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Background: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of food addiction (FA) in undergraduate students from Northwest Mexico and to examine its association with lifestyle factors, eating behaviors and food consumption.Methods: This cross-sectional study included a total of 326 undergraduate students, both sexes, between 18 and 25 years of age, who were enrolled in a bachelor's degree program at a public or private university in the city of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. FA was assessed using the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0). Lifestyle (sleep patterns, physical exercise, alcohol intake, and smoking) and nutritional information (eating behaviors and food frequency consumption) was obtained through a clinical history. A multivariate logistic regression model was fitted to assess the factors associated with FA.Results: The whole prevalence of FA was 12.9%. In general, mild FA was the most frequent (5.2%), followed by severe (4.3%) and moderate (3.4%) categories. In the multivariate model, insomnia conferred a higher risk for FA (OR = 2.08, 95% CI, 1.04-4.17, p = 0.040), while the habitual consumption of fruits showed a protective effect (OR = 0.50, 95% CI, 0.25-0.98, p = 0.046). Overall, the model predicted FA in 12% (R2=0.12, p = 0.011).Conclusion: The prevalence of FA is 12.9% among undergraduate students from Northwest Mexico. Although caution should be exercised, insomnia seems to increase the risk of FA, while the habitual consumption of fruits appears to have a protective role. Additional studies are needed to validate these results.

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Wildlife physiological responses to environmental and human-related stressors provide useful clues on animal welfare. Non-invasive biomarkers, such as fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM), allow researchers to assess whether variations in habitat quality, behavior, and climate influence the animals' physiological stress. We examined the role of fragment size, ambient temperature, ripe fruit availability and consumption, percentage of records moving, sex, female reproductive state, and group composition as predictors of the level of fGCM in adult brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) inhabiting three small (<10 ha) and three large (>90 ha) Atlantic Forest fragments in southern Brazil. We collected bimonthly behavioral data and fecal samples from adult individuals over three years, and used a multimodel inference framework to identify the main predictors of fGCM. We found that the mean (±SD) fGCM in the study groups ranged from 57 ±â€¯49 ng/g to 93 ±â€¯58 ng/g, which were within the known range for howler monkeys. We found 10 best models including five of the 17 tested variables. Sex and reproductive state were the only variables included in all these models. We found that fGCM was higher in nursing females (mean ±â€¯SD = 104 ±â€¯73 ng/g) than in non-nursing females (64 ±â€¯55 ng/g) and males (53 ±â€¯40 ng/g, P < 0.05) and that it decreased with increasing ripe fruit consumption and minimum temperature. However, fragment size did not predict fGCM concentration (groups in small fragments = 71 ±â€¯58 ng/g vs. groups in large fragments = 63 ±â€¯54 ng/g, P > 0.05). We conclude that factors related to the energetic balance of individuals play major roles in modulating the physiological stress of brown howler monkeys. Future studies should investigate the consequences of higher levels of stress hormones on howler monkey health and demography.

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INTRODUCTION: Obesity affects more than half of the adult population and correlates with the development of chronic and psychosocial diseases. The consumption of fruits and vegetables (FV) is a protective factor for obesity, but their consumption is often below the recommendations. OBJECTIVE: To identify the level of fruit consumption in human development cycles, as well as the data on the association of fruit consumption with excess weight in Brazil. METHODS: A non-systematic literature review on the Virtual Health Library (VHL) databases for the period 2005 to 2015. A total of 23 studies were selected in the English and Portuguese languages, according to the study design and population group. Only cohorts and cross sections studies in Brazil were selected. Appropriate FV consumption was considered to be 400 g/day or a frequency of 5 servings/day (3 servings/day of fruits), and overweight was evaluated according to each age group and development cycle. RESULTS: The average consumption for pregnant women was found to be 350 g/day; an inverse relationship was found between total fibre consumption and gestational weight gain. The average consumption of FV for children and adolescents has remained between 30% and 40%, consumption falling with increasing age. Vigitel data between 2006 and 2014 shows an increase in the prevalence of adequate consumption of FV for adults and seniors according to gender, age and education. Appropriate consumption tripled during this period. There was an association between fruit consumption and weight loss, increased risk of obesity, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and presence of metabolic syndrome (SM). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of adequate consumption of FV is low in all regions of Brazil and among all age groups, the highest prevalence is among women and increases with the advance of age, higher education level and higher socioeconomic status. Adequate fruit consumption correlates to weight loss and/or weight gain control of individuals.

INTRODUÇÃO: A obesidade atinge mais da metade da população adulta brasileira e se correlaciona com o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas e psicossociais. O consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras (FLV) é fator de proteção para obesidade, porém seu consumo está frequentemente abaixo das recomendações. OBJETIVO: Identificar a situação de consumo de frutas no Brasil nos ciclos de desenvolvimento humano, bem como dados de associação do consumo com excesso de peso. MÉTODO: Revisão de literatura não sistemática nas bases de dados BVS, do período de 2005 a 2015. Foram selecionados 23 trabalhos em língua portuguesa e inglesa, segundo desenho e grupo populacional. Foram selecionados apenas coortes e cortes transversais realizados no Brasil. Foi considerado consumo de FLV adequado de 400g/dia ou frequência de 5 porções/dia (3 porções/dia de frutas), e excesso de peso segundo cada faixa etária e ciclo de desenvolvimento. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: O consumo médio encontrado para gestantes foi de 350g/dia. Foi encontrada relação inversa entre o consumo de fibras totais e o ganho ponderal gestacional. A média de consumo adequado de crianças e adolescentes se manteve entre 30 e 40%, com redução de consumo conforme aumento da idade. Dados da Vigitel entre 2006 e 2014 demonstram aumento na prevalência de consumo adequado de FLV por adultos e idosos conforme sexo, idade e escolaridade. O consumo adequado triplicou neste período. Houve associação entre o consumo de frutas e a perda de peso, risco aumentado de obesidade, obesidade abdominal, hipertrigliceridemia e presença de SM. CONCLUSÕES: Há evidências de baixas prevalências de consumo adequado de FLV em todas as regiões do Brasil e grupos etários, maiores entre as mulheres e conforme o avanço da idade, escolaridade e nível socioeconômico. O consumo adequado de frutas se correlaciona à perda de peso e/ou controle do ganho ponderal dos indivíduos.

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