RESUMO

INTRODUCTION/AIMS: Objective and practical biomarkers to determine the need for gastrostomy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are lacking. Tongue pressure (TP) is a promising biomarker because it is associated with bulbar dysfunction. The aims of this study were to evaluate the association of TP with the need for gastrostomy, and to determine its optimal cut-off value. METHODS: This prospective observational study included participants with ALS taking nutrition orally. TP was evaluated using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument. Need for gastrostomy as determined by a multidisciplinary team during a 12-month follow up period was recorded. Associations between TP and need for gastrostomy placement were performed. ROC curve analysis determined the optimal cut-off value of TP to predict gastrostomy. RESULTS: Of 208 screened participants, 119 were included. Gastrostomy was indicated in 45% (53), in a 12-month follow up period. TP of ≤20 kPA was a strong predictor of gastrostomy indication (OR 11.8, CI 95% [4.61, 34.7], p < .001). The association persisted even after adjustment for weight loss, pneumonia, prolonged feeding duration, Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale score, and American Speech-Language-Hearing Association scale score (OR 4.51, CI 95% [1.50, 14.9], p = .009). By receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, 20 kPA represented the optimal cut-off value (sensitivity 0.75, specificity 0.89). DISCUSSION: TP is a strong independent predictor of gastrostomy indication in the subsequent 12 months in patients with ALS, with good sensitivity and specificity at a cutoff value of ≤20 kPA, suggesting that it may be a promising biomarker in clinical practice.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introduction: Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is the most common congenital disorder and a leading cause of infant mortality. Despite improved survival rates, patients with CHD often face malnutrition due to increased metabolic demands, feeding difficulties, and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Malnutrition in CHD is linked to poor short and long-term clinical outcomes. Gastrostomy (GT) is frequently used for long-term enteral support, and laparoscopic GT (LGT) has demonstrated advantages in children without CHD. This study evaluated a modified Georgeson's percutaneous LGT technique and its perioperative complications in children with CHD. Methods: We performed an analytical retrospective cohort study from 2018 to 2022, including patients younger than 24 months with a diagnosis of CHD who underwent LGT. The primary outcome evaluated was the presence of complications during surgery and the first thirty postoperative days. Complications were graded using Clavien-Dindo's (CD) classification. Sociodemographic, clinical, and procedure-related variables were collected. A bivariate analysis was performed using STATA 15, and a p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Seventy-eight patients were eligible (male 56.41%, Median age 129.5 days, weight: 4.83 kg). The median surgery time was 35 min. The complication rate was 24.36%. The most frequent complications were GT site infection (10.26%), followed by leakage (8.97%) and granuloma formation (6.41%). Conversion to open surgery was significantly associated with postoperative complications (p = 0.002). Conclusion: This modified technique is well-tolerated in children with CHD, demonstrating a low rate of CD grade 3A/3B complications and no grade 4 or 5 complications.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous radiological gastrostomy (PRG) and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) are minimally invasive gastrostomy techniques for individuals requiring prolonged enteral feeding. Recent meta-analyses concerning their efficacy and safety mainly included retrospective studies and yielded conflicting results. This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to compare efficacy, safety, and procedure time between PRG and PEG for enteral feeding. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for eligible RCTs comparing PRG and PEG for enteral feeding through February 23, 2024. The primary outcome was technical success. The secondary outcomes were (1) adverse events (AEs), (2) mortality, and (3) procedure time. We used the random-effects model to calculate pooled risk ratio (RR) and mean difference (MD) with corresponding 95% CIs for dichotomous and continuous outcomes, respectively. RESULTS: Five RCTs with 544 patients (268 PRG and 276 PEG) were included. There was similar technical success (RR = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.98-1.05; I² = 35%; moderate certainty of evidence because of inconsistency), overall mortality (RR = 1.25; 95% CI = 0.63-2.47; I² = 47%; very low certainty of evidence because of inconsistency, indirectness, and imprecision), and overall AEs risk (RR = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.63-1.76; I² = 81%; low certainty of evidence because of inconsistency and imprecision) between the two groups. However, compared with PEG, the procedure time was longer in the PRG group (MD = 19.35 min; 95% CI = 0.95-37.75 min; I² = 98%; very low certainty of evidence because of inconsistency and imprecision). CONCLUSION: PRG and PEG demonstrate similar efficacy and safety; however, the endoscopic technique may boast a shorter procedure time.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A gastrostomy is a common procedure for patients with swallowing problems or inability to maintain regular oral nutrition. These gastrostomy tubes need special attention, as complications can occur if the tubes are left unattended. In rare scenarios, these tubes can migrate and cause severe life-threatening difficulties such as bowel obstruction and pancreatitis. We present the case of a 76-year-old quadriplegic woman who had a gastrostomy tube. Suddenly, the tube was missing, and after urgent medical care, the gastrostomy tube was found within her bowel. After successful surgery, she recovered from this incident.

