RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Bovine tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease of significant impact, particularly in countries where a pastoral economy is predominant. Despite its importance, few studies have analysed the disease's behaviour in Colombia, and none have developed maps using geographic information systems (GIS) to characterise it; as such, we developed this study to describe the temporal-spatial distribution of bovine tuberculosis in Colombia over a period of 19 years. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study, based on reports by the Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA), surveillance of tuberculosis on cattle farms in Colombia from 2001 to 2019 was carried out. The data were converted into databases using Microsoft Access 365®, and multiple epidemiological maps were generated with the QGIS® version 3.36 software coupled to shape files of all the country's departments. RESULTS: During the study period, 5273 bovine tuberculosis cases were identified in multiple different departments of Colombia (with a mean of 278 cases/year). Regarding its temporal distribution, the number of cases varied from a maximum of 903 cases (17.12% of the total) in 2015 to a minimum of 0 between 2001 and 2004 and between 2017 and 2019 (between 2005 and 2016, the minimum was 46 cases, 0.87%). CONCLUSIONS: GIS are essential for understanding the temporospatial behaviour of zoonotic diseases in Colombia, as is the case for bovine tuberculosis, with its potential implications for the Human and One Health approaches.

RESUMO

Costa Rica is at the forefront of environmental conservation in Central America, with its focus on sustainability and green practices. Building on this foundation, the country joins a cohort of middle-income developing countries that have set forth ambitious goals to eliminate plastic pollution and become plastics-free. Recycling remains one of the most effective ways of removing plastic waste from the environment. Although GIS has been utilized in environmental research, its use is still expanding in developing countries of the Global South. These countries are experiencing unprecedented adverse climate and ecological impacts while also pursuing fundamental socioeconomic growth. The application of more cost-effective and strategic technological solutions, as well as data-driven decision-making, could fast-track the achievement of their urgent environmental goals. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis, this study applies hot spot, location-allocation, and time-distance measures to examine Costa Rica's capacity to recycle plastic waste. Focusing specifically on availability and the public's access to recycling facilities, this article offers insights into the resource constraints and evolution of plastics governance in developing countries with environmentally-focused priorities. The findings of this study suggest that while Costa Rica is implementing progressive plastics regulatory policies, the ability to achieve plastics-free status is hampered by shortfalls in the number and distribution of recycling facilities and the public's access to recycling services. Expanding recycling infrastructure, including transportation, and adopting a less canton-centric waste administration system could contribute to resolving these challenges. This study contributes to discourses on global plastics governance and environmental change management in the Global South.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introduction: The prevalence of obesity in the Mexican school-age (5-11 years old) population increased from 8.9 to 18.1% between 1999 and 2022. Although overweight and obesity (OW + Ob) is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon, alongside its increasing trend, changes in eating patterns as a result of obesogenic environments that promote higher energy intake have been documented. The objective of the present study was to detect possible associations between schools and their proximity to and density of convenience stores in Monterrey, Mexico from 2015 to 2018. Materials and methods: Anthropometric data were obtained from a subset of measurements of the National Registry of Weight and Height (RNPT) performed in the Monterrey Mexico metropolitan area in 2015 and 2018, and obesity prevalence was computed and classified into quintiles at the school level. Convenience store data were obtained from the National Directory of Economic Units (DNUE). The analyses consisted of densities within 400-800 m buffers, distance to the nearest stores, and cartographic visualization of the store's kernel density versus OW + Ob hotspots for both periods. Results: A total of 175,804 children in 2015 and 175,964 in 2018 belonging to 1,552 elementary schools were included in the study; during this period, OW + Ob prevalence increased from 38.7 to 39.3%, and a directly proportional relationship was found between the quintiles with the higher OW + Ob prevalence and the number of stores for both radii. Hotspots of OW + Ob ranged from 63 to 91 between 2015 and 2018, and it was visually confirmed that such spots were associated with areas with a higher density of convenience stores regardless of socioeconomic conditions. Conclusion: Although some relationships between the store's proximity/density and OW + Ob could be identified, more research is needed to gather evidence about this. However, due to the trends and the magnitude of the problem, guidelines aimed at limiting or reducing the availability of junk food and sweetened beverages on the school's periphery must be implemented to control the obesogenic environment.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Global access to acute stroke treatment is variable worldwide, with notable gaps in low and middle-income countries (LMIC), especially in rural areas. Ensuring a standardized method for pinpointing the existing regional coverage and proposing potential sites for new stroke centers is essential to change this scenario. AIMS: To create and apply computational strategies (CSs) to determine optimal locations for new acute stroke centers (ASCs), with a pilot application in nine Latin American regions/countries. METHODS: Hospitals treating acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and meeting the minimum infrastructure requirements per structured protocols were categorized as ASCs. Hospitals with emergency departments, noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) scanners, and 24/7 laboratories were identified as potential acute stroke centers (PASCs). Hospital geolocation data were collected and mapped using the OpenStreetMap data set. A 45-min drive radius was considered the ideal coverage area for each hospital based on the drive speeds from the OpenRouteService database. Population data, including demographic density, were obtained from the Kontur Population data sets. The proposed CS assessed the population covered by ASCs and proposed new ASCs or artificial points (APs) settled in densely populated areas to achieve a target population coverage (TPC) of 95%. RESULTS: The observed coverage in the region presented significant disparities, ranging from 0% in the Bahamas to 73.92% in Trinidad and Tobago. No country/region reached the 95% TPC using only its current ASCs or PASCs, leading to the proposal of APs. For example, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, the introduction of 132 new centers was suggested. Furthermore, it was observed that most ASCs were in major urban hubs or university hospitals, leaving rural areas largely underserved. CONCLUSIONS: The MAPSTROKE project has the potential to provide a systematic approach to identify areas with limited access to stroke centers and propose solutions for increasing access to AIS treatment. DATA ACCESS STATEMENT: Data used for this publication are available from the authors upon reasonable request.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The present study implements a methodology to estimate water quality values using statistical tools and remote sensing techniques in a tropical water body Sanalona. Linear regression models developed by Box-Cox transformations and processed data from LANDSAT-8 imagery (bands) were used to estimate TOC, TDS, and Chl-a of the Sanalona reservoir from 2013 to 2020 at five sampling sites measured every 6 months. A band discriminant analysis was carried out to statistically fit and optimize the proposed algorithms. Coefficients of determination beyond 0.9 were obtained for these water quality parameters (r2TOC = 0.90, r2TDS = 0.95, and r2Chl-a = 0.96). A comparison between the estimated and observed water quality was carried out using different data for validation. The validation of the models showed favorable results with R2TOC = 0.8525, R2TDS = 0.8172, and R2Chl-a = 0.9256. The present study implemented, validated, and compared the results obtained by using an ordered and standardized methodology proposed for the estimation of TOC, TDS, and Chl-a values based on water quality parameters measured in the field and using satellite images.