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BACKGROUND: There is general agreement that sexuality is a central aspect of human development; it is key in sexual health and reproductive education during adolescence. However, in spite of the existing interventions on this topic and the evidence generated, the inclusion of a gender focus in sexuality is relatively recent and there is little evidence available, thus structured and corroborated interventions with a gender-transforming perspective in sexuality are required. METHODS: We will use a mixed method experimental design with a parallel cluster-randomized trial (GRTs) that will evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive gender-transformative intervention of sexual education (ENFOCATE -Focus-on-), which will be complemented with qualitative studies to understand the implementation process. The participants will be 609 10th and 11th-grade students. The randomization will be by grade, and the data will be collected at three moments (pre-intervention, post-intervention, and a 3-month follow-up). DISCUSSION: Comprehensive, gender-focused, and culturally pertinent interventions in sexuality are needed for adolescents of countries with high, middle, and low incomes. These produce better results in terms of sexual health, and including a gender-transformative focus contributes to equity in health. Focus-on is unique since it uses a comprehensive gender-transformative intervention in sexual education that will allow putting into practice a program based both on international evidence and that which arises from the object population. It also uses a culturally-sensitive focus, since it is designed based on the characteristics of the object population; it will allow adapting some activities to the needs of the context in which it is developed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was prospectively registered on June 6, 2023, at ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05896540. Protocol version number 1.0. May 22, 2023.

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Women drug-users face significant challenges in accessing and adhering to outpatient treatment. However, this issue has been underexplored. The study aims to understand the experiences of a group of women undergoing drug use treatment. Between March and December 2021, a qualitative phenomenological interpretative study was carried out through semi-structured interviews with 16 women attending a drug-dependence care center in Catalonia, Spain. Data were processed through content analysis. The results indicate that, despite perceiving a positive impact of the treatment, women experience vulnerabilities related to stigmatization, lack of social support, and insufficient coverage of specific needs, impacting therapeutic follow-up. The findings emphasize the need to enhance resources for specialized care and promote a social support network where women drug-users actively participate.

Las mujeres consumidoras de drogas se enfrentan a grandes desafíos en el acceso y la adherencia al tratamiento ambulatorio. Sin embargo, esta cuestión ha sido poco estudiada. El objetivo del estudio es comprender las experiencias de un grupo de mujeres en tratamiento por consumo de drogas. Entre marzo y diciembre de 2021, se realizó un estudio cualitativo fenomenológico interpretativo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a 16 mujeres usuarias de un centro de atención a las drogodependencias de Cataluña (España). Los datos se procesaron mediante el análisis de contenido. Los resultados indican que las mujeres, pese a percibir un impacto positivo del tratamiento, viven realidades de vulnerabilidad relacionadas con la estigmatización, la falta de apoyo social y una baja cobertura de necesidades específicas con implicaciones en el seguimiento terapéutico. Los hallazgos enfatizan la necesidad de mejorar los recursos para una atención especializada y promover una red de apoyo social donde participen activamente las mujeres consumidoras de drogas.

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Resumo Neste artigo, buscou-se refletir sobre a atenção ofertada às mulheres em situação de violência sexual (VS) em duas unidades de saúde especializadas (UE) do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). A partir da análise qualitativa de entrevistas com profissionais dessas UE e de observações participantes realizadas entre novembro/2021 e agosto/2022, notaram-se problemas como: dificuldades em abordar o tema da VS e do aborto; despreparo para acolher mulheres em situação de VS; e fragilidades na atuação em rede. Como avanços, destacam-se: a compreensão da VS como problema social e de saúde por profissionais das equipes multidisciplinares, que se configuram como referências positivas para organização do trabalho em torno da VS nas UE; a disponibilidade de insumos necessários; e a percepção da melhoria na humanização da atenção à VS, desde a implementação da coleta de vestígios no SUS. É evidente que, para além das questões técnicas, o atendimento à VS é permeado por questões socioculturais e de gênero que atravessam os processos de trabalho, afetando a organização e a forma como o cuidado será ofertado. Enfatiza-se a importância da resistência feminista dos profissionais das equipes multidisciplinares para realização do trabalho e a urgência da formação de profissionais sensíveis para tratar das violências de gênero.

Abstract This study aimed to reflect on the health care offered to women in situations of sexual violence (SV) in two specialized units (SU) in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). Based on a qualitative analysis of interviews with professionals from these SUand participant observations, carried out from November/2021 to August/2022, this study observed problems such as difficulties in approaching subjects of SV and abortion; unpreparedness to welcome women in situations of SV, and network weaknesses. As advances, this research found that multidisciplinary team professionals understand of SV as a social and health problem, workers who serve as positive references for organizing work around SV in SU; the availability of the necessary supplies; and the perception of improvement in the humanization of SV care since the implementation of trace collection at SUS. In addition to technical issues, health care is evidently permeated by sociocultural and gender issues that affect work processes, affecting organizations and the way care is provided. The importance of feminist resistance by professionals in multidisciplinary teams is emphasized due to the urgent need to train sensitive professionals to deal with gender-based violence.

