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Society lives the transition between modernity and postmodernity. In this context, the family is considered as a fully dynamic system that changes over time. Therefore, family structures are in constant motion, and family functions also require changes. Sometimes the functions in the family change, but the structures do not, so conflicts within the family may appear. The objective of this research is to show how families evaluate their role in the postmodern context. Hence, the evaluation was carried out in 37 families through the APGAR test, a questionnaire that explores five areas of family function. Statistical analysis and data processing were performed with free software tools and the experiments may be reproduced as the data and code are hosted in open repositories. The results show that the perception of dysfunction at the individual level does not differ from the family perception. The families typically deny the conflict and the implicit changes in the family's functions because they do not know how to handle these changes. Likewise, the study shows that the changes in the family, attributed by several authors to the transition related to the postmodern paradigm, outline a growing trend towards the perception of the dysfunctionality of the family system over time.

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RESUMEN La Teoría Sociobiológica Informacional propone una definición radicalmente distinta de los sistemas vivos, y con lo mismo es la única teoría neurológica existente que evade el problema mente-cerebro y que explica la naturaleza de la conciencia humana. Fue desarrollada por Pedro Ortiz Cabanillas entre 1984 y 2011. En este documento vamos a realizar un recuento de todas sus obras más importantes. Incluimos, adicionalmente, material inédito de los años 1998, 1999, 2006, y 2009.

ABSTRACT The Informational Sociobiological Theory proposes a radically-different definition of living systems and, therefore, is the only existing neurological theory that evades the mind-brain problem and explains the nature of human consciousness. It was developed by Pedro Ortiz Cabanillas between 1984 and 2011. In this document we are presenting a listing of his main works. We include, additionally, unpublished material of the years 1998, 1999, 2006, and 2009.

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As duas principais teorias epistemológicas da Terapia Familiar Sistêmica, a Teoria Geral dos Sistemas e a Cibernética, compartilharam vários conceitos sobre sistema, mas se desenvolveram em direções distintas. As concepções sobre mudança foram fundamentais para pensar as possibilidades de se trabalhar com o sistema familiar. O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar as principais características de cada teoria, bem como contribuições teóricas de cada modelo, e as implicações desses para a clínica com famílias. Partindo da reflexão sobre a postura do terapeuta e da sua relação com a família suscitada pelo amplo debate epistemológico, discutimos as mudanças de enfoque mais significativas na abordagem sistêmica e como estão emergindo as principais tendências da Terapia Familiar.(AU)

General Systems Theory and Cybernetics, the two principal epistemological theories of Systemic Family Therapy, shared several concepts about systems, though they went on to develop in distinct directions. The conceptions about changes in family were fundamental to think possibilities to work with family system. In this article the authors introduce the main characteristics of each theory, theoretical contributions to each model, and the implications of these systems for family treatment. Beginning with reflections, grounded in the wide-ranging epistemological debate, on the therapist's stance and relationship with the family, we shall discuss the most significant changes of focus in the systemic approach, and the way in which the chief tendencies in Family Therapy are emerging.(AU)

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El presente documento expone los resultados de una investigación enfocada en la búsqueda de teorías que den sustento a lo que deberá ser un modelo para evaluar la participación institucional en el desarrollo de las competencias informacionales del estudiantado. La investigación se basa principalmente en revisión de la literatura y en las reflexiones que las lecturas inspiraron. Los resultados llevan a las personas autoras a concluir que un modelo de evaluación puede enmarcarse en la Teoría General de Sistemas en cuanto a la transformación que se espera lograr en estudiantes durante su paso por la universidad, pero que para lograr una visión más completa se requiere identificar una teoría del aprendizaje; se encuentra que la que puede brindar mayores explicaciones es la recientemente desarrollada Teoría del Conectivismo, como una forma de expansión de las teorías constructivistas del aprendizaje.

This document presents the results of a study focused on the search for theories to support what should be an evaluation model of university efforts aimed to develop student's information competencies. The research is mainly based on literature review and on the reflections that the readings inspired. The results lead the authors to conclude that an evaluation model can be framed in the General Systems Theory as to the transformation to be achieved by students during their pass by the university; nevertheless, for a more complete picture, it is necessary to identify a learning theory: we observe that one that may provide further explanations is the recently developed theory of Connectivism, as a way of expanding constructivist theories of learning.

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Se reconoce que para la gestión de algunos servicios de salud, entre ellos los Laboratorios Clínicos, se aplican al mismo tiempo, criterios que provienen de las ciencias duras, como los que se observan en la planificación operativa y científica, y otros que son propios de las ciencias sociales, como los utilizados para la gestión del personal o para la económico-administrativa. Esto supone la existencia de mecanismos explícitos, como por ejemplo los planteados por Shewart-Deming (planificar, hacer, controlar, corregir) y de otros implícitos, como aquellos que le confieren a la gestión el carácter sistémico y que pueden explicarse a partir de la Teoría General de Sistemas (TGS). Tanto el planteo de Shewart-Deming como el sistémico, son complementarios y en ellos se basan varias de las normas internacionales y nacionales que refieren a sistemas de calidad y a la gestión de sistemas integrados. El mismo tipo de gestión por procesos está presente en ambos modelos, donde los elementos se incluyen en una entrada y en una salida que resulta como consecuencia de procesos de transformación. El valor del resultado/servicio está dado por las interfases entre procesos y por mecanismos de retroalimentación que tornan más "flexible" el sistema Laboratorio, en algunos casos para corregir desvíos, en otros para mejorar y madurar en la gestión, y en otros muy escasos para innovar y crecer. Estos criterios, modelizados o no, vinculan al Laboratorio, como un sistema abierto, con la atención de sus múltiples intereses, internos y externos, y permiten la planificación estratégica y la replanificación, como core de la gestión. En este caso, se presenta un ejemplo de las interfases generadas entre los sistemas de calidad, ambiental, de seguridad y salud ocupacional y se discute cómo influyen los mecanismos sistémicos en la gestión de sistemas integrados (SIG) aplicados al Laboratorio Clínico.

It is recognized that in order to manage some health services in which Clinical Laboratories are included, some criteria derived from the hard sciences are at the same time applied, as observed in the scientific and operative planning and other criteria from the social sciences, like the ones used for staff or economic-administrative management. When the quality of these services is managed, the so called organized complexity that supposes the existence of explicit mechanisms, in work activities like the ones posed by Shewart-Deming, and other implicit ones, like those that confer a systemic character to management, comes up. The same type of management by processes is present in both models, where the resources are included in an entry or input and where the exit or output is the consequence of the work done through transformation processes. The service or result value is set by the interface among processes and by the feedback generated, this understood as the control plus communication that allow, among other things, to balance the system, to later correct it, in some cases to improve it, and in other few cases to innovate it. Both approaches are complementary and some national and international regulations that refer to quality systems and integrated system managements (SIG) are based on them. These criteria, modeled or not, link the Laboratory as an open system considering its many internal and external interests, and enable a strategic planning and replanning as the core of the management. In this case, an example of the interfaces generated among the quality, environment, and occupational safety and health systems is shown. The way the recognition of the systemic mechanism influences the management of integrated systems (SIG) applied to the Clinical Laboratory is discussed.

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