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate, using spatial analysis, the occurrence of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) and analyze its association with the municipal human development index (MHDI) and deforestation in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, from 2016 to 2020. METHODS This ecological study, carried out from January 2016 to December 2020, included the 62 municipalities of the state of Amazonas. The incidence rate of ACL was determined in space and time. Using Multiple Linear Regression by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Spatial Autoregressive Regression (SAR) models, the relationship between incidence rates and Human Development Index (HDI) and deforestation was analyzed., The high- and low-risk clusters were identified by employing the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic. RESULTS A total of 7,499 cases of ACL were registered in all 62 municipalities in the state. Most cases were in male (n=5,924; 79.24%), with the greatest frequency in the population aged from 20 to 39 years (n=3,356; 44.7%). The incidence rate in the state of Amazonas was 7.34 cases per 100,000 inhabitants-year, with the municipalities of Rio Preto da Eva and Presidente Figueiredo showing the highest rates (1,377.5 and 817.5 cases per 100,000 population-year, respectively). The ACL cases were clustered into specific areas related to those municipalities with the highest incidence rates. The SAR model revealed a positive relationship between ACL and deforestation. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of ACL was evident in a variety of patterns in the state of Amazonas; the high incidence rates and persistence of this disease in this state were linked to deforestation. The temporal distribution showed variations in the incidence rates during each year. Our results can help optimize the measures needed to prevent and control this disease in the state.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract Objectives: to describe the prevalence of malnutrition (underweight, low height, and overweight) in children aged six to 59 months and its spatial distribution in the city of Beira, Mozambique. Methods: an exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted between October and November 2019, involving 407 children aged six to 59 months. The sample size calculation was based on the prevalence of height-for-age deficit. Anthropometric data were analyzed using Anthro version and the prevalence of malnutrition was presented through thematic maps generated in Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS). Results: the main findings revealed a prevalence of 27.0% for low height/age, 7.9% for underweight/height, and 4.7% for overweight. Conclusions: the spatial distribution highlighted that both urban and peri-urban areas of the city showed similar prevalence rates for the three forms of malnutrition. The prevalence of malnutrition in Beira is high, with deficit height/age being the most significant expression, while overweight is diffusely distributed.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever a prevalência da má nutrição (baixo peso, baixa estatura e excesso de peso) em crianças de seis a 59 meses e sua distribuição espacial na cidade de Beira, Moçambique. Métodos: estudo transversal exploratório, realizado entre outubro e novembro de 2019, incluindo 407 crianças de seis a 59 meses. O cálculo da amostra foi baseado na prevalência do déficit estatura/idade. Os dados antropométricos foram analisados no Anthro e a prevalência de má nutrição apresentada por meio de mapas temáticos no Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS). Resultados: os principais resultados mostram uma prevalência de 27,0% de baixa estatura/idade, 7,9% de baixo peso/estatura e 4,7% de excesso de peso. Conclusões: a distribuição espacial evidenciou que as áreas urbanas e periurbanas da cidade apresentavam prevalências similares das três formas de má nutrição. A prevalência da má nutrição em Beira é alta, embora o déficit estatura/idade seja a sua maior expressão, estando o excesso de peso difusamente distribuído.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to present a temporal and spatial analysis of the 2018 measles outbreak in Brazil, particularly in the metropolitan city of Manaus in the Amazon region, and further introduce a new tool for spatial analysis. Methods: We analyzed the geographical data of the residences of over 7,000 individuals with measles in Manaus during 2018 and 2019. Spatial and temporal analyses were conducted to characterize various aspects of the outbreak, including the onset and prevalence of symptoms, demographics, and vaccination status. A visualization tool was also constructed to display the geographical and temporal distribution of the reported measles cases. Results: Approximately 95% of the included participants had not received vaccination within the past decade. Heterogeneity was observed across all facets of the outbreak, including variations in the incubation period and symptom presentation. Age distribution exhibited two peaks, occurring at one year and 18 years of age, and the potential implications of this distribution on predictive analysis were discussed. Additionally, spatial analysis revealed that areas with the highest case densities tended to have the lowest standard of living. Conclusion: Understanding the spatial and temporal spread of measles outbreaks provides insights for decision-making regarding measures to mitigate future epidemics.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze spatial distribution of preterm births and their association with maternal, social, and health services indicators in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil, 2010-2019. Methods: Ecological study using data on preterm newborns from 39 municipalities in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. Univariate global Moran's index (Im) was used to evaluate spatial association of prematurity, and univariate local Moran's index by using the cluster map (LISA) to identify spatial patterns and clusters. Bivariate global Moran's index was also used to analyze spatial autocorrelation with maternal, social, and health services indicators. Results: A total of 3,103,898 live births were registered in period 2010-2019, of which 331,174 (10.7%) were preterm. The global Moran's index showed spatial independence (Im=0.05; p-value=0.233) of the proportion of preterm births between municipalities. However, in the local spatial analysis it was possible to identify a statistically significant spatial cluster between the municipalities of Biritiba Mirim, Guararema and Salesópolis, with high proportions of preterm births. In the bivariate analysis, a significant positive spatial association was identified with proportions of mothers under 20 years old (Im=0.17; p-value=0.024) and mothers with low schooling (Im=0.17; p-value=0.020), and a significant negative spatial association with HDI (Im=-0.14; p-value=0.039). Conclusions: The local spatial approach identified a spatial cluster located in the far east of the metropolitan region of São Paulo, where actions by health managers are needed to minimize occurrence of preterm births.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a distribuição espacial dos nascimentos prematuros e sua associação com indicadores maternos, sociais e de serviços de saúde na região metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil, 2010-2019. Métodos: Estudo ecológico utilizando dados sobre recém-nascidos pré-termo dos 39 municípios da região metropolitana de São Paulo. Utilizou-se o índice de Moran (Im) global univariado para avaliar a associação espacial da prematuridade, e o índice de Moran local univariado por meio do mapa de clusters (LISA) para a identificação de padrões e aglomerados espaciais. Também foi utilizado o índice de Moran global bivariado para analisar a autocorrelação espacial com os indicadores maternos, sociais e de serviços de saúde. Resultados: Foram registrados 3.103.898 nascidos vivos no período 2010-2019, dos quais 331.174 (10,7%) foram prematuros. O índice de Moran global mostrou independência espacial (Im=0,05; p-valor=0,233) da proporção dos nascimentos prematuros entre municípios. No entanto, na análise espacial local foi possível identificar aglomerado espacial estatisticamente significativo entre os municípios de Biritiba Mirim, Guararema e Salesópolis, com proporções altas de nascimentos pré-termo. Na análise bivariada, identificou-se associação espacial significativa positiva com proporções de mães menores de 20 anos (Im=0,17; p-valor=0,024) e mães com baixa escolaridade (Im=0,17; p-valor=0,020), e associação espacial significativa negativa com IDH (Im=-0,14; p-valor=0,039). Conclusão: A abordagem espacial local identificou agrupamento espacial situado no extremo leste da região metropolitana de São Paulo, onde ações dos gestores de saúde são necessárias para minimizar a ocorrência de partos prematuros.