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RESUMEN Las mujeres consumidoras de drogas se enfrentan a grandes desafíos en el acceso y la adherencia al tratamiento ambulatorio. Sin embargo, esta cuestión ha sido poco estudiada. El objetivo del estudio es comprender las experiencias de un grupo de mujeres en tratamiento por consumo de drogas. Entre marzo y diciembre de 2021, se realizó un estudio cualitativo fenomenológico interpretativo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a 16 mujeres usuarias de un centro de atención a las drogodependencias de Cataluña (España). Los datos se procesaron mediante el análisis de contenido. Los resultados indican que las mujeres, pese a percibir un impacto positivo del tratamiento, viven realidades de vulnerabilidad relacionadas con la estigmatización, la falta de apoyo social y una baja cobertura de necesidades específicas con implicaciones en el seguimiento terapéutico. Los hallazgos enfatizan la necesidad de mejorar los recursos para una atención especializada y promover una red de apoyo social donde participen activamente las mujeres consumidoras de drogas.

ABSTRACT Women drug-users face significant challenges in accessing and adhering to outpatient treatment. However, this issue has been underexplored. The study aims to understand the experiences of a group of women undergoing drug use treatment. Between March and December 2021, a qualitative phenomenological interpretative study was carried out through semi-structured interviews with 16 women attending a drug-dependence care center in Catalonia, Spain. Data were processed through content analysis. The results indicate that, despite perceiving a positive impact of the treatment, women experience vulnerabilities related to stigmatization, lack of social support, and insufficient coverage of specific needs, impacting therapeutic follow-up. The findings emphasize the need to enhance resources for specialized care and promote a social support network where women drug-users actively participate.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize and analyze violence committed against Venezuelan immigrant female sex workers, from the perspective of an intersectional look at social class, gender and race-ethnicity. Method: Exploratory study with a qualitative approach. Data sources: interviews with 15 Venezuelan immigrant women sex workers and 37 Brazilian online media reports that addressed the topic. Data were submitted to thematic content analysis, with the support of Qualitative Data Analysis (WebQDA) software. Results: Thematic analysis of data from reports and interviews allowed the emergence of three empirical categories: Structural violence and reasons that led to prostitution: a question of social class; Among the forms of violence, the most feared: physical violence; Violence based on gender and race-ethnicity. Conclusion: The study made it possible to recognize that Venezuelan immigrant women who are sex workers in Brazil are subject to different types of violence and exploitation. This scenario is due to a reality of life and work that is based on the exploitation of female workers who experience the consequences of the interweaving of subalternities characteristic of their social insertion of class, gender and race-ethnicity.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Caracterizar y analizar la violencia ejercida contra trabajadoras sexuales inmigrantes venezolanas, desde una mirada interseccional de clase social, género y raza-etnia. Método: Estudio exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo. Fuentes de datos: entrevistas con 15 trabajadoras sexuales inmigrantes venezolanas y 37 informes de medios en línea brasileños que abordaron el tema. Los datos fueron sometidos al análisis de contenido temático, con el apoyo del software Qualitative Data Analysis (WebQDA). Resultados: El análisis temático de los datos de los informes y entrevistas permitió la emergencia de tres categorías empíricas: Violencia estructural y motivos que llevaron a la prostitución: una cuestión de clase social; Entre las formas de violencia, las más temidas: la violencia física; Violencia basada en el género y la raza-etnia. Conclusión: El estudio permitió reconocer que las mujeres inmigrantes venezolanas que ejercen el trabajo sexual en Brasil están sujetas a diferentes tipos de violencia y explotación. Este escenario obedece a una realidad de vida y de trabajo que se fundamenta en la explotación de los trabajadores que experimentan las consecuencias del entrecruzamiento de subalternidades propias de su inserción social de clase, género y raza-etnia.

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar e analisar violências praticadas contra mulheres imigrantes venezuelanas profissionais do sexo, na perspectiva de um olhar interseccional de classe social, gênero e raça-etnia. Método: Estudo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa. Fontes dos dados: entrevistas com 15 mulheres imigrantes venezuelanas trabalhadoras do sexo e 37 reportagens da mídia online brasileira que abordavam o tema. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo temática, com o apoio do software Qualitative Data Analysis (WebQDA). Resultados: A análise temática dos dados das reportagens e das entrevistas permitiu a emergência de três categorias empíricas: Violência estrutural e motivos que levaram à prostituição: uma questão de classe social; Entre as violências, a mais temida: a violência física; Violências baseadas no gênero e na raça-etnia. Conclusão: O estudo permitiu reconhecer que mulheres imigrantes venezuelanas profissionais do sexo no Brasil estão sujeitas a diferentes tipos de violência e exploração. Este cenário deve-se a uma realidade de vida e trabalho que se fundamenta na exploração de trabalhadoras que vivenciam as consequências do entrelaçamento das subalternizações características da sua inserção social de classe, gênero e raça-etnia.