RESUMO

Introduction: Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) is one of the preferred methods for providing enteral feeding to patients whose oral intake nutrition is not feasible. There is limited evidence regarding post- PEG survival. Our primary objective is to evaluate long-term survival and identify main variables in a cohort of patients with PEG. Methodology: A retrospective study of patients who underwent PEG at Sótero del Río Hos- pital between 2013 and 2020 was conducted. Demographic data, indications for PEG, and time from placement to death, in applicable cases, were evaluated. Specific indications were classified into four groups: Neoplasia, Dementia, Stroke (CVA), and Other neurological causes. Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted to represent survival, and log-rank tests were used. Results: 635 patients were included, 53.5% male, with a median age of 69 years (IQR 55-79). Indications included Neoplasia (11.8%), Dementia (9.8%), Stroke (58.4%), and Other neurological causes (20.0%). The overall survival rate was 36%, with rates of 50.23% at one year and 3.94% at five years, and a median survival of 12 months (IQR 4-28). According to the previous diagnosis, the Other neurological causes group had a higher survival rate (p < 0.001), with a median survival of 16 months (IQR 4-35). Conclusions: PEG is an invasive technique where placement is influenced by multiple variables such as previous diagnosis and patient type. Our study demonstrated a survival rate consistent with the literature, where factors such as age and the type of disease that prompted indication are relevant to consider.

Introducción: La gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea (GEP) es uno de los métodos de elección para brindar alimentación enteral a pacientes que ven afectada su capacidad de nutrición por vía oral. Existe escasa evidencia respecto a la sobrevida post GEP, estudios describen un 40% al año, en relación a la gravedad inherente de la enfermedad de base de los pacientes. Nuestro objetivo principal es evaluar la sobrevida a largo plazo y cuáles serían las principales variables que podrían influir, en una cohorte de pacientes con GEP. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes a quienes se les instaló una GEP en el Hospital Sótero del Río, entre los años 2013- 2020. Se evaluaron datos demográficos, indicación de la GEP y tiempo transcurrido desde la instalación hasta el fallecimiento, en los casos correspondientes. Las indicaciones específicas fueron clasificadas en cuatro grandes grupos: Neoplasia, Demencia, Accidente Cerebrovascular (ACV) y Otras causas neurológicas. Se trazaron curvas de Kaplan-Meier para representar la supervivencia y se utilizaron pruebas de log-rank test. En el análisis estadísti- co se utilizó SPSS versión 25. Resultados: Se incluyeron 635 pacientes, 53,5% sexo masculino, con una mediana de edad 69 años (RIQ 55-79). Dentro las indicaciones: Neoplasia (11,8%), Demencia (9,8%), ACV (58,4%) y Otras causas neurológicas (20,0%). La tasa de sobrevida global fue del 36%, siendo al año 50,23 % y a los 5 años 3,94%; con una mediana de sobrevida de 12 meses (RIQ 4-28). Según diagnóstico previo, el grupo Otras causas neurológicos tuvo una mayor sobrevida (p < 0,001), con una mediana de 16 meses (RIQ 4-35). Conclusiones: La GEP es una técnica invasiva donde su instalación responde a múltiples variables como diagnóstico previo y tipo de paciente. Nuestro trabajo demostró una tasa de supervivencia acorde con la literatura, donde los factores como la edad y el tipo de enfermedad que originó indicación son relevantes a considerar.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumo Objetivo identificar o perfil de crianças e adolescentes dependentes de tecnologia de um hospital de referência pediátrica do sul do país. Método estudo descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio da análise de prontuários, entre janeiro de 2016 e dezembro de 2019, armazenados em planilha Microsoft Excel para a análise estatística descritiva. Um projeto aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética sob o parecer 5.115.194. Resultados prevaleceu o sexo masculino (50,8%), em idade pré-escolar (30,8%), proveniente da Grande Florianópolis (60,1%). Os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram relacionados à prematuridade/período neonatal, anomalias congênitas/defeitos genéticos, doenças neurológicas e/ou neuromusculares, correspondendo a 37%, 33,2% e 18,5%. Os dispositivos tecnológicos mais utilizados foram gastrostomia (56,3%) e traqueostomia (36,6%). A utilização de medicamentos contínuos se deu em 93,4% e 49,2% utilizavam quatro ou mais medicamentos. As mães foram as principais cuidadoras (80,9%). Ocorreram 31 óbitos no período. Conclusão e implicação para a prática este grupo apresenta grande demanda de cuidados decorrentes do diagnóstico principal, dos dispositivos tecnológicos, das medicações e das possíveis complicações. A identificação do perfil das crianças e adolescentes dependentes de tecnologia contribuiu para ampliar a visibilidade de uma população que está em constante crescimento e, assim, prestar uma assistência integral, de acordo com suas especificidades e reais necessidades.