RESUMO

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar las áreas de mayor concentración de accidentes de tránsito y lesionados en el Área Metropolitana de San Salvador (AMSS). Materiales y métodos. Los accidentes de tránsito se analizaron espacialmente mediante la ubicación puntual y por la sumatoria de eventos en áreas de 200 m2. La ubicación puntual se analizó mediante «análisis de vecinos más cercanos¼, mientras que las áreas con la sumatoria de accidentes de tránsito se analizaron mediante Gi* de Getis-Ord para obtener los puntos calientes. Los puntos calientes resultantes con mayor concentración de accidentes de tránsito en el AMSS se evaluaron en campo mediante un formulario de observación de las características de infraestructura y seguridad vial. Resultados. Al analizar 8191 accidentes de tránsito reportados entre 2014‒2018, se identificaron cinco áreas con mayor cantidad de accidentes de tránsito y lesionados, principalmente sobre vías primarias. Conclusión. Los sitios de mayor concentración de accidentes de tránsito y lesionados se caracterizan por una infraestructura vial con daños considerables y falta de sistemas de seguridad para conductores y peatones. El análisis espacial de los accidentes de tránsito y lesionados puede contribuir a mejorar la vigilancia y seguridad vial en el AMSS.

ABSTRACT Objective. This study aimed to identify the areas with the highest concentration of traffic accidents and injuries in the San Salvador Metropolitan Area (SSMA). Materials and methods. Traffic accidents were analyzed spatially by point location and by the sum of events in areas of 200 m2. The point location was analyzed by "nearest neighbor analysis", while the areas with the sum of traffic accidents were analyzed by Getis-Ord Gi* to obtain the hot spots. The resulting hot spots with the highest concentration of traffic accidents in the SSMA were evaluated in the field using an observation form to collect data on infrastructure and road safety characteristics. Results. Five areas with the highest number of traffic accidents and injuries, mainly containing primary roads, were identified by analyzing 8191 traffic accidents reported between 2014-2018. Conclusion. The sites with the highest concentration of traffic accidents and injuries were characterized by considerably damaged road infrastructure and the lack of safety systems for drivers and pedestrians. The spatial analysis of traffic accidents and injuries can contribute to improve surveillance and road safety in the SSMA.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objetivo: Estimar los años potenciales de vida perdidos y la distribución espacial de la mortalidad por incidente vial según modo de transporte en Medellín 2010-2020, como línea base para la implementación de la estrategia Visión Cero, de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, en la movilidad de la ciudad. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de corte transversal, con fuente secundaria. El cálculo de los años potenciales de vida perdidos se hizo tomando como edad límite la esperanza de vida al nacer de Colombia, según año y género. El análisis espacial se realizó a partir de la dirección del incidente; la representación de la densidad de Kernel fue por el método de clasificación estándar-cuantil, y las zonas de influencia se crearon por el método búfer de anillos múltiples, con distancias de 500 y 1000 metros. Resultados: Medellín, entre 2010 y 2020, registró 2988 muertes por incidente vial. Quienes más murieron fueron los peatones, con 1423 (47,6 %) muertes, seguidos por los motociclistas, con 1295 (43,3 %). Los años potenciales de vida perdidos fueron 98 787. Las comunas de mayor concentración en muerte de peatones fueron: Candelaria, Buenos Aires y Manrique; en motociclistas, la mayor concentración se evidenció en el sistema vial del río. Por zonas de influencia, los peatones fallecidos en un radio de 1000 metros del sistema vial del río fueron 688 (49,8 %), y los motociclistas, 636 (52,2 %). Conclusión: Los motociclistas fueron quienes murieron más jóvenes y más años dejaron de vivir. Politraumatismos son diagnósticos constantes de muerte, pero lesiones en cabeza, cráneo y tórax son más letales en peatones y motociclistas.

