6%) e 29 (28,7%) pacientes (p < 0,05) do Grupo II, e negativa nos grupos I e IV. Conclusão: Os resultados mostram que a coloração pelo Giemsa é superior à pelo HE para identificação do Hp em cortes histológicos. Conclui-se que o Hp pode ser visualizado pelo HE na maioria dos casos de GC, contudo, um número significativo de pacientes infectados pode ser negligenciado, independentemente da intensidade da resposta inflamatória. .

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Disfunción vaginal (DV) (vaginosis/vaginitis) es el síndrome genérico de mayor prevalencia, alcanzando el 50% de todas las mujeres en edad fértil (sintomáticas y asintomáticas). El virus del Papiloma Humano (HPV) se detecta en 30 a 40% de mujeres en edad fértil (sintomáticas y asintomáticas) y se asocia a alteraciones pre-neoplásicas y a carcinoma invasor del cuello uterino. El diagnóstico sindrómico de DV y alteraciones inducidas por HPV es ineficiente y en la actualidad la morfología (macro y microscópica) es el gold standard, pero requiere ordenamiento. El Estudio del Contenido Vaginal es la prueba de laboratorio bacteriológico de mayor solicitud luego del urocultivo. BACOVA normatiza el diagnóstico de vaginosis/vaginitis y ERIGE aumenta el valor predictivo de células que alertan sobre alteraciones epiteliales. Desde 2007 al presente en los talleres BACOVA ERIGE (tinción de Giemsa) se evaluó la sensibilidad de la detección de células anormales exfoliadas. Un 99% de los participantes coincidió con la detección de koi-locitos. BACOVA/ERIGE no reemplaza al Papanicolaou de ninguna manera, pero puede y debe realizarse en laboratorios periféricos, con lo que además del diagnóstico de vaginosis/vaginitis con 100% de valor predictivo, aumentan la cobertura preventiva de estados proliferativos.

Vaginal dysfunction (DV) (vaginosis/vaginitis) is the generic syndrome of major prevalence, reaching 50% of all women in fertile age (symptomatic and asymptomatic). The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is detected in 30-40% of women in fertile age (symptomatic and asymptomatic) and is associated to pre-neoplastic lesions and invading carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The diagnosis for the symptoms of DV and the alterations induced by HPV are inefficient and at present, the morphology (macroscopic and microscopic) is the standard gold, but it needs better classification. The Study of the Vaginal Content is the test of major request after urocultives in bacteriological laboratories. BACOVA establishes the procedure for the diagnosis of vaginosis/vaginitis and ERIGE increases the predictive value of cells that give the alarm on epithelial alterations. From 2007 to the present sensitivity in the detection of abnormal exfoliated cells from vagina and uterine cervix was evaluated during the BACOVA - ERIGE, (Giemsa's stain) workshops, 99% of the participants coincided with the detection of koilocytes. BACOVA/ERIGE does not replace the Papanicolaou by any means, but it can and must be performed in peripheral laboratories, where apart from the diagnosis of vaginosis/vaginitis with 100% of predictive value, it is possible to increase the detection of precocious proliferative changes of the squamous epithelium.

Disfungào vaginal (DV) (vaginose / vaginite) é a síndrome mais prevalente genérica, atingindo 50% de todas as mulheres em idade fértil (sintomáticas e assintomáticas). O Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) é detectado em 30-40% das mulheres em idade fértil (sintomáticas e assintomáticas) e está associado a alteragòes pré-neoplásicas e a carcinoma invasivo do colo do útero. O diagnóstico sindrómico de DV e alteragòes induzidas pelo HPV é ineficiente e atualmente a morfologia (macroscópica e microscópica) é o padrào ouro, mas precisa de ordenamento. O Estudo do Conteúdo Vaginal é o exame de laboratòrio bacteriológico mais solicitado, seguido da urocultura. BACOVA normatiza o diagnòstico de vaginose/ vaginite e ERIGE aumenta o valor preditivo de células que alertam a respeito de alteragòes epiteliais. Desde 2007 até hoje, nos workshops BACOVA/ERIGE (coloragào de Giemsa), foi avaliada a sensibili-dade da detecgào de células anormais esfoliadas. 99% dos participantes coincidiram com a detecgào de coilócitos. Bacova/Erige nào substitui o Papanicolaou de forma alguma, mas pode e deve ser feito em laboratórios periféricos, com o qual além do diagnóstico de vaginose / vaginite com 100% de valor preditivo, aumentam a cobertura preventiva de estados proliferativos.

