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Abstract Pyroligneous acid (PA) was obtained by condensation of the vapors produced in the thermal decomposition of culms residues from Guadua angustifolia Kunth (G. angustifolia) cultivated in Colombia, with and without previous preservation treatment with borax salts. Chemical characterization by GC-MS showed that PA extracts has high content of phenolic compounds. Mequinol, isocreosol, 4-ethylphenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxytoluene and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol were the most abundant substances, identified. The total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity, were investigated. TPC showed a concentration of 1.959 mg GA g-1±0.010 and 3.844 mg GA g-1±0.027 to PAC and PAS samples. These samples also exhibited high DPPH activity of 70.975%±0.921 and, 16.667%±0.298, respectively. The chemical composition, TPC and DPPH results indicate that the PA extracts obtained from G. angustifolia may be used as a raw material in the food industry as natural preservative, in medicine as alternative to antibiotics and in agriculture as insect repellent and foliar fertilizer.

Assuntos

RESUMO

El cannabis es una de las drogas ilegales más usadas a nivel mundial. Su consumo se relaciona con diferentes hechos en el ámbito forense, laboral, deportivo y clínico. Para su detección se utilizan métodos con diferentes fundamentos y alcances (inmunológicos, cromatográficos). En este trabajo se describe un método preciso, reproducible y validado, para la cuantificación del principal metabolito urinario del Δ9-tetrahidrocannabinol, el ácido-11-nor-9-carboxi- Δ 9-tetrahidrocannabinol (THC-COOH), por cromatografía gaseosa-espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Se efectuó una extracción en fase sólida (SPE) a partir de la orina, previa hidrólisis alcalina. Se utilizó el análogo deuterado (THC-COOH D3) como estándar interno. El análisis por GC-MS se realizó en modo SIM. La curva de calibración fue lineal en el rango de trabajo (10-100 ng/ml, r > 0,999) y el límite de cuantificación fue de 10 ng/ml. La recuperación absoluta estuvo comprendida entre el 91,0 y 99,0 %. La precisión intra e inter ensayo fue de 1,06 a 1,26 y 3,59 a 9,80 %, respectivamente. El método fue aplicado a muestras reales, positivas por test inmunológico, resultando ser muy útil y fiable en el análisis de rutina de THC-COOH en orina humana con fines toxicológicos.

Cannabis is one of the most widely used illegal drug in the world. Its consumption is related to different forensic, work, sports and clinical events. In order to determinate the presence of cannabis, different methods with distinct fundamentals and scopes (immunoassay and chromatography) are applied. This report described an accurate, reproducible, and validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the quantitation of 11-nor-9-carboxy- Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH), the major metabolite of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in urine. A solid phase extraction (SPE), previous alkaline hydrolysis, was performed on the urine sample. Its deuterated analog (THC-COOH D3) was used as internal standard. The GC-MS analysis made by selected ion monitoring (SIM). Calibration curve was linear over the specified range (10 -100 ng/ml; r > 0.999) and limit of quantitation was 10 ng/ml. Absolute recoveries ranged from 91.0 to 99.0. Intra-assay and inter assay precision ranged from 1.06 to 1.26 and 3.59 to 9.80 %, respectively. The method has been applied to real samples, positive to immunological screening test, resulting to be very useful and reliable in routine analysis of THC-COOH in human urine for toxicological purposes.

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RESUMO

Se determinó la composición molecular de ácidos húmicos (AH), extraídos del horizonte 'A' de suelos altoandinos de Colombia dedicados a tres usos: bosque primario, cultivos y praderas. Los AH se obtuvieron mediante extracción secuencial de la materia orgánica humificada (MOH) con soluciones de tetraborato, pirofosfato e hidróxido de sodio (0,1N), y fueron purificados mediante diferentes procesos analíticos. Su composición molecular se determinó a través de Py-GC/MS y THMA. Los diferentes productos de la pirólisis se clasificaron atendiendo a la familia química a la que pertenecen; prevalecieron los ácidos grasos (FA) como el producto más abundante en los AH de todos los usos, mientras que los fenoles, esteroles, S-compuestos y terpenos se encontraron en menor abundancia. Se presentaron diferencias en los porcentajes de abundancia relativa de los grupos identificados, demostrando así que el cambio de uso de suelo influye en sus propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas, por lo que se perciben diferentes grados de transformación que afectan la composición de los AH y su reactividad en el suelo.

It was determined the molecular composition of humic acids (HA) extracted from 'A' horizon in Colombian high Andean soils dedicated to three uses: primary forest, croplands and pastures. The AH were obtained by sequential extraction of humified organic matter (HOM) with tetraborate, pyrophosphate and sodium hydroxide (0.1N) solutions; HA were purified through various analytical processes. Its chemical composition was determined by Py-GC/MS and THMA. Different pyrolysis products were classified in response to the chemical family to which they belong, prevailed fatty acids (FA) as the most abundant in all AH, while phenols, sterols, terpenes and S-compounds were found in lower abundance. There were differences in the percentages of relative abundance of the identified groups, showing that the land use change influences the physical, chemical, and biological propertiers of soils that are perceived at different levels of transformation, affecting the HA composition and its reactivity in the soil.

Foi determinada a composição molecular de ácidos húmicos (AH), extraídos do horizonte 'A' dos solos altoandinos, Colômbia, surgiro a três usos: floresta primária, cultivo e pastagem. Os AH se obtiveram através de extração sequencial da Matéria Orgânica Humificada (MOH) com soluções de tetraborato, pirofosfato e hidróxido de sódio (0,1N), e foram purificados por diversos processos analíticos. A sua composição química foi determinada por Py-GC/MS e THMA. Os diferentes produtos da pirolise foram classificados atendendo à família química à que pertencem, prevaleceram os ácidos gordurosos (FA) como o produto mais abundante em todos os AH, enquanto os fenóis, esteróis, S-compostos e terpenos foram encontrados em menor abundância. Surgiram diferenças nas percentagens da abundância relativa dos grupos identificados, mostrando que a mudança de uso de solo influencia nas propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo podendo ser perceptíveis diferentes graus de transformação, que afetam a composição dos AH e sua reatividade no solo.