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Resumen La literatura ha destacado la masculinización de la carrera de Pedagogía en Educación Física (PEF). En este estudio, se buscó comprender desde la perspectiva de género las dificultades en las experiencias formativas de las estudiantes de PEF en el contexto de una carrera masculinizada. Adoptando un enfoque cualitativo dentro del paradigma interpretativo, se llevaron a cabo seis grupos focales con un total de 20 estudiantes mujeres de seis universidades chilenas en los cuales se utilizó un guión semiestructurado. Los datos recopilados se analizaron temáticamente para identificar temas recurrentes y variaciones en las respuestas. Se realizaron interpretaciones para buscar relaciones y significados subyacentes. Tres hallazgos relevantes surgieron: a) una baja conciencia sobre la presencia de la masculinización en la carrera; b) la persistencia de sexismo y estereotipos de género, a los cuales las estudiantes reaccionaron mediante justificación, resignación y cuestionamiento; y c) una división y, a veces, jerarquización entre el deporte y la pedagogía en términos de género.

Resumo A literatura tem destacado a masculinização da carreira de Pedagogia em Educação Física (PEF). Neste estudo, buscou-se compreender, a partir da perspectiva de gênero, as dificuldades nas experiências formativas das estudantes de PEF no contexto de uma carreira masculinizada. Adotando uma abordagem qualitativa dentro do paradigma interpretativo, foram realizados seis grupos focais com um total de 20 estudantes mulheres de seis universidades chilenas, nos quais foi utilizado um roteiro semiestruturado. Os dados coletados foram analisados tematicamente para identificar temas recorrentes e variações nas respostas. Foram feitas interpretações para buscar relações e significados subjacentes. Três descobertas relevantes emergiram: a) uma baixa consciência sobre a presença da masculinização na carreira; b) a persistência do sexismo e estereótipos de gênero, aos quais as estudantes reagiram por meio de justificação, resignação e questionamento; e c) uma divisão e, às vezes, hierarquização entre o esporte e a pedagogia em termos de gênero.

Abstract The literature has highlighted the masculinization of the Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) career. This study aimed to understand, from a gender perspective, the difficulties in the formative experiences of female PETE students within the context of a masculinized career. Adopting a qualitative approach within the interpretative paradigm, six focus groups were conducted with a total of 20 female students from six Chilean universities using a semi-structured script. The data collected were analyzed thematically to identify recurrent themes and variations in the responses. Interpretations were made to search for relationships and underlying meanings. Three relevant findings emerged: a) a low awareness of the presence of masculinization in the career; b) the persistence of sexism and gender stereotypes, to which students reacted through justification, resignation and questioning; and c) a division and, at times, hierarchization between sport and pedagogy in terms of gender.

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O objetivo foi verificar o acesso às práticas corporais/atividade física (PCAF) ao longo da vida de idosas aposentadas participantes de um grupo de PCAF. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo com 16 mulheres idosas com idade entre 65 a 75 anos, selecionadas por conveniência, participantes de um grupo de PCAF de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde de Londrina, Paraná. As informações foram coletadas a partir de entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado, conduzidas individualmente pelo profissional responsável pelo grupo. Os dados foram analisados por elementos da análise de conteúdo pelo sistema de categorias. Três categorias de análise foram consideradas: infância/adolescência; idade adulta; e terceira idade. Na infância/adolescência as mulheres relataram que não tiveram incentivo de seus pais, bem como não tiveram educação física na escola. Na fase adulta, a falta de tempo e de incentivo dos parceiros, além do desconhecimento de atividades ofertadas foram relatadas pelas mulheres. Somente a partir da terceira idade, especialmente após a aposentadoria, com a melhora da condição financeira e com o fato de terem maior tempo livre, as mulheres indicaram uma melhora no acesso, inclusive com a possibilidade da participação no grupo de PCAF. Em geral os resultados revelaram a dificuldade do acesso dessas mulheres às PCAF ao longo de suas vidas e reforçam a importância de ações e políticas públicas que busquem aumentar o incentivo e o acesso as PCAF ao longo da vida das mulheres

The objective was to verify the access to body practices/physical activity (BPPA) throughout the life of retired elderly women participating in a group of BPPA. This is a qualitative study with 16 elderly women aged between 65 and 75 years, selected for convenience, participants of a PCAF group at a Public Health Centre in Londrina, Brazil. The information was collected from interviews with a semi-structured script, which were conducted individually by the professional responsible for the group and analyzed from the content analysis by the category system. Three analysis categories were considered: childhood/adolescence; adulthood; and Old age. In childhood/adolescence, the women reported that they had no encouragement from their parents and had no physical education at school. In adulthood, lack of time and lack of encouragement from partners, in addition to the lack of knowledge of activities offered, were reported by women. Only from old age, especially after retirement, with the improvement of the financial condition and the fact of having more free time, the women indicated an improvement in the access to physical activity, including the possibility of participating in the PCAF group. In general, the results revealed the difficulty of these women's access to PCAF throughout their lives and reinforce the importance of public actions and policies that seek to increase incentives and access to PCAF throughout women's lives

