RESUMO
Oxidative stress is a key cause of gastrointestinal disorders, primarily stomach ulcers. Multiple intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms caused the body to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). The body's antioxidant defense system protects against these reactive species. When the degree of ROS production exceeds the normal range, the body's natural defense system fails to neutralize these dangerous free radicals, necessitating need for an exogenous source of natural antioxidants. Natural herbal remedies have been widely employed as antioxidants to relieve oxidative stress in gastric ulcers. Polyphenols, tannins, essential oils, flavonoids, notably quercetin, carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin A, and minerals are among the molecules of immense interest in bioassays due to their significant antioxidant effects. In the present review, several natural anti-ulcer medicinal plants along with their antioxidative mechanism have been reported. Electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus were explored to identify the antioxidant and gastroprotective potential of all the plants.
El estrés oxidativo es una causa clave de trastornos gastrointestinales, principalmente úlceras estomacales. Múltiples mecanismos intrínsecos y extrínsecos hacen que el cuerpo produzca especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS). El sistema de defensa antioxidante del cuerpo protege contra estas especies reactivas. Cuando el grado de producción de ROS excede el rango normal, el sistema de defensa natural del cuerpo no logra neutralizar estos peligrosos radicales libres, lo que requiere de una fuente exógena de antioxidantes naturales. Los remedios herbales naturales se han empleado ampliamente como antioxidantes para aliviar el estrés oxidativo en las úlceras gástricas. Los polifenoles, los taninos, los aceites esenciales, los flavonoides, en particular la quercetina, los carotenoides, la vitamina C, la vitamina A y los minerales se encuentran entre las moléculas de mayor interés en los bioensayos debido a sus importantes efectos antioxidantes. En la presente revisión se han reportado varias plantas medicinales naturales antiulcerosas junto con su mecanismo antioxidante. Se exploraron bases de datos electrónicas como PubMed, Google Scholar y Scopus para identificar el potencial antioxidante y gastroprotector de todas las plantas.
Assuntos
Plantas Medicinais , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamento farmacológico , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Bases de Dados Bibliográficas , Gastroenteropatias/tratamento farmacológico , Medicina TradicionalRESUMO
AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the gastroduodenal protective action of crude fraction extracted from P. caribaeorum mucus in Wistar rats. MAIN METHOD: Initially, phytochemical screening was performed to measure secondary metabolites present in the extract. Subsequently, studies of gastroprotective action in Wistar rats were developed. The animals were randomly divided into six experimental groups: SF0.9% group, misoprostol group, and test groups (200, 100, 10, and 1 mg/kg) that received different doses of the crude fraction of zoanthid mucus (CFZM) diluted in SF0.9%. After 14 days of treatment, acute gastric ulcers were induced by gavage by administering aspirin (200 mg/kg). The stomach and duodenum were removed for histopathological and gene analysis of the mucosa. KEY FINDINGS: The present study found that all investigated metabolites showed negative results. The crude fraction showed a gastric and duodenal protective effect evidenced by an increase in the amount and production of mucins (MUC1 and MUC5AC) and mucus production area in the stomach. Histopathological analysis evidenced a decrease in epithelial damage in the duodenum, with a more significant extension of intestinal villi and a greater amount of goblet cells. SIGNIFICANCE: The crude fraction, extracted from P. caribaeorum, showed gastric and duodenal protective action and is not inert in murine gastroduodenal tissues.
