RESUMO
Studies that measured mutation rates in human populations using pedigrees have reported values that differ significantly from rates estimated from the phylogenetic comparison of humans and chimpanzees. Consequently, exchanges between mutation rate values across different timescales lead to conflicting divergence time estimates. It has been argued that this variation of mutation rate estimates across hominoid evolution is in part caused by incorrect assignment of calibration information to the mean coalescent time among loci, instead of the true genetic isolation (speciation) time between humans and chimpanzees. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of estimating the human pedigree mutation rate using phylogenetic data from the genomes of great apes. We found that, when calibration information was correctly assigned to the humanâ»chimpanzee speciation time (and not to the coalescent time), estimates of phylogenetic mutation rates were statistically equivalent to the estimates previously reported using studies of human pedigrees. We conclude that, within the range of biologically realistic ancestral generation times, part of the difference between whole-genome phylogenetic and pedigree mutation rates is due to inappropriate assignment of fossil calibration information to the mean coalescent time instead of the speciation time. Although our results focus on the humanâ»chimpanzee divergence, our findings are general, and relevant to the inference of the timescale of the tree of life.
RESUMO
Protozoans are microbial eukaryotes known to be ideal for aquatic ecotoxicological testing. Therefore, aiming to evaluate their possible use in standardized ecotoxicity assays we determined the best cultivation conditions and growth curves for two strains of the ciliated protozoan Paramecium caudatum Ehenberg 1833. One strain (PC1) was isolated from the Monjolinho reservoir-SP (22° 01 S and 47° 53 W) where the mean dissolved O2 is 5.205 mgL-1, pH 6.43 and electrical conductivity 34.75 μS cm-1. The other strain (PC2) from the Óleo lagoon in Jataí Ecological Station- SP (21° 36 S and 47° 49 W), with mean dissolved of 4,42 mgL-1, pH 4.90 and electrical conductivity 10.96 μS cm-1. The higher mean cellular biovolume and density obtained were used to evaluate different cultivation parameters such as temperature, pH, light exposition, stirring regimen and cultivation flask size. Considering protozoan densities and cell biovolume, the best culture conditions for PC1 strain was pH 9.0 at 30 °C and for PC2 was pH 7.0 at 27.5 °C. For both strains and evaluated parameters (biovolume and density), the bottle size did not interfered in the results and absence of light resulted in better ones. Concerning agitation, for PC2, there was no significant difference for this parameter and for PC1 in the absence of shaking we obtained better results. Therefore we decided to make the tests in the absence of light and without shaking. Regarding cell biovolume, the best condition was pH 9.0 at 25 ° C for the PC1 strain and pH 8.0 at 20 ° C for PC2 strain. The generation time calculated in a 96 hours growth curve was 8.35 hours for PC1 and 7.6 hours for PC2. (AU)
Assuntos
Paramecium caudatum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Paramecium caudatum/citologiaRESUMO
Protozoans are microbial eukaryotes known to be ideal for aquatic ecotoxicological testing. Therefore, aiming to evaluate their possible use in standardized ecotoxicity assays we determined the best cultivation conditions and growth curves for two strains of the ciliated protozoan Paramecium caudatum Ehenberg 1833. One strain (PC1) was isolated from the Monjolinho reservoir-SP (22° 01 S and 47° 53 W) where the mean dissolved O2 is 5.205 mgL-1, pH 6.43 and electrical conductivity 34.75 μS cm-1. The other strain (PC2) from the Óleo lagoon in Jataí Ecological Station- SP (21° 36 S and 47° 49 W), with mean dissolved of 4,42 mgL-1, pH 4.90 and electrical conductivity 10.96 μS cm-1. The higher mean cellular biovolume and density obtained were used to evaluate different cultivation parameters such as temperature, pH, light exposition, stirring regimen and cultivation flask size. Considering protozoan densities and cell biovolume, the best culture conditions for PC1 strain was pH 9.0 at 30 °C and for PC2 was pH 7.0 at 27.5 °C. For both strains and evaluated parameters (biovolume and density), the bottle size did not interfered in the results and absence of light resulted in better ones. Concerning agitation, for PC2, there was no significant difference for this parameter and for PC1 in the absence of shaking we obtained better results. Therefore we decided to make the tests in the absence of light and without shaking. Regarding cell biovolume, the best condition was pH 9.0 at 25 ° C for the PC1 strain and pH 8.0 at 20 ° C for PC2 strain. The generation time calculated in a 96 hours growth curve was 8.35 hours for PC1 and 7.6 hours for PC2.