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Disfunción vaginal (DV) (vaginosis/vaginitis) es el síndrome genérico de mayor prevalencia, alcanzando el 50% de todas las mujeres en edad fértil (sintomáticas y asintomáticas). El virus del Papiloma Humano (HPV) se detecta en 30 a 40% de mujeres en edad fértil (sintomáticas y asintomáticas) y se asocia a alteraciones pre-neoplásicas y a carcinoma invasor del cuello uterino. El diagnóstico sindrómico de DV y alteraciones inducidas por HPV es ineficiente y en la actualidad la morfología (macro y microscópica) es el gold standard, pero requiere ordenamiento. El Estudio del Contenido Vaginal es la prueba de laboratorio bacteriológico de mayor solicitud luego del urocultivo. BACOVA normatiza el diagnóstico de vaginosis/vaginitis y ERIGE aumenta el valor predictivo de células que alertan sobre alteraciones epiteliales. Desde 2007 al presente en los talleres BACOVA ERIGE (tinción de Giemsa) se evaluó la sensibilidad de la detección de células anormales exfoliadas. Un 99% de los participantes coincidió con la detección de koi-locitos. BACOVA/ERIGE no reemplaza al Papanicolaou de ninguna manera, pero puede y debe realizarse en laboratorios periféricos, con lo que además del diagnóstico de vaginosis/vaginitis con 100% de valor predictivo, aumentan la cobertura preventiva de estados proliferativos.(AU)

Vaginal dysfunction (DV) (vaginosis/vaginitis) is the generic syndrome of major prevalence, reaching 50% of all women in fertile age (symptomatic and asymptomatic). The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is detected in 30-40% of women in fertile age (symptomatic and asymptomatic) and is associated to pre-neoplastic lesions and invading carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The diagnosis for the symptoms of DV and the alterations induced by HPV are inefficient and at present, the morphology (macroscopic and microscopic) is the standard gold, but it needs better classification. The Study of the Vaginal Content is the test of major request after urocultives in bacteriological laboratories. BACOVA establishes the procedure for the diagnosis of vaginosis/vaginitis and ERIGE increases the predictive value of cells that give the alarm on epithelial alterations. From 2007 to the present sensitivity in the detection of abnormal exfoliated cells from vagina and uterine cervix was evaluated during the BACOVA - ERIGE, (Giemsas stain) workshops, 99% of the participants coincided with the detection of koilocytes. BACOVA/ERIGE does not replace the Papanicolaou by any means, but it can and must be performed in peripheral laboratories, where apart from the diagnosis of vaginosis/vaginitis with 100% of predictive value, it is possible to increase the detection of precocious proliferative changes of the squamous epithelium.(AU)

DisfungOo vaginal (DV) (vaginose / vaginite) é a síndrome mais prevalente genérica, atingindo 50% de todas as mulheres em idade fértil (sintomáticas e assintomáticas). O Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) é detectado em 30-40% das mulheres em idade fértil (sintomáticas e assintomáticas) e está associado a alteragòes pré-neoplásicas e a carcinoma invasivo do colo do útero. O diagnóstico sindrómico de DV e alteragòes induzidas pelo HPV é ineficiente e atualmente a morfologia (macroscópica e microscópica) é o padrOo ouro, mas precisa de ordenamento. O Estudo do Conteúdo Vaginal é o exame de laboratòrio bacteriológico mais solicitado, seguido da urocultura. BACOVA normatiza o diagnòstico de vaginose/ vaginite e ERIGE aumenta o valor preditivo de células que alertam a respeito de alteragòes epiteliais. Desde 2007 até hoje, nos workshops BACOVA/ERIGE (coloragOo de Giemsa), foi avaliada a sensibili-dade da detecgOo de células anormais esfoliadas. 99% dos participantes coincidiram com a detecgOo de coilócitos. Bacova/Erige nOo substitui o Papanicolaou de forma alguma, mas pode e deve ser feito em laboratórios periféricos, com o qual além do diagnóstico de vaginose / vaginite com 100% de valor preditivo, aumentam a cobertura preventiva de estados proliferativos.(AU)