Assuntos
Antozoários , Úlcera Gástrica , Ratos , Camundongos , Animais , Ratos Wistar , Mucosa Gástrica , Muco/metabolismo , Úlcera Gástrica/induzido quimicamente , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamento farmacológico , Úlcera Gástrica/metabolismo , Duodeno/metabolismoRESUMO
Monteverdia ilicifolia, conhecida popularmente como espinheira-santa, é uma planta da família Celastraceae de relevante ação terapêutica devido às suas propriedades medicinais, principalmente a sua atividade gastroprotetora, possuindo efeitos comprovados sobre acidez e úlceras estomacais. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi encontrar na literatura evidências para o uso terapêutico da M. ilicifolia, como uma alternativa frente aos fármacos sintéticos disponíveis na indústria farmacêutica voltados para o tratamento de problemas estomacais. Foi utilizado no presente trabalho a base de dados Google acadêmico. Os distúrbios estomacais afetam milhares de pessoas, influenciando de forma negativa na qualidade de vida da população e gerando prejuízos ao sistema de saúde. Os fármacos com atividade sobre a secreção da acidez gástrica são as medicações mais prescritas para essas enfermidades, destacando-se os antagonistas do receptor H2 de histamina e os inibidores da bomba de prótons, amplamente utilizados para o tratamento de úlceras e gastrite. Com o tempo, esses medicamentos passaram a ser indiscriminadamente utilizados, prática que põem em risco a saúde íntegra dos pacientes, mediante aos diversos efeitos adversos que esses medicamentos podem causar. As plantas medicinais têm sido aplicadas na terapia de diversas doenças em toda a história da humanidade. Nesse contexto, a espinheira-santa surge como uma alternativa segura e eficaz para a prevenção e tratamento dessas patologias. Dentre os compostos bioativos que podem desempenhar a atividade gastroprotetora, destacam-se os taninos, triterpenos e flavonóides. Os estudos analisados demonstram que a M. ilicifolia possui relevante ação terapêutica, com potencial para substituir os fármacos usualmente empregados no tratamento de úlceras e gastrite.
The Monteverdia ilicifolia, popularly known as espinheira-santa, is a plant of the Celastraceae's family with relevant therapeutic action due to its medicinal properties, mainly its gastroprotective activity, and possesses proven effects on acidity and stomach ulcers. The aim of this work was to find in the literature evidence for the therapeutic use of M. ilicifolia, as an alternative to the synthetic drugs available in the pharmaceutical industry for the treatment of stomach problems. The academic Google database was used in this work. Stomach disorders affect thousands of people, negatively influencing the population's quality of life and causing damage to the health system. The drugs with activity on gastric acid secretion are the most prescribed medications for these diseases, especially histamine H2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors, widely used for the treatment of ulcers and gastritis. Over time, these drugs began to be used indiscriminately, a practice that jeopardizes the health of patients, due to the various adverse effects that these drugs can cause. Medicinal plants have been applied in the therapy of various diseases throughout human history. In this context, the espinheira-santa emerges as a safe and effective alternative for the prevention and treatment of these pathologies. Among the bioactive compounds that can perform a gastroprotective activity, tannins, triterpenes, and flavonoids stand out. The analyzed studies demonstrate that M. ilicifolia has relevant therapeutic action, with the potential to replace the drugs usually used in the treatment of ulcers and gastritis.
Monteverdia ilicifolia, conocida popularmente como espinheira-santa, es una planta de la familia Celastraceae de relevante acción terapéutica por sus propiedades medicinales, principalmente su actividad gastroprotectora, con efectos probados sobre la acidez y las úlceras estomacales. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo fue encontrar evidencia en la literatura para el uso terapéutico de M. ilicifolia, como alternativa a las drogas sintéticas disponibles en la industria farmacéutica destinadas al tratamiento de problemas estomacales. En este trabajo se utilizó la base de datos académica de Google. Los trastornos estomacales afectan a miles de personas, influyendo negativamente en la calidad de vida de la población y provocando daños en el sistema de salud. Los fármacos con actividad sobre la secreción ácida gástrica son los más prescritos para estas enfermedades, especialmente los antagonistas de los receptores H2 de histamina y los inhibidores de la bomba de protones, muy utilizados para el tratamiento de úlceras y gastritis. Con el tiempo, estos medicamentos comenzaron a utilizarse de forma indiscriminada, práctica que pone en riesgo la salud de los pacientes, debido a los diversos efectos adversos que estos fármacos pueden ocasionar. Las plantas medicinales se han aplicado en la terapia de diversas enfermedades a lo largo de la historia humana. En este contexto, la espinheira-santa surge como una alternativa segura y eficaz para la prevención y el tratamiento de estas patologías. Entre los compuestos bioactivos que pueden realizar actividad gastroprotectora destacan los taninos, los triterpenos y los flavonoides. Los estudios analizados demuestran que M. ilicifolia tiene una acción terapéutica relevante, con potencial para reemplazar los fármacos habitualmente utilizados en el tratamiento de úlceras y gastritis.