Assuntos
Paramecium caudatum/citologia , Paramecium caudatum/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
The Amazon rain forest sustains the world's highest tree diversity, but it remains unclear why some clades of trees are hyperdiverse, whereas others are not. Using dated phylogenies, estimates of current species richness and trait and demographic data from a large network of forest plots, we show that fast demographic traits--short turnover times--are associated with high diversification rates across 51 clades of canopy trees. This relationship is robust to assuming that diversification rates are either constant or decline over time, and occurs in a wide range of Neotropical tree lineages. This finding reveals the crucial role of intrinsic, ecological variation among clades for understanding the origin of the remarkable diversity of Amazonian trees and forests.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Modelos Biológicos , Árvores/fisiologia , América do Sul , Clima TropicalRESUMO
Diplopods are very susceptible to various degrees of environmental disturbance, particularly climate, altitude and diet. In order to increase our understanding of millipede ecological plasticity, we used fertility tables to access and to compare the fertility and survival of two populations of the parthenogenetic species Poratia salvator from two areas with distinct characteristics. Collecting was conducted in two localities within the state of Mato Grosso, in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, municipality of Nossa Senhora do Livramento, and in the municipality of Várzea Grande. The specimens were maintained at room temperature. In the first generation, individuals from the Pantanal of Mato Grosso population reproduced early and also died earlier when compared with individuals from the Várzea Grande population. Furthermore, the population from the Pantanal had a lower net reproduction rate and a higher intrinsic growth rate than the population from the Várzea Grande. The generation time was lower for the Pantanal population than for the Várzea Grande population. In the second generation, the net reproduction rate observed for both populations was higher than that observed in the first generation, suggesting an increase in the reproductive potential of the females throughout their lives. The intrinsic growth rate of both populations decreased as a function of an increase in generation time observed in the second generation. As a result, the population growth rate in the second generation was slower when compared with the first generation, probably a result of the longer life expectancy of the second generation, which may have become adapted to the artificial conditions of the experiment.(AU)
Os Diplopoda demonstram forte sensibilidade às mudanças ambientais em diferentes escalas, sendo que fatores como clima, altitude e disponibilidade de alimento são os que mais influenciam o seu desenvolvimento biológico. Dessa maneira, este estudo objetivou estimar as taxas de sobrevivência e fertilidade da espécie partenogenética Poratia salvator através da elaboração de tabelas de fertilidade, a fim de caracterizar o crescimento populacional desta espécie, oriunda de diferentes ambientes. As coletas foram realizadas em duas localidades, uma no Pantanal de Mato Grosso, município de Nossa Senhora do Livramento, e outra no município de Várzea Grande-MT. Os indivíduos foram mantidos sob temperatura ambiente. Como resultado observou-se que a população proveniente do Pantanal apresentou aceleração da reprodução, na primeira geração, com mortalidade prematura das progenitoras. Para a população oriunda de Várzea Grande, a reprodução ocorreu em idades mais avançadas do período reprodutivo, e as fêmeas viveram por um maior período. Na primeira geração, a população do Pantanal teve menor taxa líquida de reprodução e maior taxa intrínseca de crescimento que a população de Várzea Grande. O tempo de geração da população do Pantanal foi menor que a de Várzea Grande. Na segunda geração, observou-se que a taxa líquida de reprodução das duas populações foi maior que a observada na primeira geração, evidenciando um incremento no potencial reprodutivo de cada uma das fêmeas ao longo da vida. A taxa intrínseca de crescimento diminuiu devido ao aumento no tempo de geração da segunda geração estudada. Com isso, a taxa de crescimento das populações, na segunda geração, foi mais lenta que a primeira, visto que houve um prolongamento na vida das progenitoras, aparentemente, devido à adaptação dos animais às condições artificiais.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Artrópodes/fisiologia , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida/fisiologia , Partenogênese , Adaptação Fisiológica , Artrópodes/classificação , /fisiologia , Crescimento DemográficoRESUMO
Diplopods are very susceptible to various degrees of environmental disturbance, particularly climate, altitude and diet. In order to increase our understanding of millipede ecological plasticity, we used fertility tables to access and to compare the fertility and survival of two populations of the parthenogenetic species Poratia salvator from two areas with distinct characteristics. Collecting was conducted in two localities within the state of Mato Grosso, in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, municipality of Nossa Senhora do Livramento, and in the municipality of Várzea Grande. The specimens were maintained at room temperature. In the first generation, individuals from the Pantanal of Mato Grosso population reproduced early and also died earlier when compared with individuals from the Várzea Grande population. Furthermore, the population from the Pantanal had a lower net reproduction rate and a higher intrinsic growth rate than the population from the Várzea Grande. The generation time was lower for the Pantanal population than for the Várzea Grande population. In the second generation, the net reproduction rate observed for both populations was higher than that observed in the first generation, suggesting an increase in the reproductive potential of the females throughout their lives. The intrinsic growth rate of both populations decreased as a function of an increase in generation time observed in the second generation. As a result, the population growth rate in the second generation was slower when compared with the first generation, probably a result of the longer life expectancy of the second generation, which may have become adapted to the artificial conditions of the experiment.