Resumen Objetivo identificar el perfil de niños y adolescentes dependientes de tecnología atendidos en un hospital de referência pediátrica del sur del país. Método estudio descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo. La recolección de datos ocurrió através del análisis de las historias clínicas, desde enero de 2016 hasta diciembre de 2019, almacenadas en una hoja de cálculo de Microsoft Excel para el análisis estadístico descriptivo. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética bajo el parecer 5.115.194. Resultados predominaron varones (50,8%), en período de desarrollo preescolar (30,8%), la región más frecuentada de la Gran Florianópolis (60,1%). Los diagnósticos más frecuentes estuvieron relacionados con prematuridad/el período neonatal, anomalías congénitas/defectos genéticos, enfermedades neurológicas y/o neuromusculares, correspondiendo al 37%, 33,2% y 18,5%, respectivamente. Los dispositivos tecnológicos más utilizados fueron la gastrostomía (56,3%) y la traqueotomía (36,6%). El uso de medicación continua ocurrió en el 93,4% y el 49,2% utilizó cuatro o más medicamentos. Las madres fueron las principales cuidadoras en 80,9% de los casos, ocurriendo 31 óbitos en el período. Conclusión e implicación para la práctica este grupo tiene una alta demanda de atención debido al diagnóstico principal, dispositivos tecnológicos, medicamentos y posibles complicaciones. Identificar el perfil de niños y adolescentes dependientes de tecnología contribuye a aumentar la visibilidad de una población en constante crecimiento y, por lo tanto, calificar la asistencia, de acuerdo com sus especificidades y reales necesidades.

Abstract Objective to identify the profile of technology-dependent children and adolescents at a pediatric referral hospital in southern Brazil. Method a descriptive study with a quantitative approach. Data was collected by analyzing medical records between January 2016 and December 2019 and stored in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for descriptive statistical analysis. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee under protocol number 5.115.194. Results: The prevalence was male (50.8%), pre-school age (30.8%), from Greater Florianópolis (60.1%). The most frequent diagnoses were related to prematurity/neonatal period, congenital anomalies/genetic defects, and neurological and/or neuromuscular diseases, corresponding to 37%, 33.2%, and 18.5%. The most commonly used technological devices were gastrostomy (56.3%) and tracheostomy (36.6%). 93.4% used continuous medication and 49.2% used four or more medications. Mothers were the main caregivers (80.9%). There were 31 deaths during the period. Conclusion and implications for practice this group has a high demand for care due to the main diagnosis, technological devices, medications, and possible complications. Identifying the profile of technology-dependent children and adolescents has helped to increase the visibility of a population that is constantly growing and thus provides comprehensive care according to their specific needs.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is performed quite frequently in our environment. In general, its complications are few and mostly minor; however, there is a 2.4% incidence of significant complications, particularly abnormal displacement of the internal bumper of the gastrostomy, known as buried bumper syndrome (BBS). Serious infections, tears, and fistulas can also occur. This work illustrates five cases of severe complications of PEG.

La gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea es un procedimiento realizado con alta frecuencia en nuestro medio; por lo general, sus complicaciones son escasas y en su mayoría menores, pero hay un 2,4% de incidencia de complicaciones mayores, en especial el desplazamiento anormal del disco interno de la gastrostomía, conocido como síndrome de Buried Bumper (SBB), y también se pueden presentar infecciones graves, desgarros y fístulas. En este trabajo se presentan 5 casos en los que se ilustran complicaciones graves de la gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea.

RESUMO

Introducción: La oclusión intestinal constituye la segunda causa de abdomen agudo quirúrgico y el 20 por ciento de los ingresos en los servicios de urgencia; algunas revisiones muestran que se producen cada año más de 9000 muertes por esta causa. Objetivo: Presentar un paciente oncológico al cual se le realizó una gastrostomía y posteriormente se complicó con una intususcepción. Caso clínico: Paciente de 59 años de edad, al cual se le realizó una gastrostomía alimentaria al presentar disfagia. Días más tarde el paciente se complicó con una oclusión intestinal y falleció en un corto periodo. Conclusiones: La intususcepción es una enfermedad infrecuente en adultos, con una presentación clínica poco específica. Los síntomas cardinales son el dolor de tipo cólico, vómitos, distención abdominal y detención del tránsito intestinal(AU)