Objective: To estimate the potential years of life lost and the spatial distribution of mortality from road incidents by mode of transport in Medellín 2010-2020, as a baseline for the implementation of the Vision Zero strategy of the World Health Organization in the city's mobility. Methodology: This is a retrospective and descriptive cross-sectional study, with a secondary source. The calculation of the potential years of life lost was made using the life expectancy at birth in Colombia as the age limit, according to year and gender. The spatial analysis was carried out from the direction of the incident; Kernel density was represented by the standard-quantile classification method, and the zones of influence were created by the multiple ring buffer method, with distances of 500 and 1000 meters. Results: Between 2010 and 2020, Medellín registered 2,988 deaths due to road incidents. Those who died the most were pedestrians, with 1,423 (47.6%) deaths, followed by motorcyclists, with 1,295 (43.3%). Potential years of life lost were 98,787. The zones (comunas) with the highest concentration of pedestrian deaths were: Candelaria, Buenos Aires and Manrique; in motorcyclists, the highest concentration was evidenced in the river road system. By areas of influence, pedestrians killed within a radius of 1,000 meters from the river road system were 688 (49.8%), and motorcyclists, 636 (52.2%). Conclusion: Motorcyclists were the ones who died the youngest and the most years they stopped living. Polytrauma is a constant diagnosis of death, but injuries to the head, skull and thorax are more lethal in pedestrians and motorcyclists.

Objetivo: Estimar os anos potenciais de vida perdidos e a distribuição espacial da mortalidade por incidente de trânsito segundo o modo de transporte em Medellín 2010-2020, como linha base para a implementação da estratégia Visão Zero, da Organização Mundial da Saúde, na mobilidade da cidade. Metodologia: Estudo retrospectivo e descritivo de corte transversal, com fonte secundária. O cálculo dos anos potenciais de vida perdidos foi feito considerando como idade limite a esperança de vida ao nascer da Colômbia, segundo ano e gênero. A análise espacial realizou-se a partir do local do incidente; a representação da densidade de Kernel foi pelo método de classificação padrão-quantil, e as zonas de influência criaram-se pelo método buffer de anéis múltiplos, com distâncias de 500 e 1000 metros. Resultados: Medellín, entre 2010 e 2020, registrou 2988 mortes por incidente de trânsito. O maior número de mortes foi de pedestres, sendo 1423 (47,6%), seguido pelo de motoqueiros, sendo 1295 (43,3%). Os anos potenciais de vida perdidos foram 98.787. As localidades com maior concentração de mortes de pedestres foram: Candelaria, Buenos Aires e Manrique; no caso dos motoqueiros, a maior concentração evidenciou-se no sistema viário do rio. Por zonas de influência, os pedestres falecidos em um raio de 1000 metros do sistema viário do rio foram 688 (49,8%), e os motoqueiros 636 (52,2%). Conclusão: Os motoqueiros foram quem morreram mais novos e mais anos deixaram de viver. Politraumatismos são diagnósticos constantes de morte, mas lesões na cabeça, no crâneo e no tórax são mais letais em pedestres e motoqueiros.

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) viruses are zoonotic pathogens affecting humans, particularly equines. These neuroarboviruses compromise the central nervous system and can be fatal in different hosts. Both have significantly influenced Colombia; however, few studies analyse its behaviour, and none develop maps using geographic information systems to characterise it. OBJECTIVE: To describe the temporal-spatial distribution of those viruses in Colombia between 2008 and 2019. METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study, based on weekly reports by municipalities of the ICA, of the surveillance of both arboviruses in equines, in Colombia, from 2008 to 2019. The data were converted into databases in Microsoft Access 365®, and multiple epidemiological maps were generated with the Kosmo RC1®3.0 software coupled to shape files of all municipalities in the country. RESULTS: In the study period, 96 cases of EEE and 70 of VEE were reported, with 58% of EEE cases occurring in 2016 and 20% of EEV cases in 2013. The most affected municipalities for EEE corresponded to the department of Casanare: Yopal (20), Aguazul (16), and Tauramena (10). In total, 40 municipalities in the country reported ≥1 case of EEE. CONCLUSIONS: The maps allow a quick appreciation of groups of neighbouring municipalities in different departments (1° political division) and regions of the country affected by those viruses, which helps consider the expansion of the disease associated with mobility and transport of equines between other municipalities, also including international borders, such as is the case with Venezuela. In that country, especially for EEV, municipalities in the department of Cesar are bordering and at risk for that arboviral infection. there is a high risk of equine encephalitis outbreaks, especially for VEE. This poses a risk also, for municipalities in the department of Cesar, bordering with Venezuela.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Geographic information systems, the integration technique of multi-criteria assessment, together with the analysis hierarchy process, are recognized in decision support to describe and predict locations for implementation of different projects. In Brazil, shrimp farming has been consolidated for more than 30 years in the Northeast and North regions and is emerging in the Southeast. The purposes of this study were to analyze, classify and quantify through spatial planning for the establishment of shrimp farming in the North Fluminense region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The composition of the final model was structured into hierarchical categories with two models, factors, and constraints. The model of factors was subdivided into five sub-models: water abstraction, environmental, transport, public, and economic infrastructure. In turn, restrictions were composed of urbanized areas, environmental reserves. The best areas were identified as those that were flat, close to rivers, related to the environmental sub-model criteria (21%); followed by the sub-models of public, economic, and water abstraction infrastructure (20%), and transport with the lowest weight attributed (17%). The analyses indicated a great potential for the implementation of shrimp farming in the region, estimated in a total area of 628,088 ha, classified as adequate or very adequate (> 0.6).(AU)