RESUMO

Se comunica el diagnóstico de un caso de histoplasmosis asociada al SIDA a partir de la microscopía de un extendido hemático realizado en oportunidad del procesamiento de una muestra enviada al laboratorio para un estudio hematológico. El extendido, fijado con metanol y teñido con solución de Giemsa al 10% reveló, con objetivo de 100X, estructuras levaduriformes de 2-4 µ de diámetro dentro de las células leucocitarias sanguíneas, con la típica tinción en casquete y la presencia de un halo claro periférico, que caracterizan microscópicamente a Histoplasma capsulatum. Luego, para confirmar el hallazgo micológico, se procedió a teñir el mismo preparado con la técnica de Grocott, la cual puso de manifiesto levaduras de color pardo, dentro de los leucocitos sanguíneos. El paciente, deteriorado clínica e inmunológicamente (<50 linfocitos T CD4+/µL), falleció al día siguiente de efectuado el diagnóstico, a pesar de las medidas terapéuticas tomadas. Este hallazgo pone de manifiesto la necesidad de contar, en un Centro de Referencia de Enfermedades Infecciosas, con operadores entrenados para reconocer estructuras microbianas de importancia diagnóstica en extendidos hemáticos, aún en el Laboratorio General. El diagnóstico inmediato de ésta y otras infecciones graves, como el paludismo, a partir de estas muestras permite instalar un tratamiento etiológico y mejorar las posibilidades de éxito terapéutico.

A case of AIDS-associated histoplasmosis diagnosed by microscopy from a blood smear performed during a hematologic study was reported. The smear, fixed with methanol and stained with 10% Giemsa solution, revealed with a 100X objective, 2-4 µ-diameter yeast - like structures within the leuMicrobiología contakocytes, showing a typical staining in cap and a peripheral clear halo, characteristic of Histoplasma capsulatum. To confirm the mycological finding, the same smear was stained with the Grocott technique, showing brownish yeasts in the leucocytes. The patient, clinically deteriorated and with advanced immunological disorder (<50 T CD4+ lymphocytes/µL), died the next day after the diagnosis was made, in spite of the established treatments. This finding highlights the need to have operators trained in the recognition of microbiological structures of diagnostic importance in hematological smears in a Reference Center of Infectious Diseases, and even in the General Laboratory. The immediate diagnosis of this and other serious infections, as Malaria, enables the etiologic treatment and increases the possibilities of therapeutic success.