Introduction: Intestinal occlusion is the second leading cause of surgical acute abdomen and 20 percent of admissions to emergency services; some reviews show that they produce more than 9000 deaths each year from this cause. Objective: Report a case of an oncological patient who underwent a gastrostomy and subsequently becomes complicated by intussusception. Case presentation: A 59-year-old patient, who underwent an alimentary gastrostomy due to dysphagia. A few days later, the patient developed complications with intestinal occlusion and died within short time. Conclusions: Intussusception is an uncommon disease in adults, with a non-specific clinical presentation. The cardinal symptoms are cramping pain, vomiting, abdominal distension and intestinal transit arrest(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN. La necrosis esofágica aguda es un síndrome raro que se caracteriza endoscópicamente por una apariencia negra circunferencial irregular o difusa de la mucosa esofágica intratorácica, la afectación es generalmente del esófago distal y la transición abrupta de mucosa normal en la unión gastroesofágica, con extensión proximal variable. CASOS. Se presentan dos casos con diferentes comorbiliades, presentación de signos y síntomas, antecedentes y tratamiento, teniendo en común el diagnóstico a través de endoscopía digestiva alta. RESULTADOS. Caso clínico 1: tratamiento clínico basado en hidratación, suspensión de vía oral, omeprazol intravenoso y sucralfato; mala evolución clínica caracterizada por: disfagia, intolerancia oral y recurrencia del sangrado digestivo alto, se realiza colocación de gastrostomía endoscópica. Caso clínico 2: esófago con mucosa con fibrina y parches de necrosis extensa, se realiza compensación tanto de foco infeccioso pulmonar como hidratación y nutrición, en estudios complementarios se observa masa colónica, con estudio histopatológico confirmatorio de adenocarcinoma de colon en estado avanzado. DISCUSIÓN. La esofagitis necrotizante aguda es una entidad inusual, de baja prevalencia e incidencia, asociada con estados de hipoperfusión sistémica y múltiples comorbilidades que favorezcan un sustrato isquémico. Al revisar los reportes de casos que hay en la literatura médica, los casos que reportamos se correlaciona con las características clínicas, epidemiológicas, endoscópicas y factores de riesgo causales de la enfermedad. La presentación clínica más frecuente es el sangrado digestivo alto, que se debe correlacionar con el hallazgo endoscópico clásico. Nuestro primer caso reportado termina con la colocación de una gastrostomía para poder alimentarse. CONCLUSIÓN. El pronóstico de la necrosis esofágica aguda es malo y se requiere un alto índice de sospecha clínica y conocimiento de esta infrecuente patología para un diagnóstico temprano y un manejo oportuno. Se requiere una evaluación por endoscopia digestiva alta. Es una causa de sangrado gastrointestinal que conlleva tasas altas de mortalidad, principalmente en adultos mayores frágiles. El reconocimiento temprano y la reanimación agresiva son los principios fundamentales para un mejor resultado de la enfermedad.