Sistemas de informações geográficas, a técnica de integração de avaliação multicritério, juntamente com o processo de análise hierárquica, são reconhecidos no apoio à decisão para descrever, explicar e prever locais para implementação de diferentes empreendimentos. No Brasil, a atividade da carcinicultura está consolidada há mais de 30 anos nas regiões Nordeste e Norte e desponta na Região Sudeste. As propostas deste estudo foram analisar, classificar e quantificar por meio do planejamento espacial as melhores áreas para o estabelecimento da carcinicultura na região norte fluminense do estado do Rio de Janeiro. A composição do modelo final foi estruturada em categorias hierárquicas com dois modelos, fatores e restritivos. O modelo de fatores foi subdividido em cinco submodelos: captação da água, ambiental, transporte, infraestrutura pública e econômico. Já as restrições foram compostas das áreas urbanizadas, reservas ambientais. As melhores áreas foram identificadas como aquelas planas, próximas de rios, relacionadas aos critérios do submodelo ambiental (21%); seguidas pelos submodelos de infraestrutura pública, econômica e captação da água (20%); e de transporte com o menor peso atribuído (17%). As análises indicaram grande potencial para a implementação da carcinicultura na região, estimada em uma área total de 628.088 ha, classificada entre adequada ou muito adequada (> 0,6).(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the spatial pattern of tuberculosis in Indigenous peoples from the State of Pará and its correlation with income transfer. Methods: Ecological study, with 340 cases reported in Indigenous peoples in the State of Pará, Brazil, in the period 2016-2020. The study performed a descriptive analysis and calculation of incidence rates with smoothing by the local empirical Bayesian method. The Global Moran index assessed the autocorrelation of the rates with income transfer data, p<0,05. Results: The Marajó and metropolitan mesoregions of Belém had the highest tuberculosis rates, and a reduced number of people benefited from income transfer (high-low correlation). The study identified high rates, and a significant number of people benefited from financial aid (high correlation high), I=0.399, p=0.027 in the Southwest. Conclusions: The spatial autocorrelation between tuberculosis and access to income transfer programs constitutes a relevant subsidy for the formulation of social protection policies and may impact the disease control actions in Indigenous territories, valuing the epidemiological heterogeneity identified in the mesoregions.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar patrón espacial de tuberculosis en indígenas de Pará y su correlación con transferencia de renta. Métodos: Estudio ecológico, con 340 casos notificados en indígenas en Pará/Brasil, entre 2016-2020. Realizado análisis descriptivo y cálculo de tasas de incidencia con moderación por el método bayesiano empírico local. Hecho autocorrelación de tasas con datos de transferencia de renta por Moran Global, p<0,05. Resultados: Las mesorregiones Marajó y Metropolitana de Belém presentaron las tasas de tuberculosis mayores y reducido número de personas beneficiadas con transferencia de renta (correlación alto-bajo). En el Sudoeste, identificaron tasas elevadas y número significativo de personas beneficiadas con auxilios financieros (correlación alto-alto), I=0,399, p=0,027. Conclusiones: La autocorrelación espacial entre tuberculosis y acceso a programas de transferencia de renta constituye importante subsidio para formulación de políticas de protección social, pudiendo impactar las acciones de control de la enfermedad en territorios indígenas, valorizando la heterogeneidad epidemiológica identificada en las mesorregiones.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o padrão espacial de tuberculose em indígenas do Pará e sua correlação com transferência de renda. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, com 340 casos notificados em indígenas no Pará/Brasil, no período 2016-2020. Realizou-se análise descritiva e cálculo das taxas de incidência com suavização pelo método bayesiano empírico local. Fez-se autocorrelação das taxas com dados de transferência de renda pelo Moran Global, p<0,05. Resultados: As mesorregiões Marajó e Metropolitana de Belém apresentaram as taxas de tuberculose mais elevadas e reduzido número de pessoas beneficiadas com transferência de renda (correlação alto-baixo). No Sudoeste, identificaram se taxas elevadas e número significativo de pessoas beneficiadas com os auxílios financeiros (correlação alto alto), I=0,399, p=0,027. Conclusões: A autocorrelação espacial entre tuberculose e acesso a programas de transferência de renda constitui importante subsídio para formulação de políticas de proteção social, podendo impactar as ações de controle da doença nos territórios indígenas, valorizando a heterogeneidade epidemiológica identificada nas mesorregiões.

RESUMO

En la sociedad de hoy los delitos vienen incrementándose y particularmente en la ciudad de Bogotá, lo que ha causado muchos inconvenientes a la Policía Nacional de Colombia, así como también a los centros de seguridad ciudadana. Ante esta situación, se ha propuesto una predicción de tiempo-espacio en los puntos críticos de crímenes y delitos, con la ayuda de inteligencia artificial. Por consiguiente, este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar, resumir, interpretar y evaluar las distintas técnicas de predicción espacio-temporal de la delincuencia con un panorama inteligente. Por la propia naturaleza de la investigación, se utilizó una metodología de enfoque descriptivo-cualitativo, con la cual se diseñaron fichas de observación estructurada para sistematizar información de cinco bases de datos: Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE, ACM, Springer; dichas publicaciones comprenden desde 2019 hasta junio de 2021. En consecuencia, se encontraron en total 3015 estudios, después del proceso de cribado y verificación de los criterios de exclusión e inclusión, se seleccionaron 132 artículos, luego se aplicaron preguntas Psicólogo Interno Residente (PIR), quedando así 18 artículos. Los principales hallazgos encontrados indican que los algoritmos de redes neuronales resultaron ser uno de los métodos más eficaces para la detección de puntos críticos de delincuencia, dado que los grandes avances de la tecnología coadyuvarían en los próximos años a predecir de forma rápida y eficaz los actos delictivos y los crímenes ubicados en cualquier región del continente latinoamericano.