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Resumo A violência letal contra a mulher é um fenômeno complexo e multidimensional no qual interseccionam e confluem um amplo número de fatores para que aconteça um feminicídio em um momento e lugar específico. Identificaram-se os principais fatores que contribuíram na ocorrência de feminicídios na cidade de Campinas no período de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2019. Foram feitas entrevistas com membros da família, amigos, vizinhos, testemunhas e agentes de saúde sobre 24 casos de feminicídio utilizando a técnica da autópsia verbal. As autópsias foram complementadas, quando possível, com informações veiculadas na mídia e informes de autópsia clínica. Para o processo de análise de dados, foram realizadas narrativas dos casos resgatando os aspectos mais importantes das autópsias verbais e organizando os fatores encontrados nos quatro níveis do modelo ecológico da violência utilizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde: individual, relacional, comunitário e social. Estruturou-se a análise em categorias seguindo uma abordagem dedutiva. Partindo de casos particulares delimitados no tempo (2018 e 2019) e no espaço (a cidade de Campinas), espera-se compreender o fenômeno da violência letal contra as mulheres em sua dimensão mais ampla.

Abstract Lethal violence against women is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon in which a wide number of factors intersect and converge to make a femicide happen at a specific time and place. The main factors that contributed to the occurrence of femicides in the city of Campinas were identified from January 2018 to December 2019. Interviews were conducted with family members, friends, neighbors, witnesses, and health agents about 24 femicides using the verbal autopsy technique. The autopsies were supplemented, when possible, with information from the media and clinical autopsy reports. For the data analysis process, narratives of the cases were carried out, recovering the most important aspects of the verbal autopsies and organizing the factors found in the four levels of the ecological model of violence used by the World Health Organization: individual, relational, community, and social. The analysis was structured in categories following a deductive approach. Starting from particular cases delimited in time (2018 and 2019) and in space (municipality of Campinas) it is expected to understand the phenomenon of femicide in its broadest dimension.

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The paper analyses the health situation and the perceived health status of a sample of women experiencing homelessness (n = 138) in Madrid, Spain. All participants were adults, and the night before the baseline interview, they had slept on the street, at a shelter or any facility provided to care for people living homeless. The information was collected using structured interviews, repeated twice a year for a 3-year follow-up period. The findings of this study show that women experiencing homelessness presented poor health, particularly in comparison with the general Spanish population. Over half of the women questioned claimed to have a diagnosed serious or chronic illness, with a correlation between these conditions and the age, time spent homeless or high levels of drug use. There was a positive correlation found between women's perceived health status and being younger and having access to independent accommodation, while having suffered a number of stressful life events and having spent long periods of time living homeless presented a negative correlation with a good perceived health status.

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Resumen En este artículo proponemos visibilizar las estrategias de vinculación comunitaria de trabajadores/as de salud pública relativas a la producción del cuidado en el contexto crítico de la pandemia de la covid-19, signado por la profundización de la pobreza, la restricción de los servicios de salud y las tensiones del sistema sanitario en Argentina. Con un diseño metodológico cualitativo y enfoque etnográfico, entrevistamos a trabajadoras/es de distintas disciplinas, ocupaciones y géneros que se desempeñan en centros de salud y hospitales públicos en Mar del Plata y zonas rurales circundantes, entre los meses de marzo y diciembre de 2021. A partir de sus narrativas, analizamos las dimensiones de acceso a la alimentación, medicación y terapias holísticas, las dificultades encontradas y su contribución a la producción social del cuidado en salud. Concluimos que las estrategias generadas conllevan el potencial instituyente para la reorientación de los servicios públicos de salud de acuerdo con los desafíos del derecho a la salud desde la perspectiva de género y derechos en el tránsito a la postpandemia.

Abstract In this article we propose to make visible the strategies of community engagement of public health workers related to the production of care in the critical context of the covid-19 pandemic, marked by the deepening of poverty, the restriction of health services and the tensions of the health system in Argentina. With a qualitative methodological design and ethnographic approach, we interviewed workers from different disciplines, occupations and genders, who work in health centers and public hospitals in Mar del Plata and surrounding rural areas, between the months of March and December 2021. Based on their narratives, we analyze the dimensions of access to food, medication and holistic therapies, the difficulties encountered and their contribution to the social production of health care. We conclude that the strategies generated carry the instituting potential for the reorientation of public health services in accordance with the challenges of the right to health from the perspective of gender and rights in the transition to the post-pandemic.