INTRODUCTION. Acute esophageal necrosis is a rare syndrome that is characterized endoscopically by an irregular or diffuse circumferential black appearance of the intrathoracic esophageal mucosa, the involvement is generally of the distal esophagus and the abrupt transition of normal mucosa at the gastroesophageal junction, with variable proximal extension. CASES. Two cases are presented with different comorbidities, presentation of signs and symptoms, history and treatment, having in common the diagnosis through upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. RESULTS. Clinical case 1: clinical treatment based on hydration, oral suspension, intravenous omeprazole and sucralfate; poor clinical evolution characterized by: dysphagia, oral intolerance and recurrence of upper digestive bleeding, endoscopic gastrostomy placement was performed. Clinical case 2: esophagus with mucosa with fibrin and patches of extensive necrosis, compensation of both the pulmonary infectious focus and hydration and nutrition is performed, in complementary studies a colonic mass is observed, with a confirmatory histopathological study of colon adenocarcinoma in an advanced state. DISCUSSION. Acute necrotizing esophagitis is an unusual entity, with low prevalence and incidence, associated with states of systemic hypoperfusion and multiple comorbidities that favor an ischemic substrate. When reviewing the case reports in the medical literature, the cases we report correlate with the clinical, epidemiological, endoscopic characteristics and causal risk factors of the disease. The most common clinical presentation is upper gastrointestinal bleeding, which must be correlated with the classic endoscopic finding. Our first reported case ends with the placement of a gastrostomy to be able to feed. CONCLUSION. The prognosis of acute esophageal necrosis is poor and a high index of clinical suspicion and knowledge of this rare pathology is required for early diagnosis and timely management. Evaluation by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is required. It is a cause of gastrointestinal bleeding that carries high mortality rates, mainly in frail older adults. Early recognition and aggressive resuscitation are the fundamental principles for a better outcome of the disease.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: From a clinical point of view, post-stroke patients present difficulties in swallowing management. The purpose of this research was to identify risk factors that were independently related to the maintenance of a severe restriction of oral intake in patients affected by acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: The authors conducted a prospective observational cohort study of patients with dysphagia post-acute ischemic stroke who were admitted to an Emergency Room (ER). Demographic and clinical data were collected at ER admission. Swallowing data was based on The Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) and was collected at two distinct moments: initial swallowing assessment and at the patient outcome. Patients were divided into two groups according to their FOIS level assigned on the last swallowing assessment (at hospital outcome): G1 with severe restriction of oral intake and indication of feeding tube - patients with FOIS levels 1 to 4; G2 without restriction of food consistencies in oral intake - patients with FOIS levels 5 to 7. RESULTS: One hundred and six patients were included in our study. Results of the multivariate logistic regression model for the prediction of maintenance of a severe restriction of oral intake at hospital outcome in patients post-acute ischemic stroke indicated that increasing age (p = 0.006), and dysarthria (p = 0.003) were associated with higher chances of presenting severe restriction of oral intake at hospital outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with acute ischemic stroke in an Emergency Room may experience non-resolved severe dysphagia, indicating the need to prepare for the care/rehabilitation of these patients.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Tradicionalmente, el inicio de nutrición enteral, luego de una gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea (GEP) se realiza entre 12 a 24 horas. Diferentes investigaciones sugieren que iniciarla más temprano podría ser una opción segura. El objetivo es determinar si el inicio de nutrición enteral a las 4 horas después de realizar GEP es una conducta segura en cuanto al riesgo de intolerancia, complicaciones o muerte, comparado con iniciarla a las 12 horas. Realizamos un estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado, multicéntrico en instituciones de tercer y cuarto nivel de Bogotá y Cundinamarca, entre junio de 2020 y mayo de 2022, se incluyeron 117 pacientes que fueron aleatorizados en 2 grupos, el grupo A de inicio temprano de nutrición (4 horas), y el grupo B de inicio estándar (12 horas). El mecanismo más frecuente de disfagia fue la enfermedad cerebrovascular (43%), seguido por complicaciones de infección por COVID-19 (26%). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos evaluados respecto al porcentaje de intolerancia a la nutrición, RR = 0,93 (IC 0,30-2,90), tampoco hubo diferencias en términos de complicaciones posoperatorias, (RR) = 0,34 (IC 0,09-1,16), y no se encontraron diferencias en la mortalidad entre los grupos evaluados, (RR) = 1,12 (IC 0,59 - 2,15). En conclusión, el inicio de nutrición a través de la gastrostomía de forma temprana, 4 horas después de la realización de la GEP es una conducta segura que no se relaciona con una mayor intolerancia a la nutrición, complicaciones o muerte, en comparación con un inicio más tardío.

Traditionally, the initiation of enteral nutrition after a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is performed between 12 and 24 hours. Different research suggests that early initiation might be a safe option. Our aim was to determine whether starting enteral nutrition 4 hours after performing PEG is a safe practice in terms of risk of intolerance, complications, or death, compared to starting it at 12 hours. We carried out a prospective, randomized, multicenter study in third and fourth level institutions in Bogotá and Cundinamarca, between June 2020 and May 2022, 117 patients were included who were randomized into 2 groups, group A with early nutrition initiation (4 hours), and standard group B (12 hours). The most frequent mechanism of dysphagia was cerebrovascular disease (43%), followed by complications of COVID19 infection (26%). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups evaluated regarding the percentage of intolerance to nutrition, RR = 0.93 (CI 0.30-2.90), there were also no differences in terms of postoperative complications, (RR) = 0.34 (CI 0.09-1.16), and no differences were found in mortality between the evaluated groups, (RR) = 1.12 (CI 0.59-2.15). In conclusion, early initiation of nutrition through the gastrostomy, 4 hours after performing the PEG, is a safe behavior that is not related to greater intolerance to nutrition, complications, or death, compared to later initiation.

RESUMO

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: In patients who experience difficulties in oral feeding, alimentary intake can be supported by creating direct access into the stomach through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. The present study purposed to compare naïve and exchanged percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes in terms of Helicobacter pylori infection and other clinical characteristics. METHODS: A total of 96 cases who underwent naïve or exchanged percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy procedures with various indications were incorporated into the study. The patients' demographic data, such as age and gender, etiology of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, anti-HBs status, Helicobacter pylori status, the presence of atrophy and intestinal metaplasia, biochemical parameters, and lipid profiles, had been analyzed. In addition, the anti-HCV and anti-HIV statuses had also been evaluated. RESULTS: The most common indication for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement was dementia in 26 (27.08%) cases (p=0.033). The presence of Helicobacter pylori positivity was significantly lower in the exchange group compared to the naïve group (p=0.022). Total protein, albumin, and lymphocyte levels were significantly higher in the exchange group compared to the naïve group (both p=0.001), and the mean calcium, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels were statistically significantly higher in the exchange group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Preliminary outcomes of the present study revealed that enteral nutrition attenuates the incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Considering the acute-phase reactant, the significantly lower ferritin values in the exchange group suggest that there is no active inflammatory process in the patients and that immunity is sufficient.