Assuntos
Plantas Medicinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Celastraceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Usos Terapêuticos , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamento farmacológico , Raízes de Plantas , Folhas de Planta , Ácido Gástrico , Gastrite/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
A peptic ulcer is a lesion located in the esophagus, stomach, and upper intestine, caused by an imbalance between acid secretion and the release of protective mucus. This pathology is prevalent in approximately 14% of the world population and is commonly treated with proton pump inhibitors and type 2 histaminergic receptor antagonists, however, these drugs present concerning side effects that may lead to gastric cancer. In this sense, this research aimed to present the main heterocyclics studied in recent years. The screening method for the choice of articles was based on the selection of publications between 2000 and 2021 present in the Science Direct, Web of Science, Capes, and Scielo databases, by using the descriptors ''new derivatives'', "heterocyclics" "antiulcerogenic", "gastroprotective" and "antisecretor". This research showed that the most used rings in the development of anti-ulcer drugs were benzimidazole, quinazoline, thiazole, and thiadiazole. The results also portray several types of modern in silico, in vitro and in vivo assays, as well as the investigation of different mechanisms of action, with emphasis on proton pump inhibition, type 2 histaminergic receptor blockers, potassium competitive acid blockers, type E prostaglandin agonism, anti-secretory activity and anti-oxidant action. Additionally, the review evidenced the presence of the nitrogen atom in the heterocyclic ring as a determinant of the potential of the compound. This research suggests new alternatives for the treatment of gastric lesions, which may be more potent and cause fewer side effects than the currently used, and tend to evolve into more advanced studies in the coming years.
Assuntos
Antiulcerosos , Úlcera Péptica , Antiulcerosos/farmacologia , Antiulcerosos/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas dos Receptores H2 da Histamina/farmacologia , Antagonistas dos Receptores H2 da Histamina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Úlcera Péptica/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Bomba de Prótons/farmacologia , Inibidores da Bomba de Prótons/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The leaves from Vernonia condensata Baker are broadly used in folk medicine for the treatment of gastric ulcers and dyspepsia. The Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) describes this species as having the potential to serve as a new herbal product with therapeutic benefits. AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the gastroprotective activity and gastric healing properties of a crude ethanolic extract from leaves of V. condensata (CEEV) in different animal models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to assess the gastroprotective potential of CEEV, ulcer models were established using ethanol and indomethacin. The gastric healing effect was then evaluated in the acetic acid-induced ulcer model, where the tissue was used to assess oxidative levels (reduced glutathione and lipid hydroperoxide levels, as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase activity), inflammatory [myeloperoxidase (MPO)] parameters, and mucin content. Furthermore, the ligature pylorus model, with and without secretagogue stimuli, was employed to investigate the mechanism of action of CEEV. In addition, H(+)K(+)-ATPase activity, MPO activity, and antioxidant activity through the DPPH assay were examined through in vitro trials. Phytochemical analyses were also performed. The ethanol/HCl-induced gastric ulcer method was employed to verify the gastroprotective effect of the main compound in CEEV. RESULTS: CEEV (30 and 300mg/kg, p.o) exhibited gastroprotective activity and prevented both gastric lesions induced by ethanol or indomethacin in rats. The gastric healing effect of CEEV (300mg/kg, p.o. taken twice a day for a