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El trato digno, igualitario e inclusivo se ha constituido en un fenómeno de estudio en el contexto de la atención sanitaria, pero su abordaje es aún limitado frente al desconocimiento respecto al tema por parte del equipo de salud hacia las personas de la comunidad de la diversidad sexual, hoy conocida con la sigla que les representa como LGBTIQA+, quienes están inmersos fundamentalmente, en una sociedad heteronormada, donde la formación profesional con enfoque de género y diversidad sexual es aún limitada. El objetivo de la argumentación del escrito es presentar algunas referencias conceptuales, derechos legales, consecuencias para la salud que fundamentan una propuesta para el cambio de las instituciones de salud y de las enfermeras y enfermeros que iluminen el derecho de las personas de esta comunidad a recibir un trato digno.

Dignified, equal and inclusive treatment has become a study phenomenon in the context of health care, but its approach is still limited due to the lack of knowledge on the subject by the health team towards people from the diversity sexual, today known by the acronym that represents them as LGBTIQA+, who are fundamentally immersed in a heteronormative society, where professional training with a gender and sexual diversity approach is still limited. The objective of the argumentation of the writing is to present some conceptual references, legal rights, health consequences that support a proposal for the change of the health institutions and of the nurses that illuminate the right of people in this community to receive a decent deal.

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Introducción. En los últimos años, creció la evidencia sobre la efectividad de la inclusión de los padres o las parejas en las intervenciones que promueven la lactancia para mejorar las tasas de iniciación, duración y exclusividad. Objetivos. Identificar perspectivas y valoraciones sobre la lactancia en las parejas de las personas que amamantan, y generar información que permita la creación de intervenciones apropiadas que favorezcan la incorporación de los padres en los espacios de cuidado y en el sostén de la lactancia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cualitativo, con diseño de teoría fundamentada. Se realizaron 4 grupos de enfoque con padres. Los datos fueron procesados definiendo unidades de análisis por flujo libre, codificadas en dos planos, una codificación abierta, en categorías que emergieron y la agrupación de las categorías en cinco temas principales. Resultados. Participaron 16 padres. Se identificaron 5 temas principales: conocimiento de los padres sobre la lactancia, sentimientos frente a la lactancia, participación de la pareja en la lactancia, construcción de la idea de paternidad, lactancia en la sociedad. La lactancia recibió una valoración positiva. Si bien se consensuó una responsabilidad familiar compartida en su sostén, no se identificaron acciones suficientes de coparticipación. Los participantes manifestaron el deseo de ejercer una paternidad más comprometida, sin embargo, relataron que los entornos laborales no acompañan estas transformaciones. Conclusión. Se evidenciaron valoraciones positivas hacia la lactancia, conocimientos adecuados y preocupación por las dificultades. Se asumió una responsabilidad compartida en su sostén, pero faltaron en los relatos la mención de acciones concretas de coparticipación.

Introduction. The evidence about the effectiveness of fathers' or partners' involvement in breastfeeding interventions to promote initiation, duration, and exclusiveness rates has increased in recent years. Objectives. To identify the perspectives and assessments of breastfeeding among partners of breastfeeding women and develop information to create adequate interventions that favor the inclusion of fathers in care spaces and in the support of breastfeeding. Materials and methods. Qualitative study with a grounded theory design. Four focus groups were held with fathers. Data were processed defining free flow analysis units, coded in 2 levels, an open code, with emerging categories, and such categories grouped into 5 main topics. Results. A total of 16 fathers participated. Five main topics were identified: fathers' knowledge about breastfeeding, feelings towards breastfeeding, partner's involvement in breastfeeding, development of the concept of fatherhood, breastfeeding in society. Breastfeeding was positively assessed. Although breastfeeding support was considered a shared family responsibility, there were not enough co-participation actions identified. Participants expressed their desire to play a more involved fatherhood role; however, they stated that these transformations are not supported at workplaces. Conclusion. The evidence showed a positive assessment of breastfeeding, adequate knowledge, and concern about difficulties. Breastfeeding support was considered a shared responsibility, but not enough specific co-participation actions were mentioned.

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INTRODUCTION: Introduction. The evidence about the effectiveness of fathers' or partners' involvement in breastfeeding interventions to promote initiation, duration, and exclusiveness rates has increased in recent years. OBJECTIVES: To identify the perspectives and assessments of breastfeeding among partners of breastfeeding women and develop information to create adequate interventions that favor the inclusion of fathers in care spaces and in the support of breastfeeding. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Qualitative study with a grounded theory design. Four focus groups were held with fathers. Data were processed defining free flow analysis units, coded in 2 levels, an open code, with emerging categories, and such categories grouped into 5 main topics. RESULTS: A total of 16 fathers participated. Five main topics were identified: fathers' knowledge about breastfeeding, feelings towards breastfeeding, partner's involvement in breastfeeding, development of the concept of fatherhood, breastfeeding in society. Breastfeeding was positively assessed. Although breastfeeding support was considered a shared family responsibility, there were not enough co-participation actions identified. Participants expressed their desire to play a more involved fatherhood role; however, they stated that these transformations are not supported at workplaces. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence showed a positive assessment of breastfeeding, adequate knowledge, and concern about difficulties. Breastfeeding support was considered a shared responsibility, but not enough specific coparticipation actions were mentioned.