RESUMO

Abstract Background and aims From a clinical point of view, post-stroke patients present difficulties in swallowing management. The purpose of this research was to identify risk factors that were independently related to the maintenance of a severe restriction of oral intake in patients affected by acute ischemic stroke. Methods The authors conducted a prospective observational cohort study of patients with dysphagia post-acute ischemic stroke who were admitted to an Emergency Room (ER). Demographic and clinical data were collected at ER admission. Swallowing data was based on The Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) and was collected at two distinct moments: initial swallowing assessment and at the patient outcome. Patients were divided into two groups according to their FOIS level assigned on the last swallowing assessment (at hospital outcome): G1 with severe restriction of oral intake and indication of feeding tube - patients with FOIS levels 1 to 4; G2 without restriction of food consistencies in oral intake - patients with FOIS levels 5 to 7. Results One hundred and six patients were included in our study. Results of the multivariate logistic regression model for the prediction of maintenance of a severe restriction of oral intake at hospital outcome in patients post-acute ischemic stroke indicated that increasing age (p = 0.006), and dysarthria (p = 0.003) were associated with higher chances of presenting severe restriction of oral intake at hospital outcome. Conclusions Patients with acute ischemic stroke in an Emergency Room may experience non-resolved severe dysphagia, indicating the need to prepare for the care/rehabilitation of these patients.

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To investigate if Antibiotic Prophylaxis (AP) can prevent wound and/or systemic infection in pediatric patients who underwent Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG). METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) and Observational Studies that compared AP vs. no Intervention (NI) in children submitted to PEG. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled with random-effect models. Quality assessment and risk of bias were performed as outlined by Cochrane recommendations. RESULTS: Four studies, including one RCT, with a total of 568 patients were included, in which 230 (40.5%) individuals received AP. The use of AP during PEG reduced the incidence of systemic infection (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.24-0.90; p = 0.02; I2 = 0). However, no statistical difference was found for wound infection (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.43-1.69; p = 0.64; I2 = 12%) and for the composite outcome of any kind of infection (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.13-4.06; p = 0.73; I2 = 67%). CONCLUSION: In this pooled analysis of 568 infants who underwent PEG, the use of AP reduced the incidence of systemic infection. Our results were compatible with findings obtained in the adult population. No differences were found regarding wound infection or the composite outcome of any kind of infection.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introducción: La parálisis cerebral infantil constituye una condición importante de discapacidad, y el trastorno motor suele acompañarse de otras comorbilidades como los trastornos de deglución. La gastrostomía en pacientes que son incapaces de alimentarse de manera satisfactoria es una intervención importante y cada vez más frecuente. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas de los pacientes con parálisis cerebral infantil portadores de gastrostomía atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño entre 2013 y 2017. Métodos: Estudio tipo serie de casos de pacientes con diagnóstico de PCI portadores de gastrostomía atendidos en el Instituto de Salud del Niño durante 2013 - 2017. Resultados: Se incluyeron 74 pacientes. La edad promedio de colocación de gastrostomía fue a los 5,8 años, la indicación más frecuente fue el trastorno de deglución. El PCI tipo espástico (74,3%) y el nivel funcional IV y V (96%) fueron las principales características clínicas. El sexo masculino (58,1%), el antecedente de parto pretérmino (54%) y la etiología perinatal (45,9%) fueron hallazgos similares a las descritas en la población con PCI. El promedio de atenciones por consulta externa fue 5,8 atenciones/año, por emergencia 1,8 atenciones/año y el de hospitalizaciones 1,3 veces/año. Conclusiones: La gastrostomía se colocó en pacientes con un gran compromiso motor, y alta dependencia para sus actividades. El tipo espástico, y la etiología perinatal, fueron los hallazgos clínicos más frecuentes. Las atenciones anuales por consulta externa fueron en promedio bajas, lo que muestra que falta mucho para implementar un trabajo multidisciplinario en este grupo de pacientes.

Introduction: Cerebral palsy is an important disability condition, and the motor disorder is usually accompanied by other comorbidities such as swallowing disorders. Gastrostomy in patients who are unable to feed satisfactorily is an important and increasingly common intervention. Objective: To determine the clinical characteristics of patients with infantile cerebral palsy with gastrostomy treated at the National Institute of Children's Health between 2013 and 2017. Methods: Case series study of patients diagnosed with PCI with gastrostomy treated at the Children's Health Institute during 2013 2017. Results: 74 patients were included. The average age of gastrostomy placement was 5,8 years, the most frequent indication was swallowing disorder. Spastic type PCI (74,3%) and functional level IV and V (96%) were the main clinical characteristics. Male sex (58,1%), history of preterm delivery (54%) and perinatal etiology (45.9%) were findings like those described in the population with PCI. The average number of outpatient visits was 5,8 times/year, for emergencies 1,8 times/year and for hospitalizations 1,3 times/year. Conclusions: The gastrostomy was placed in patients with a great motor commitment, and high dependency for their activities. The spastic type and perinatal etiology were the most frequent clinical findings. Annual outpatient visits were low on average, which shows that there is still a long way to go to implement multidisciplinary work in this group of patients.