Comunica-se o diagnóstico de um caso de histoplasmose associada à AIDS, de uma microscopia de extensão sanguínea realizada por ocasião do processamento de uma amostra enviada ao laboratório para um estudo hematológico. A extensão, fixada com metanol e corada com solução de Giemsa a 10%, revelou com objetivo de 100X, estruturas leveduriformes de 2-4 µ diâmetro dentro de células leucocitárias do sangue, com a típica coloração em tampão e a presença de um halo claro periférico, os quais caracterizam microscopicamente a Histoplasma capsulatum. Em seguida, para confirmar o achado micológico, foi corada a mesma preparação com a técnica de Grocott, que mostrou leveduras de cor parda, dentro dos leucócitos sanguíneos. O paciente clínica e imunologicamente deteriorado (<50 células T CD4+/ µL) morreu um dia após o diagnóstico, apesar das medidas terapêuticas adotadas. Este achado evidencia a necessidade de contar, em um Centro de Referência para Doenças Infecciosas, com operadores treinados para reconhecer estruturas microbianas de importância diagnóstica em extensões sanguíneas, mesmo no Laboratório Geral. O diagnóstico imediato desta e de outras infecções graves como a Malária, a partir de uma extensão sanguínea torna possível instalar um tratamento etiológico e melhorar as chances de êxito terapêutico.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Se comunica el diagnóstico de un caso de histoplasmosis asociada al SIDA a partir de la microscopía de un extendido hemático realizado en oportunidad del procesamiento de una muestra enviada al laboratorio para un estudio hematológico. El extendido, fijado con metanol y teñido con solución de Giemsa al 10% reveló, con objetivo de 100X, estructuras levaduriformes de 2-4 A de diámetro dentro de las células leucocitarias sanguíneas, con la típica tinción en casquete y la presencia de un halo claro periférico, que caracterizan microscópicamente a Histoplasma capsulatum. Luego, para confirmar el hallazgo micológico, se procedió a teñir el mismo preparado con la técnica de Grocott, la cual puso de manifiesto levaduras de color pardo, dentro de los leucocitos sanguíneos. El paciente, deteriorado clínica e inmunológicamente (<50 linfocitos T CD4+/AL), falleció al día siguiente de efectuado el diagnóstico, a pesar de las medidas terapéuticas tomadas. Este hallazgo pone de manifiesto la necesidad de contar, en un Centro de Referencia de Enfermedades Infecciosas, con operadores entrenados para reconocer estructuras microbianas de importancia diagnóstica en extendidos hemáticos, aún en el Laboratorio General. El diagnóstico inmediato de ésta y otras infecciones graves, como el paludismo, a partir de estas muestras permite instalar un tratamiento etiológico y mejorar las posibilidades de éxito terapéutico.(AU)

A case of AIDS-associated histoplasmosis diagnosed by microscopy from a blood smear performed during a hematologic study was reported. The smear, fixed with methanol and stained with 10% Giemsa solution, revealed with a 100X objective, 2-4 A-diameter yeast - like structures within the leuMicrobiología contakocytes, showing a typical staining in cap and a peripheral clear halo, characteristic of Histoplasma capsulatum. To confirm the mycological finding, the same smear was stained with the Grocott technique, showing brownish yeasts in the leucocytes. The patient, clinically deteriorated and with advanced immunological disorder (<50 T CD4+ lymphocytes/AL), died the next day after the diagnosis was made, in spite of the established treatments. This finding highlights the need to have operators trained in the recognition of microbiological structures of diagnostic importance in hematological smears in a Reference Center of Infectious Diseases, and even in the General Laboratory. The immediate diagnosis of this and other serious infections, as Malaria, enables the etiologic treatment and increases the possibilities of therapeutic success.(AU)

Comunica-se o diagnóstico de um caso de histoplasmose associada O AIDS, de uma microscopia de extensÒo sanguínea realizada por ocasiÒo do processamento de uma amostra enviada ao laboratório para um estudo hematológico. A extensÒo, fixada com metanol e corada com soluþÒo de Giemsa a 10%, revelou com objetivo de 100X, estruturas leveduriformes de 2-4 A diÔmetro dentro de células leucocitárias do sangue, com a típica coloraþÒo em tampÒo e a presenþa de um halo claro periférico, os quais caracterizam microscopicamente a Histoplasma capsulatum. Em seguida, para confirmar o achado micológico, foi corada a mesma preparaþÒo com a técnica de Grocott, que mostrou leveduras de cor parda, dentro dos leucócitos sanguíneos. O paciente clínica e imunologicamente deteriorado (<50 células T CD4+/ AL) morreu um dia após o diagnóstico, apesar das medidas terapÛuticas adotadas. Este achado evidencia a necessidade de contar, em um Centro de ReferÛncia para Doenþas Infecciosas, com operadores treinados para reconhecer estruturas microbianas de importÔncia diagnóstica em extens§es sanguíneas, mesmo no Laboratório Geral. O diagnóstico imediato desta e de outras infecþ§es graves como a Malária, a partir de uma extensÒo sanguínea torna possível instalar um tratamento etiológico e melhorar as chances de Ûxito terapÛutico.(AU)