Introducción. En los últimos años, creció la evidencia sobre la efectividad de la inclusión de los padres o las parejas en las intervenciones que promueven la lactancia para mejorar las tasas de iniciación, duración y exclusividad. Objetivos. Identificar perspectivas y valoraciones sobre la lactancia en las parejas de las personas que amamantan, y generar información que permita la creación de intervenciones apropiadas que favorezcan la incorporación de los padres en los espacios de cuidado y en el sostén de la lactancia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cualitativo, con diseño de teoría fundamentada. Se realizaron 4 grupos de enfoque con padres. Los datos fueron procesados definiendo unidades de análisis por flujo libre, codificadas en dos planos, una codificación abierta, en categorías que emergieron y la agrupación de las categorías en cinco temas principales. Resultados. Participaron 16 padres. Se identificaron 5 temas principales: conocimiento de los padres sobre la lactancia, sentimientos frente a la lactancia, participación de la pareja en la lactancia, construcción de la idea de paternidad, lactancia en la sociedad. La lactancia recibió una valoración positiva. Si bien se consensuó una responsabilidad familiar compartida en su sostén, no se identificaron acciones suficientes de coparticipación. Los participantes manifestaron el deseo de ejercer una paternidad más comprometida, sin embargo, relataron que los entornos laborales no acompañan estas transformaciones. Conclusión. Se evidenciaron valoraciones positivas hacia la lactancia, conocimientos adecuados y preocupación por las dificultades. Se asumió una responsabilidad compartida en su sostén, pero faltaron en los relatos la mención de acciones concretas de coparticipación.

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Review of the book: The bell jar, of Sylvia Plath. Random House, 2020.

Reseña del libro: La campana de cristal, de Sylvia Plath. Literatura Random House, 2020.

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Un reciente artículo publicado por Fuerza de Tareas de Servicios Preventivos de EE.UU. (en inglés, USPSTF), comunicó los resultados de una revisión enfocada a identificar cuestiones vinculadas a la perspectiva de género en la elaboración de las recomendaciones que esta institución emite regularmente. En esa publicación los autores reconocieron que el sexo biológico y la identidad de género no son habitualmente tenidos en cuenta en los estudios de investigación, lo que constituye una barrera para implementar recomendaciones que optimicen una práctica clínica inclusiva. A partir de esa comunicación, la autora de este artículo editorial considera aspectos vinculados con el género que se reflejan en nuestro pensamiento, lenguaje y abordaje clínico, situándolos en el contexto de los cambios culturales y normativos sucedidos en Argentina durante las últimas dos décadas. (AU)

A recent article published by the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) reported the results of a review focused on identifying gender-related issues in the development of the recommendations this institution regularly issues. In that publication, the authors recognised that biological sex and gender identity are often not taken into account in research studies, which constitutes a barrier when it comes to implementing recommendations that optimise inclusive clinical practice. Based on that communication, the author of this article examines aspects related to gender that are reflected in our way of thinking, language and clinical approach, placing them in the context of the cultural and regulatory changes that have taken place in Argentina over the last two decades. (AU)

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Resumo Diferenças de sexo e gênero são elementos importantes para se considerar na pesquisa e na publicação científica. Diversos esforços têm sido empreendidos no meio científico para incorporar as dimensões sexo e gênero em todo o ciclo da pesquisa, especialmente na área da Saúde. As diretrizes sobre Equidade de Sexo e Gênero na Pesquisa (Sex and Gender Equity in Research - SAGER) dedicam-se a guiar autores na preparação dos manuscritos, mas também são úteis para editores e revisores de periódicos, bem como para avaliadores das agências de fomento, buscando promover a integração de sexo e gênero na pesquisa, em diversas disciplinas. Para facilitar a adesão às diretrizes SAGER e encorajar uma abordagem mais sistemática no relato dessas variáveis na pesquisa, foram desenvolvidas duas listas de checagem: uma para estudos com participantes humanos e outra para os demais estudos (ciência aplicada, biologia celular etc.). Esta nota apresenta as versões em português dessas listas e destaca sua relevância para o aprimoramento do relato das pesquisas comunicadas nos periódicos, como prática de integridade científica.

Abstract Sex and gender differences are important elements for consideration in scientific research and publishing. Many efforts have been made in scientific research to incorporate the dimensions of sex and gender throughout the research cycle, especially in the Health field. The Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) guidelines are dedicated to guiding authors in preparing their manuscripts, but are also useful for journal editors and reviewers, as well as for grant reviewers, seeking to promote the integration of sex and gender in research in different disciplines. To facilitate adherence to the SAGER guidelines and encourage a more systematic approach to reporting these variables in research, two checklists were developed: one for studies with human participants, and one for other studies (applied science, cell biology, etc.). This article presents the Portuguese versions of these checklists and highlights their relevance to improving the reporting of research reported in journals, as a practice of scientific integrity.