RESUMO

The image-guided gastrostomy techniques, as transoral and transabdominal, can be performed when there is a failure of the endoscopic procedure or in some specific clinical scenarios. This pictorial essay intends to show the percutaneous gastrostomy techniques, indications, technical approaches, post-procedure care, and complications.

As técnicas de gastrostomia guiadas por imagem, por via transoral e transabdominal podem ser realizadas quando há falha na técnica endoscópica ou em cenários clínicos em que a endoscopia não pode ser realizada. Este ensaio iconográfico pretende mostrar as técnicas de gastrostomia percutânea, suas indicações, aspectos técnicos, cuidados pós-procedimento e complicações.

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a useful intervention for patients with impaired swallowing and a functional gastrointestinal system. Neurological diseases that cause neuromotor dysphagia, brain tumors, and cerebrovascular disease are the most frequent indications; complications are rare, and morbidity and mortality rates are low. OBJECTIVE: To describe the usefulness of PEG in patients with neurological diseases, and its impact on care, survival, and costs and benefits. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective observational study, reviewing clinical files of patients hospitalised at the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery (years 2015-2017) who underwent PEG placement. RESULTS: The sample included 51 patients: 62.7% were women and the mean (SD) age was 54.4 (18.6) years (range, 18-86). Diagnosis was tumor in 37.3% of cases and cerebrovascular disease in 33.3%. Sixteen patients (33.3%) died and 11 presented minor complications. The PEG tube remained in place for a mean of 9.14 months; in 52.9% of patients it was removed due to lack of improvement and/or tolerated oral intake, with removal occurring after a mean of 5.1 (4.4) months. Among patients' family members, 78.4% reported a great benefit, 43.1% reported difficulty caring for the PEG, and 45.1% reported complicated care in general. The monthly cost of maintaining the PEG was €175.78 on average (range, 38.38-293.45). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study reveals that PEG was well indicated in patients with neurological diseases, with survival rates similar to those reported in other studies with long follow-up periods. In patients with cerebrovascular disease, the PEG tube remained in place a mean of 9.14 months, during recovery of swallowing function; however, the cost is high for our population.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumo As técnicas de gastrostomia guiadas por imagem, por via transoral e transabdominal podem ser realizadas quando há falha na técnica endoscópica ou em cenários clínicos em que a endoscopia não pode ser realizada. Este ensaio iconográfico pretende mostrar as técnicas de gastrostomia percutânea, suas indicações, aspectos técnicos, cuidados pós-procedimento e complicações.

Abstract The image-guided gastrostomy techniques, as transoral and transabdominal, can be performed when there is a failure of the endoscopic procedure or in some specific clinical scenarios. This pictorial essay intends to show the percutaneous gastrostomy techniques, indications, technical approaches, post-procedure care, and complications.

RESUMO

Introdução: A gastrostomia é utilizada, principalmente, quando há indicação de nutrição enteral, mas não pode haver deglutição por mais de 30 dias ou quando há necessidade de descompressão gástrica. Este trabalho tem como objetivo comparar os custos das gastrostomias para o Sistema Único de Saúde e relacioná-los com as realizadas nas regiões no Brasil nos últimos 10 anos. Métodos: Foram coletadas informações de custos e número de realizações da plataforma DATASUS das seguintes gastrostomias: por laparotomia, laparoscópica, endoscópica percutânea e oncológica. Resultados: O método mais utilizado foi a por laparotomia (80,35%), seguido da endoscópica (16,71%) e a videolaparoscópica (2,92%). Essa porcentagem variou de acordo com a região analisada, sendo a endoscópica realizada predominantemente na Região Sul (26,78%) e Sudeste (18,69%). Nesse período, é possível notar uma crescente utilização da gastrostomia endoscópica e videolaparoscópica, tendo esses procedimentos aumentado 647,03% e 353,03%, respectivamente. Com relação ao custo, observa-se que a gastrostomia endoscópica tem um custo médio de R$ 590, se encaixando como AIH procedimento especial; já a por laparotomia tem custo médio da AIH principal de R$ 670, e a videolaparoscópica de R$ 530, porém as duas últimas, quando totalizado o valor da internação, resultam no valor de R$ 1.896 e R$ 1.539, respectivamente. Conclusão: Há uma tendência ao aumento da realização da gastrostomia endoscópica, pela redução de custos e tempo de realização. Já a videolaparoscópica tende a ser a segunda opção, sendo que a por laparotomia deverá ser usada apenas quando as outras forem contraindicadas.