Os Diplopoda demonstram forte sensibilidade às mudanças ambientais em diferentes escalas, sendo que fatores como clima, altitude e disponibilidade de alimento são os que mais influenciam o seu desenvolvimento biológico. Dessa maneira, este estudo objetivou estimar as taxas de sobrevivência e fertilidade da espécie partenogenética Poratia salvator através da elaboração de tabelas de fertilidade, a fim de caracterizar o crescimento populacional desta espécie, oriunda de diferentes ambientes. As coletas foram realizadas em duas localidades, uma no Pantanal de Mato Grosso, município de Nossa Senhora do Livramento, e outra no município de Várzea Grande-MT. Os indivíduos foram mantidos sob temperatura ambiente. Como resultado observou-se que a população proveniente do Pantanal apresentou aceleração da reprodução, na primeira geração, com mortalidade prematura das progenitoras. Para a população oriunda de Várzea Grande, a reprodução ocorreu em idades mais avançadas do período reprodutivo, e as fêmeas viveram por um maior período. Na primeira geração, a população do Pantanal teve menor taxa líquida de reprodução e maior taxa intrínseca de crescimento que a população de Várzea Grande. O tempo de geração da população do Pantanal foi menor que a de Várzea Grande. Na segunda geração, observou-se que a taxa líquida de reprodução das duas populações foi maior que a observada na primeira geração, evidenciando um incremento no potencial reprodutivo de cada uma das fêmeas ao longo da vida. A taxa intrínseca de crescimento diminuiu devido ao aumento no tempo de geração da segunda geração estudada. Com isso, a taxa de crescimento das populações, na segunda geração, foi mais lenta que a primeira, visto que houve um prolongamento na vida das progenitoras, aparentemente, devido à adaptação dos animais às condições artificiais.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Artrópodes/fisiologia , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida/fisiologia , Partenogênese , Adaptação Fisiológica , Artrópodes/classificação , Fertilidade/fisiologia , Crescimento DemográficoRESUMO
In this work, a simplified method is used to estimate the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in a pasteurized meat product left for several hours at environmental temperatures (diurnal time) in warm climates of different cities in Argentina. Hourly temperature data for a warm January (the hottest month of the year) day, and literature data on the kinetics of S. aureus growth inoculated in a pasteurized meat product were used for calculations. As shown by results, if a cooked meat product is left exposed to environmental temperature at diurnal time, predictions made when using a constant temperature value (i.e. average daily) may not be accurate. Growth estimations in contaminated food left under ambient conditions during diurnal time, should consider the changing environmental temperature for correct results.
En este trabajo se utiliza un método simplificado para predecir el crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus en un producto cárnico pasteurizado dejado por varias horas a temperatura ambiente diurna en zonas de clima cálido. En la predicción, se utilizaron datos de la temperatura horaria para un día caluroso típico de enero (mes más caliente del año) en varias ciudades de la Argentina y datos de la literatura sobre tiempos de generación y tiempo lag de la bacteria inoculada en un producto cárnico pasteurizado. Los resultados indicaron que cuando el producto se deja a temperatura ambiente diurna durante varias horas, no se debe utilizar para la predicción un valor de temperatura promedio (ej.: temperatura media diaria), sino que hay que tener en cuenta la evolución de este parámetro a lo largo del período considerado.