duration of seven days) was confirmed by examining the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of chronic gastric ulcers induced by acetic acid in rats. The restorative effect of CEEV was accompanied by a significant increase in mucin content (PAS staining) and by a reduction in oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters at the site of the ulcer. Moreover, CEEV (300mg/kg), administered via an intraduodenal route, significantly reduced the volume, pH, total acidity and pepsin activity of gastric content in the pylorus ligature model in rats. The gastric acid antisecretory effect of CEEV was maintained even in the presence of cholinergic and gastrinergic, but not histaminergic, stimuli. In vitro, CEEV (1-10µg/ml) was able to scavenge free radical DPPH, but did not promote inhibitory effects on MPO or H(+),K(+)-ATPAse activity. Phytochemical analysis of CEEV indicated that luteolin is the main compound present in the extract. However, luteolin (1, 3 and 10mg/kg, p.o or 1mg/kg, i.p.) did not promote gastroprotection against ethanol/HCl in mice. It is also important to mention that oral administration of CEEV did not produce any sign of acute toxicity in animals. CONCLUSIONS: V. condensata extract demonstrates gastroprotective effects through the inhibition of gastric secretion via cholinergic and gastrinergic pathways. Furthermore, it exhibits cytoprotective effects, involving antioxidant activity, an increase in mucin content and inhibition of neutrophil migration. Thus, this medicinal plant may be a suitable natural source for the prevention and treatment of gastric lesions.
Assuntos
Antiulcerosos , Gastrite/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamento farmacológico , Vernonia , Animais , Antiulcerosos/química , Antiulcerosos/farmacologia , Antiulcerosos/uso terapêutico , Catalase/metabolismo , Etanol , Feminino , Mucosa Gástrica/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Mucosa Gástrica/patologia , Gastrite/induzido quimicamente , Gastrite/metabolismo , Gastrite/patologia , Glutationa/metabolismo , ATPase Trocadora de Hidrogênio-Potássio/metabolismo , Indometacina , Camundongos , Mucinas/metabolismo , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Fenóis/análise , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Folhas de Planta , Plantas Medicinais , Coelhos , Ratos Wistar , Úlcera Gástrica/induzido quimicamente , Úlcera Gástrica/metabolismo , Úlcera Gástrica/patologia , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
Objetivo: Determinar el efecto antioxidante del extracto hidroalcohólico de hojas de Jungia paniculata (DC.) A. Gray "matico serrano" sobre el tejido gástrico de ratas injuriado por etanol 70%. Metodología: Se preparó un extracto hidroalcohólico 70% de hojas estabilizadas. La capacidad antioxidante se evaluó mediante DPPH. Se distribuyeron aleatoriamente 24 ratas Sprague - Dowley en 4 grupos: I (NaCl - NaCl), II (NaCl - EtOH), III (Extracto 600 mg/kg EtOH) y IV (Extracto 600 mg/kg NaCl), según el método de Robert et al., (1979). El estómago fue obtenido por laparotomía, se preparó un homogenizado de la parte glandular y se centrifugó a 2 000 RPM x 5', las pruebas bioquímicas se realizaron en el sobrenadante: cuantificación de GSH reducido y total, medición de especies reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), actividad específica de superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y catalasa (CAT). La toxicidad aguda se evaluó a dosis límite. Resultados: El extracto presentó una capacidad antioxidante de IC50 4,15 µg/mL en comparación a Vitamina C 2,29 µg/mL y Trolox 3,38 µg/mL. Se observó un incremento de GSH reducido y total en el grupo IV. Los niveles de TBARS están significativamente disminuidos en III y IV. Hay recuperación significativa de La SOD en los grupos III y IV respecto al grupo II. No hay variación significativa en la actividad específica de CAT. Con respecto a la toxicidad aguda resultó ser no dañina. Conclusiones: El extracto hidroalcohólico tiene buena actividad antioxidante y presenta efecto gastroprotector, previniendo la lipoperoxidación e incrementando la capacidad antioxidante (GSH y SOD).