In today's society, crimes are increasing, particularly in the city of Bogota, which has caused many inconveniences to the National Police of Colombia, as well as to the citizen security centers. Given this situation, a time-space prediction of crime and crime hotspots has been proposed with the help of artificial intelligence. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze, summarize, interpret and evaluate the various techniques of space-time prediction of crime with an intelligent view. Due to the very nature of the research, a descriptive-qualitative approach methodology was used, with which structured observation sheets were designed to systematize information from five da-tabases: Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE, ACM, Springer; these publications span from 2019 to June 2021. Consequently, a total of 3015 studies were found, after the screening process and verification of exclusion and inclusion criteria, 132 articles were selected, then questions were applied Psychologist Internal Resident (PIR), thus leaving 18 articles. The main findings indicate that neural network algorithms proved to be one of the most effective methods for the detection of crime hotspots, given that the great advances in technology would help in the coming years to quickly and effectively predict criminal acts and crimes located in any region of the Latin American continent.

Na sociedade de hoje, a criminalidade está aumentando, particularmente na cidade de Bogotá, o que tem causado muitos inconvenientes para a Polícia Nacional Colombiana, bem como para os centros de segurança do cidadão. Diante desta situação, foi proposta uma previsão tempo-espacial de hotspots de crime com a ajuda da inteligência artificial. Portanto, este documento visa analisar, resumir, interpretar e avaliar as diversas técnicas de previsão espaço-temporal do crime com uma visão inteligente. Devido à própria natureza da pesquisa, foi utilizada uma metodologia de abordagem descritiva-qualitativa, com a qual foram elaboradas fichas de observação estrutura-das para sistematizar informações de cinco bancos de dados: Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE, ACM, Springer; estas publicações abrangem o período de 2019 a junho de 2021. Consequentemente, foi encontrado um total de 3015 estudos, após o processo de triagem e verificação dos critérios de exclusão e inclusão, 132 artigos foram selecionados, depois foram aplicadas perguntas ao Psicólogo em Residência (PIR), deixando 18 artigos. As principais descobertas indicam que os algoritmos de redes neurais provaram ser um dos métodos mais eficazes para a detecção de hotspots de crime, dado que os grandes avanços na tecnologia ajudarão nos próximos anos a prever rápida e efetivamente atos criminosos e crimes localizados em qualquer região do continente latino-americano.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objective: Low birth weight (LBW) is a public health problem strongly associated with infant mortality. This study aimed to identify the spatial distribution of infant mortality in newborns with LBW (750-2,500 g) at term (≥37 weeks of gestation), due to their being small for gestational age, analyzing its association with mother-related determinants, as well as to identify priority areas of mortality in the State of São Paulo, 2010-2019. Methods: Infant mortality rate was analyzed in the division of neonatal mortality and postneonatal mortality of newborns with LBW at term. The empirical Bayesian method smoothed the rates, the univariate Moran index was used to measure the degree of spatial association between the municipalities, and the bivariate Moran index was employed to identify the existence of a spatial association between the rates and the selected determinants. Thematic maps of excess risk and local Moran were prepared to identify spatial clusters, adopting 5% as a significance level. Results: The excess risk map showed that more than 30% of the municipalities had rates above the state rate. High-risk clusters were identified in the southwest, southeast, and east regions, mainly among more developed municipalities. The determinants of adolescent mothers, mothers over 34 years of age, low education, human development index, social vulnerability index, gross domestic product, physicians, and pediatric beds showed a significant association with the rates evaluated. Conclusions: Priority areas and significant determinants associated with reduced mortality in newborns with LBW were identified, suggesting the need for intervention measures to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal.