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Studies with a gender perspective focus on the way in which women and men relate to each other in different spheres, reflecting the distribution of power between them. This type of work division conditions the working life of women, who tend to dedicate fewer hours to paid work than men, affecting their labor income, as well as other non-monetary compensations. The objective of this study was to characterize the men and women employed in the health sector of Bahía Blanca, from a gender perspective. For this, the Permanent Household Survey of the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC, as per its initials in Spanish) was analyzed using a quantitative methodology. The main results indicate that, although the sector is composed of a majority of women, this proportion being even greater than in the rest of the country, with more education and work experience than their male counterparts, women face conditions of horizontal and vertical labor segregation. At the same time, differences are observed in the contracting conditions. The study of work from a gender perspective will contribute to the design of policies that propose gender equity, that is, the absence of systematic and unfair differences in the working conditions and opportunities between women and men. In particular, this information can be very useful for developing strategies that tend to improve the situation of women when health care management is decentralized to lower levels of government.

Los estudios con perspectiva de género se centran en la forma en que se relacionan mujeres y varones en distintos ámbitos, reflejando la distribución de poder entre ambos. La división del trabajo según el género condiciona las trayectorias laborales de las mujeres, quienes suelen destinar menos horas que los varones al trabajo remunerado, lo que repercute en su ingreso laboral, así como en otras compensaciones no monetarias. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar a las personas ocupadas del sector de salud del partido de Bahía Blanca, Argentina, desde una perspectiva de género. Para ello se analizó la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC), utilizando una metodología cuantitativa. Los principales resultados señalan que, aun cuando el sector este compuesto por una mayoría de mujeres, incluso mayor que en el resto del país, con mayor educación y experiencia laboral que sus compañeros varones, estas enfrentan condiciones de segregación laboral horizontal y vertical, a la vez que se observan diferencias en las condiciones de contratación. El trabajo desde una mirada de género contribuirá al diseño de políticas que se propongan la equidad de género, es decir la ausencia de diferencias sistemáticas e injustas en las condiciones y las oportunidades de trabajo entre mujeres y varones. En particular, esta información puede resultar de gran utilidad para diseñar estrategias que tiendan a mejorar la situación de las mujeres cuando la gestión de la atención de salud se encuentra descentralizada a los niveles inferiores de gobierno.

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BACKGROUND: Pervasive marketing of unhealthy foods is a contributing factor to the growth of the global epidemic of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity. Sex and gender differences come into play in the design of and responses to these marketing strategies, contributing to the perpetuation of stereotyped behavior and generating disparities in food choices and health. The purpose of this paper is to review the current literature regarding gender differences in food marketing design and perception among children and adolescents to facilitate evidence-based policy dialogues to address gender-based health disparities in NCD prevention. METHODS: Scoping review of articles published in scientific journals in English and Spanish, from 2003 to 2018, that addressed the influence of food marketing among children and adolescents including a gender perspective. The methodological quality of each article was assessed following criteria specific to each study design. RESULTS: From a total of 37 articles (39 studies) included in the review, 17 were experimental and 22 had descriptive, cross-sectional designs. Twenty-one studies were found to have low methodological quality, while 10 and 8 were of medium and high quality, respectively. A total of 23 studies among children and adolescents found gender-based differences. Differences were found in the following dimensions: food marketing on intake; responses to specific marketing; perceptions and attitudes towards food marketing and marketing regulation initiatives; exposure to food advertising and gendered marketing content. The evidence was not conclusive in any of the dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence suggests that food marketing has a similar impact on the consumption of unhealthy foods on boys and girls, but boys were found to be exposed to food advertising more intensively and their preferences to be more affected by this exposure, coinciding with a male-dominant advertising content. Limitations of these studies include taking gender as an unproblematic construct equivalent to biological sex and the lack of studies focused on developing countries. As gender is a cross-sectional dimension that interacts with other factors driving health disparities, an integrated gender perspective is needed to develop effective, evidence-based policies to control food marketing and tackle the childhood overweight and obesity pandemic.

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Este artigo realiza aproximações conceituais da epistemologia feminista, considerando a teoria crítica do jornalismo como forma de conhecimento social, com o objetivo de discutir a importância da perspectiva de gênero em reportagens sobre a cultura do estupro. Como corpus de análise, selecionamos o livro-reportagem Ela Disse: os bastidores da reportagem que impulsionou o #MeToo, que retrata a produção das notícias do New York Times sobre abusos sexuais contra atrizes e funcionárias da indústria cinematográfica de Hollywood. Sistematizamos as teorias levantadas para apontar parâmetros do jornalismo com perspectiva feminista. Definimos, como aspectos e categorias de análise das reportagens, a contextualização, os desafios e estratégias de apuração da violência de gênero e cultura do estupro como formas de organização social e questões de saúde pública. Como resultados, reforçamos a necessidade da abordagem feminista no jornalismo para gerar a reflexão pela sociedade, o enfrentamento da violência e da desigualdade de gênero.