RESUMO

Define an experimental model by evaluating quantitative and morphometric changes in myenteric neurons of the colon of mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Twenty-eight Swiss male mice were distributed into groups: control (CG, n=9) and inoculated with 100 (IG100, n=9) and 1000 (IG1000, n=10) blood trypomastigotes, Y strain-T. cruzi II. Parasitemia was evaluated from 3-25 days post inoculation (dpi) with parasites peak of 7.7 × 10(6) and 8.4 × 10(6) trypomastigotes/mL at 8th dpi (p>0.05) in IG100 and IG1000, respectively. Chronic phase of the infection was obtained with two doses of 100mg/Kg/weight and one dose of 250mg/Kg/weight of Benznidazole on 11, 16 and 18 dpi. Three animals from each group were euthanized at 18, 30 and 75 dpi. The colon was stained with Giemsa. The quantitative and morphometric analysis of neurons revealed that the infection caused a decrease of neuronal density on 30th dpi (p<0.05) and 75 dpi (p<0.05) in IG100 and IG1000. Infection caused death and neuronal hypertrophy in the 75th dpi in IG100 and IG1000 (p<0.05, p<0.01). The changes observed in myenteric neurons were directly related to the inoculate and the time of infection.

Definir um modelo experimental de avaliação de alterações quantitativas e morfométricas nos neurônios mientéricos do cólon de camundongos infectados pelo Trypanosoma cruzi. Vinte e oito camundongos Swiss machos foram distribuídos nos grupos: controle (GC, n=9) e infectados com 100 (IG100, n=9) e 1000 (IG1000, n=10) tripomastigotas sanguíneos, cepa Y-T. cruzi II. A parasitemia foi avaliada 3-25 dias pós inoculação (dpi), com pico de parasitos de 7,7 × 10(6) e 8,4 × 10(6) tripomastigotas/mL no 8º dpi (p>0,05) em IG100 e IG1000, respectivamente. A fase crônica da infecção foi obtida com duas doses de 100mg/Kg/weight e uma dose de 250mg/Kg/ weight do benznidazol, em 11, 16 e 18 dpi. Três animais de cada grupo foram sacrificados aos 18, 30 e 75 dpi. O cólon foi corado com Giemsa. A análise quantitativa e morfométrica de neurônios revelou que a infecção causou uma diminuição da densidade neuronal no 30º dpi (p<0,05) e 75 dpi (p<0,05) em IG100 e IG1000. A infecção causou morte e hipertrofia neuronal no 75º dpi em IG100 e IG1000 (p<0,05, p<0,01). As alterações observadas nos neurônios mientéricos foram diretamente relacionadas ao inóculo e tempo de infecção.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A deficiência nutricional pode causar nas células a perda de sua capacidade de absorção, de gerar energia, bem como de mediar o transporte de pequenas moléculas e de sintetizar macromoléculas. Objetivou-se quantificar os neurônios mioentéricos da curvatura gástrica menor do estômago glandular de ratos controle e de ratos submetidos a carência protéica. Foram utilizados 10 ratos machos, com 90 dias de idade, divididos em grupos controle (GC) e experimental (GE). O GC recebeu, durante 120 dias, ração com 22% de proteina e água, enquanto GE recebeu ração com teor proteico de 4% e água. Após os experimentos os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia, laparotomia vertical e retirada do estômago. Realizou-se a microdissecação sob estereomicroscópico dos segmentos, com a retirada da túnica mucosa e da tela submucosa. Foi utilizada a técnica de coloração de Giemsa para evidenciar os neurônios mientéricos. Os neurônios foram contados com auxílio de um microscópio de luz com aumento de 400 x, com 40 campos de cada animal. Os cálculos estatísticos foram realizados por meio do teste ?t? de Student, na forma média ± erro padrão da média, com nível de significância de 5%. No grupo controle foram encontrados 23,51±2,7 neurônios e no grupo experimental 21,38±1,7. Verificou-se que as diferenças não são estatisticamente significantes. Podemos verificar que a dieta imposta ocasionou um quadro de desnutrição que não provocou alterações quantitativas nos neurônios mioentéricos da curvatura gástrica menor do estômago glandular.