RESUMO Objetivo: O baixo peso ao nascer (BPN) é um problema de saúde pública e está fortemente associado à mortalidade infantil. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a distribuição espacial da mortalidade infantil em recém-nascidos com BPN (750-2.500 g) a termo (≥37 semanas de gestação), por serem pequenos para a idade gestacional, analisando sua associação com determinantes relacionados à mãe, bem como identificar áreas prioritárias de mortalidade no Estado de São Paulo, 2010-2019. Métodos: A taxa de mortalidade infantil foi analisada na divisão da mortalidade neonatal e mortalidade pós-neonatal de recém-nascidos com BPN a termo. O método bayesiano empírico alisou as taxas, o índice de Moran univariado foi utilizado para medir o grau de associação espacial entre os municípios e o índice de Moran bivariado foi empregado para identificar a existência de associação espacial entre as taxas e os determinantes selecionados. Mapas temáticos de excesso de risco e Moran local foram elaborados para identificar aglomerados espaciais, adotando-se 5% como nível de significância. Resultados: O mapa de excesso de risco mostrou que mais de 30% dos municípios apresentaram taxas acima da taxa estadual. Aglomerados de alto risco foram identificados nas regiões sudoeste, sudeste e leste, principalmente entre os municípios mais desenvolvidos. Os determinantes mães adolescentes, mães acima de 34 anos, baixa escolaridade, índice de desenvolvimento humano, índice de vulnerabilidade social, produto interno bruto, médicos e leitos pediátricos apresentaram associação significativa com as taxas avaliadas. Conclusões: Foram identificadas áreas prioritárias e determinantes significativos associados à redução da mortalidade em recém-nascidos com BPN, sugerindo a necessidade de medidas de intervenção para atingir o Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the spatial pattern of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnant women and its correlation with socioeconomic determinants. Method: Ecological study, carried out with cases of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnant women in the state of Pará, Brazil, from 2010 to 2017. Rate analysis was performed using the empirical Bayesian method and univariate local Moran. Bivariate analyses were used to examine the correlation between infection and socioeconomic determinants. Results: High rates of infection were observed in municipalities in the mesoregions of Southeast of Pará and Metropolitan area of Belém. A significant spatial correlation was found between human immunodeficiency virus infection rates in pregnant women and human development index indicators (I = 0.2836; p < 0.05), average income (I = 0.6303; p < 0.05), and illiteracy rate (I = 0.4604; p < 0.05). Conclusion: The spatial pattern of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnant women correlated to socioeconomic determinants highlights the need to restructure public policies for the control and prevention of AIDS virus that take into account the socioeconomic factors of this specific population and locoregional disparities in Pará.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar el estándar espacial de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en mujeres embarazadas y su correlación con determinantes socioeconómicos. Método: Estudio ecológico, realizado con casos de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en mujeres embarazadas en el estado de Pará, Brasil, de 2010 a 2017. El análisis de tasas se realizó mediante el método bayesiano empírico y Moran local univariado. Se emplearon análisis bivariados para examinar la correlación entre la infección y los determinantes socioeconómicos. Resultados: Se observaron altas tasas de infección en municipios de las mesorregiones Sudeste de Pará y Metropolitana de Belém. Se identificó una correlación espacial significativa entre las tasas de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en mujeres embarazadas y los indicadores del índice de desarrollo humano (I = 0,2836; p < 0,05), ingreso medio (I = 0,6303; p < 0,05) y tasa de analfabetismo (I = 0,4604; p < 0,05). Conclusión: El estándar espacial de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en mujeres embarazadas correlacionado con determinantes socioeconómicos refuerza la necesidad de reestructurar políticas públicas para el control y la prevención del virus del SIDA que tengan en cuenta los factores socioeconómicos de esta población específica y las disparidades locorregionales en Pará.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o padrão espacial da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana em gestantes e sua correlação com os determinantes socioeconômicos. Método: Estudo ecológico, realizado com casos de infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana em gestantes no estado do Pará, Brasil, de 2010 a 2017. A análise das taxas foi realizada por meio do método bayesiano empírico e Moran local univariado. As análises bivariadas foram empregadas para examinar a correlação entre a infecção e os determinantes socioeconômicos. Resultados: Verificaram-se altas taxas da infecção em municípios das mesorregiões Sudeste Paraense e Metropolitana de Belém. Identificou-se correlação espacial significativa entre as taxas de infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana em gestantes e os indicadores índice de desenvolvimento humano (I = 0,2836; p < 0,05), renda média (I = 0,6303; p < 0,05) e taxa de analfabetismo (I = 0,4604; p < 0,05). Conclusão: O padrão espacial da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana em gestantes correlacionada aos determinantes socioeconômicos reforça a necessidade de reestruturação de políticas públicas de controle e prevenção do vírus da AIDS que atentem para os fatores socioeconômicos desse público específico e disparidades locorregionais no Pará.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the process and epidemiological implications of georeferencing in EpiFloripa Aging samples (2009-2019). METHOD The EpiFloripa Aging Cohort Study sought to investigate and monitor the living and health conditions of the older adult population (≥ 60) of Florianópolis in three study waves (2009/2010, 2013/2014, 2017/2019). With an automatic geocoding tool, the residential addresses were spatialized, allowing to investigate the effect of the georeferencing sample losses regarding 19 variables, evaluated in the three waves. The influence of different neighborhood definitions (census tracts, Euclidean buffers, and buffers across the street network) was examined in the results of seven variables: area, income, residential density, mixed land use, connectivity, health unit count, and public open space count. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the differences between neighborhood definitions according to three variables: contextual income, residential density, and land use diversity. RESULT The losses imposed by geocoding (6%, n = 240) caused no statistically significant difference between the total sample and the geocoded sample. The analysis of the study variables suggests that the geocoding process may have included a higher proportion of participants with better income, education, and living conditions. The correlation coefficients showed little correspondence between measures calculated by the three neighborhood definitions (r = 0.37-0.54). The statistical difference between the variables calculated by buffers and census tracts highlights limitations in their use in the description of geospatial attributes. CONCLUSION Despite the challenges related to geocoding, such as inconsistencies in addresses, adequate correction and verification mechanisms provided a high rate of assignment of geographic coordinates, the findings suggest that adopting buffers, favored by geocoding, represents a potential for spatial epidemiological analyses by improving the representation of environmental attributes and the understanding of health outcomes.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever o processo e as implicações epidemiológicas do georreferenciamento nas amostras do EpiFloripa Idoso (2009-2019). MÉTODO O estudo de coorte EpiFloripa Idoso buscou investigar e acompanhar as condições de vida e saúde da população idosa (≥ 60) de Florianópolis em três ondas de estudo (2009/2010, 2013/2014, 2017/2019). Com uma ferramenta de geocodificação automática, os endereços residenciais foram espacializados, permitindo a investigação do efeito das perdas amostrais do georreferenciamento em relação a 19 variáveis, avaliadas nas três ondas. A influência de diferentes definições de vizinhança (setores censitários, buffers euclidianos e buffers pela rede de ruas) foi examinada nos resultados de sete variáveis: área, renda, densidade residencial, uso misto do solo, conectividade, contagem de unidades de saúde, e contagem de espaços livres públicos. Coeficientes de correlação de Pearson foram calculados para avaliar as diferenças entre as definições de vizinhança de acordo com três variáveis: renda contextual, densidade residencial e diversidade de uso do solo. RESULTADO As perdas impostas pela geocodificação (6%, n = 240) não ocasionaram diferença estatística significativa entre a amostra total e a georreferenciada. A análise das variáveis do estudo sugere que o processo de geocodificação pode ter incluído uma maior proporção de participantes com melhor nível de renda, escolaridade e condições de vida. Os coeficientes de correlação evidenciaram pouca correspondência entre medidas calculadas pelas três definições de vizinhança (r = 0,37-0,54). A diferença estatística entre as variáveis calculadas por buffers e setores censitários ressalta limitações no uso destes na descrição dos atributos geoespaciais. CONCLUSÃO Apesar dos desafios relacionados à geocodificação, como inconsistências nos endereços, adequados mecanismos de correção e verificação propiciaram elevada taxa de atribuição de coordenadas geográficas. Os achados sugerem que a adoção de buffers, favorecida pela geocodificação, representa uma potencialidade para análises epidemiológicas espaciais ao aprimorar a representação dos atributos do ambiente e a compreensão dos desfechos de saúde.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introducción: caracterizar los deportistas es fundamental. En fútbol profesional se efectúa, aunque no de forma estandarizada. Esta investigación es la primera fase de un modelo de evaluación y seguimiento. Objetivo: describir el perfil de las variables del control biomédico y deportivo en un equipo de futbolistas profesionales. Métodos: estudio descriptivo en 32 futbolistas. Variables agrupadas en: 1) identificación; 2) antecedentes deportivos; 3) antropométricas; 4) monitoreo del entrenamiento; 5) fuerza; 6) GPS. Las mediciones se efectuaron según protocolo estandarizado. Se presentan las medias y desviaciones estándar (DE), medianas y rango intercuartíl (RIQ), y frecuencias relativas. En componentes claves se efectúan análisis por posición de juego. Resultados: la edad media fue 24,0 ± 4,6. El tiempo como profesional fue de 5,5 años. Las lesiones ligamentarias y musculares fueron los antecedentes más comunes con 31,5 % y 22,9 %, respectivamente; el 71,0 % ocurrieron en competencia. Los arqueros y delanteros tuvieron mayores porcentajes de masa adiposa. Defensas y volantes presentaron las mayores distancias recorridas con 64.560 y 64.386 metros, respectivamente. Los defensas y delanteros alcanzaron las mayores frecuencias de sprint (>27km/h). Los mayores desequilibrios de fuerza lo registraron los arqueros (50 % rodilla izquierda), seguidos de un 33,0 % en los volantes. Se evidenció alta heterogeneidad en los valores de creatina quinasa (CPK). Conclusión: un modelo estandarizado e interdisciplinario permite determinar el estado nutricional y antecedentes, monitorizar la carga y perfil de juego, evaluar los desequilibrios y marcadores de sobrecarga muscular; con miras a reducir el riesgo de lesiones y aumentar el rendimiento.