This article deals with conceptual approaches of feminist epistemology, bearing in mind the critical theory of journalism as a form of social knowledge, aiming to discuss the importance of the gender perspective in reports on the rape culture. As a corpus of analysis, we selected a book written by two investigative reporters, She said: breaking the sexual harassment story that helped ignite a movement, which portrays the New York Times production of news regarding sexual abuse and harassment of actresses and women employees by their bosses in Hollywood film industry. We have systematized the theories raised to point out parameters of journalism with a feminist perspective. We defined, as aspects and categories of analysis of the reports, the contextualization, challenges and strategies for investigating gender violence and rape culture as forms of social organization and public health issues. As a result of the study, we reinforce the need for a feminist approach in journalism to generate a reflection on these problems by society, and to confront the gender violence and inequality.

Este artículo realiza aproximaciones conceptuales de la epistemología feminista, teniendo em cuenta la teoría crítica del periodismo como forma de conocimiento social, con el objetivo de discutir la importancia de la perspectiva de género en los reportajes sobre la cultura de la violación. Como corpus de análisis, seleccionamos el libro-reportaje Ela disse: os bastidores da reportagem que impulsionou o #MeToo [Ella ha dicho: los bastidores del reportaje que ha impulsionado el movimiento #MeToo], que retrata la producción de noticias del New York Times sobre acosos sexuales sufridos por actrices y empleadas de la industria cinematográfica de Hollywood. Hemos sistematizado las teorías planteadas para señalar parámetros del periodismo con una perspectiva feminista. Definimos, como aspectos y categorías de análisis de los reportajes, la contextualización, los desafíos y algunas estrategias de investigación de la violencia de género y la cultura de la violación como formas de organización social y cuestiones de salud pública. Como resultado, reforzamos la necesidad de un enfoque feminista en el periodismo para generar reflexión por la sociedad, y más el enfrentamiento de la violencia y de la desigualdad de género.

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Resumen Introducción El artículo plantea, desde una perspectiva feminista, cómo la creciente crisis del cuidado, acentuada en Estados neoliberales, genera una absorción de esta problemática por las mujeres, especialmente cuando se trata de personas adultas en situación de dependencia. Objetivo Describir la cotidianidad de cuidadoras informales de personas adultas en situación de dependencia, además de los efectos que este trabajo ha tenido en sus vidas. Método Investigación cualitativa, enmarcada como crítica y feminista, que ha incluido la entrevista semiestructurada y observación participante de la cotidianidad de 7 cuidadoras informales en Santiago de Chile, entre 2018 y 2019. Resultados Se identificó una compleja trama de actividades que componen la cotidianidad del trabajo de cuidados, que producen gran nivel de sobrecarga en las cuidadoras. Además, se evidenciaron efectos múltiples en sus cotidianidades, que incluyen los de tipo personal, familiar y económico. Conclusiones La sexista organización social del cuidado produce ocupaciones generizadas como efecto, evidenciando el carácter sociohistórico que genera cotidianidades precarizadas para las mujeres que asumen el trabajo de cuidado de personas adultas en situación de dependencia de modo informal, como problema político y no personal.

Resumo Introdução O artigo propõe, a partir de uma perspectiva feminista, como a crescente crise de cuidado, acentuada nos estados neoliberais, gera uma absorção desse problema pelas mulheres, principalmente quando se trata de adultos em situação de dependência. Objetivo Descrever o cotidiano de cuidadoras informais de adultos dependentes, além das repercussões deste trabalho em suas vidas. Método Pesquisa qualitativa, classificada como crítica e feminista, que realizou entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação participante do cotidiano de 7 cuidadoras informais em Santiago do Chile, entre 2018 e 2019. Resultados Foi identificada uma complexa teia de atividades que compõe o cotidiano do trabalho de cuidado, que produz alto nível de sobrecarga para as cuidadoras. Além disso, foram evidenciados múltiplos efeitos em seu cotidiano, que incluem os de ordem pessoal, familiar e econômica. Conclusões A sexista organização social do cuidado produz como efeito ocupações generizadas, evidenciando o caráter histórico-social que gera cotidianidades precárias para mulheres que realizam informalmente trabalhos de cuidado de adultos em situação de dependência, como um problema político e não pessoal.

Abstract Introduction The article raises, from a feminist perspective, how the growing crisis of care, accentuated in neoliberal states, generates an absorption of this problem by women, especially when it comes to dependent adults. Objective To describe the daily life of informal caregivers of dependent adults, in addition to the effects that this work has had on their lives. Method Qualitative research, framed as critical and feminist, which has included the semi-structured interview and participant observation of the daily life of 7 informal caregivers in Santiago de Chile, between 2018 and 2019. Results A complex web of activities was identified that make up the daily life of care work, which produces a great level of overload on caregivers. In addition, multiple effects were evidenced in their daily lives, which include those of a personal, family, and economic nature. Conclusions The sexist social organization of care produces gendered occupations as its effect, evidencing the socio-historical character that generates precarious daily lives for women who undertake care work for dependent adults in an informal way as a political and not personal problem.