Nutritional deficiency creates conditions in which the cells lose their capability of absorption and energy generation, as well as their capability to mediate the transport of small molecules and digest macromolecules. The objective of this study was to quantify the myenteric neurons of the smaller gastric curvature of the glandular stomach of control rats and rats submitted to protein deficiency. Ten 90-day-old male rat were divided into control group (CG) and experimental group (EG). The CG received ration with 22% of protein and water during 120 days, while the EG received ration with the protein percentage at 4% and water. After the experiment, the animals were submitted to euthanasia, vertical laparotomy and each animal had its stomach removed. Micro-dissection was performed under stereomicroscopic of the segments with the removal of the mucosa and the tela submucosa. The Giemsa staining technique was used to evidence the myenteric neurons. The neurons were counted, with the aid of a 400X optical microscope ? 40 s from each animal. The statistical calculations were performed through the T-test, mean ± standard deviation, with a 5% significance level. In the GC, 23.51 ± 2.7 neurons were found, and 21.38 ± 1.7 in the EG. Differences were not verified to be statistically significant. We can verify that the imposed diet resulted in malnutrition which did not induce quantitative changes in the myenteric neurons of the smaller gastric curvature of the glandular stomach.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Ante las dificultades frente al tratamiento de la leishmaniasis, es importante buscar alternativas terapéuticas que deben ser analizadas empleando modelos in vitro e in vivo adecuadamente estandarizados. Con este propósito, se implementó un modelo de infección in vitro de Leishmania conmacrófagos U-937 y J-774, para evaluar la internalización de promastigotes a distintos puntos tiempo (2 a 6 horas) y por dos técnicas: coloración de Giemsa (CG) y citometría de flujo (CF). En el análisis por CF, se evaluó la invasión teniendo en cuenta la emisión de fluorescencia de los parásitos transfectados con la proteína verde de fluorescencia (GFP) y el aumento de la densidad citoplasmática de los macrófagos debida a los parásitos internalizados, lo cual fue verificado con el recuento microscópico realizado con CG; se encontró que a una proporción 1:35 (células:parásitos) se pueden establecer cambios densitométricos asociados con la infección empleando cepas de parásitos no transfectadas. También se describe que las J774 internalizan más eficientemente promastigotes de Leishmania que las células U937 (P valor: 0,0006), y se observa a su vez para la línea murina un aumento del número de parásitos por célula, respecto a los macrófagos humanos empleados en este ensayo (P valor 0,0038). Este estudio nos permite concluir: (i) que los cambios en la densidad citoplasmática evidenciados por CF son suficientes para establecer el porcentaje de infección parasitaria, aun para aquellos parásitos no transfectados; (ii) que la CG es menos costosa que el uso de la CF para evaluar infección parasitaria, aunque por su carácter semicuantitativo, la variabilidad intra- e inter-observadores la hace menos precisa; (iii) que los resultados cuantitativos obtenidos por la CF se correlacionan con los observados en la CG, y permiten sugerir que estas dos técnicas resultan complementarias; y (iv) que el porcentaje de infección y el número de parásitos internalizados para la J-774 son mayores que lo encontrado para la U-937, lo cual puede deberse a que un mayor número de receptores de complemento sobre la línea murina favorece la internalización de patógenos intracelulares, proceso menos favorecido en la línea humana por los niveles reducidos de este tipo de receptores en su membrana celular.