Introduction: Gastrostomy is mainly used when there is indication for enteral nutrition but no swallowing for more than 30 days or when gastric decompression is required. This work aims to compare gastrostomy costs to the Unified Health Care and to relate them with procedures performed in different Brazilian regions in the last 10 years. Methods: We collected information on the costs and number of procedures from the DATASUS platform referring to the following types of gastrostomies: via laparotomy, laparoscopy, percutaneous endoscopy, and oncological procedures. Results: The most frequently used method was laparotomy (80.35%), followed by endoscopic (16.71%) and laparoscopic procedures (2.92%). This percentage varied according to geographic regions, and endoscopic procedures were predominantly performed in the South (26.78%) and Southeast regions (18.69%). During this period, we noticed a growing number of endoscopic and laparoscopic gastrostomies: the use of these procedures grew 647.03% and 353.03%, respectively. Regarding their costs, the endoscopic gastrostomy has a mean cost of R$ 590.00 when classified as IHA Special Procedure; the laparotomy procedure has a mean cost of main IHA of R$ 670.00; the laparoscopic procedure has a mean cost of R$ 530.00. Procedures performed via laparotomy and laparoscopy, however, result in total costs of R$ 1,896.00 and R$ 1,539.00, respectively, when considering hospitalization costs. Conclusion: There is an increasing trend of endoscopic gastrostomies due to their lower costs and shorter duration. Laparoscopic gastrostomies tend to be the second choice, whereas laparotomy procedures should be used only when the other two are contraindicated.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introdução: A Gastrostomia Endoscópica Percutânea (GEP) é um procedimento de acesso à luz gástrica, descrito inicialmente em 1980, constituindo um grande avanço no manejo de pacientes com necessidade de nutrição enteral prolongada. Apresenta utilização em um largo espectro de doenças, em diversas faixas etárias e com baixo índice de complicações, sendo, portanto, uma ferramenta importante no cuidado aos pacientes. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico de pacientes submetidos à GEP, as indicações, os índices e tipos de complicações durante e após o procedimento. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva, realizado por meio da coleta de laudos endoscópicos e em prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes atendidos em hospital terciário. Resultados: Foram incluídos 172 pacientes, com média de 69,9 anos (±16,6), maioria do sexo feminino (51,7%) e procedentes do município onde o estudo foi realizado (56,7%). A principal doença de base foi acidente vascular encefálico do tipo isquêmico (27,3%), seguido de outras doenças cérebro-vasculares, demenciais e neoplásicas. O tempo médio de uso prévio de sonda nasoentérica (SNE) foi de 32,2 dias (±45), sendo em 29,3% acima de 30 dias. Drogas antitrombóticas durante a internação foram usadas em 78,5% dos pacientes, tendo 45,9% realizado a GEP em vigência destas medicações. O índice de complicações intraoperatórias foi de 3,4% e o de pós-operatórias, de 3,5%. Conclusão: Destaca-se o tempo de uso prévio de SNE, maior do que o recomendado, e, principalmente, a presença de medicação antitrombótica durante o procedimento em boa parte da amostra. Os índices de complicações foram baixos, de modo semelhante à literatura.

Introduction: Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) is a procedure to access the gastric lumen and was initially described in 1980, representing a major advance in the management of patients requiring prolonged enteral nutrition. It is used in a large number of diseases, in several age groups with low complication rates, thus being an important tool in patient care. Objective: To describe the epidemiological profile of patients undergoing PEG, its indications, and rates and types of complications during and after the procedure. Method: Retrospective, cohort study conducted through the collection of endoscopic reports and electronic medical records of patients seen in a tertiary hospital. Results: A total of 172 patients were included, with mean age of 69.9 years (±16.6), with a predominance of female patients (51.7%) and of those coming from the municipality where the study was conducted (56.7%). The main underlying disease was ischemic stroke (27.3%), followed by other cerebrovascular diseases, dementias, and neoplasms. Mean time of previous use of nasoenteric tube (NET) was 32.2 days (±45), being greater than 30 days in 29.3% of the cases. Antithrombotic drugs were used during hospitalization in 78.5% of patients, and 45.9% underwent PEG while they were using these medications. The rates of intra-operative and post-operative complications were 3.4% and 3.5%, respectively. Conclusions: It is worth noting the time of previous use of NET, which was greater than the recommended, and especially the use of antithrombotic therapy during the procedure by most of the sample. Rates of complication were low, in line with the literature.

Assuntos