Summary Introduction: Characterizing athletes is essential. In professional soccer it is done, although not in a standardized way. This research is the first phase of an evaluation and monitoring model. Objective: To describe the profile of the variables of biomedical and sports control in a team of professional soccer players. Methods: Descriptive study in 32 soccer players. Variables were grouped in: 1) identification; 2) sports background; 3) anthropometry; 4) training monitoring; 5) strength; 6) GPS. Measurements were made according to standardized protocol. The means and standard deviations (SD), medians and interquartile range (IQR) and relative frequencies are presented. Analysis by playing position is carried out on key components. Results: The mean age was 24.0 ± 4.6. The time as a professional was 5.5 years. Ligament and muscle injuries were the most common antecedents with 31.5% and 22.9%, respectively; 71.0% occurred in competition. Goalkeepers and forwards had higher percentages of fat mass. Defenders and midfielders had the longest distances covered with 64.560 and 64.386 meters, respectively. Defenders and forwards reached the highest sprint frequencies (>27km /h). The greatest strength imbalances were recorded by goalkeepers (50% left knee), followed by 33.0% in midfielders. High heterogeneity was evidenced in creatine kinase (CPK) values. Conclusion: A standardized and interdisciplinary model allows determining nutritional status and antecedents, monitoring load and playing profile, evaluating imbalances and muscle overload markers; with the aim of reducing the risk of injury and increasing performance.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background and Aim: Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) constitute a global problem for humans and animals. Knowledge related to the spatial distribution of various species of vectors and their relationship with the environment where they develop is essential to understand the current risk of VBDs and for planning surveillance and control strategies in the face of future threats. This study aimed to identify models, variables, and factors that may influence the emergence and resurgence of VBDs and how these factors can affect spatial local and global distribution patterns. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was designed based on identification, screening, selection, and inclusion described in the research protocols according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guide. A literature search was performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and SciELO using the following search strategy: Article type Original research, Language: English, Publishing period: 2010-2020, Search terms: Spatial analysis, spatial models, VBDs, climate, ecologic, life cycle, climate variability, vector-borne, vector, zoonoses, species distribution model, and niche model used in different combinations with "AND" and "OR." Results: The complexity of the interactions between climate, biotic/abiotic variables, and non-climate factors vary considerably depending on the type of disease and the particular location. VBDs are among the most studied types of illnesses related to climate and environmental aspects due to their high disease burden, extended presence in tropical and subtropical areas, and high susceptibility to climate and environment variations. Conclusion: It is difficult to generalize our knowledge of VBDs from a geospatial point of view, mainly because every case is inherently independent in variable selection, geographic coverage, and temporal extension. It can be inferred from predictions that as global temperatures increase, so will the potential trend toward extreme events. Consequently, it will become a public health priority to determine the role of climate and environmental variations in the incidence of infectious diseases. Our analysis of the information, as conducted in this work, extends the review beyond individual cases to generate a series of relevant observations applicable to different models.