The treatment for Leishmaniasis has presented some difficulties related with adverse effects and resistance. For these reasons it is important to search therapeutic alternatives which must be analyzed using adequately standardized in vitro and in vivo models. With this purpose, we implemented an in vitro model for leishmania infection using U-937 and J-774macrophages, and evaluating promastigote internalization at consecutive time spans (from 2 to 6 hours). The first approximation assayed involves the flow cytometric (CF) analysis for invasion quantification by measuring the fluorescence emitted by parasites previously transfected with green fluorescence protein (GFP). In the alternative strategy, parasitized cells were subjected to Giemsa stain and CF was applied to measure the increase of macrophages cytoplasm density owed to internalized parasites. Giemsa stain also allowed us to estimate the number of parasites within each cell. We report that the presence of 35 parasites per macrophage produces an increase in cytoplasmic density enough to be detected by CF so that infection can be clearly reported. We also found that J-774 macrophages internalize Leishmania promastigotes more efficiently than U-937 cells (P value: 0.0006). Cells of the murine line were infected by a higher number of parasites than the human counterparts used in this study (P value 0.0038). From the resultas, we conclude: (i) the change in macrophage cytoplasm density demonstrated by CF after Giemsa stain are sufficient to estimate the percentage of infection. (ii) Giemsa stain provides a less expensive strategy to evaluate Leishmania infection than the fluorescence based option, although the intra and inter observer variability (semi-quantitative procedure) makes it less precise; (iii) quantitative results obtained by both techniques correlate to each other, suggesting that these two tools can be considered complementary; and (iv) both the percentage of infection and the number of internalized parasites are higher for J-774 than for U-937 macrophages. This probably suggests the presence of more receptor molecules (binding targets) for Leishmania ligands on the murine cell membrane determining a more efficient internalization rate than in human macrophages.

RESUMO

El diagnóstico de histoplasmosis se realiza tradicionalmente mediante el reconocimiento de típicas levaduras intracelulares de Histoplasma capsulatum en preparaciones microscópicas teñidas con Giemsa. Se comparó la eficacia de una modificación rápida de la técnica de Grocott (MRG) y la tradicional de Giemsa para el diagnóstico de la histoplasmosis, a partir de la aplicación de ambas a 10 secreciones respiratorias, 8 escarificaciones de lesiones cutáneas y una biopsia ganglionar, pertenecientes todas a pacientes con sospecha clínica de esta micosis. En 15 de las 19 muestras no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la capacidad y rapidez para arribar al diagnóstico, mientras que en las 4 restantes, fueron reconocidas con la MRG estructuras que pasaron desapercibidas con la coloración de Giemsa. La modificación rápida permitió un reconocimiento más rápido del H. capsulatum en materiales donde este hongo se observó en escaso número y permitió además identificar con seguridad otros patógenos fúngicos diferentes de H. capsulatum, como Pneumocystis jiroveci, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis y Cryptococcus neoformans, difíciles de observar con la coloración de Giemsa. Se propone la técnica de Grocott o su modificación rápida para el diagnóstico de la histoplasmosis, especialmente cuando el empleo de la coloración de Giemsa da lugar a resultados negativos o dudosos.

The diagnosis of histoplasmosis is traditionally achieved by recognizing the typical intracellular yeasts of Histoplasma capsulatum, in smears stained with Giemsa stain. The usefulness of a rapid modification of Grocott and of traditional Giemsa stains for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis was compared applying both techniques in 10 respiratory secretions, 8 cutaneous lesions scrapings and 1 adenomegaly biopsy, all of them belonging to patients with clinically suspected histoplasmosis. In 15 out of the 19 evaluated samples, no significant differences were found in the ability or speed to reach the diagnosis with the applied techniques; while in the remaining 4 samples, structures that had not been observed with Giemsa stain were recognized with the rapid modification. The modification enabled quicker recognition of H. capsulatum than Giemsa stain in those clinical samples where the number of these fungal pathogens was scant. Additionally, the rapid modification also enabled the recognition of fungal pathogens other than H. capsulatum, as Pneumocystis jiroveci, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Cryptococcus neoformans, difficult to observe with the Giemsa stain. Use of Grocott technique or rapid modification stain is proposed for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis, when the result obtained with the Giemsa stain is doubtful or negative.

Assuntos