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Scientists increasingly draw on fishers' ecological knowledge (FEK) to gain a better understanding of fish biology and ecology, and inform options for fisheries management. We report on a study of FEK among fishers along the Lower Ucayali River in Peru, a region of exceptional productivity and diversity, which is also a major supplier of fish to the largest city in the Peruvian Amazon. Given a lack of available scientific information on stock status, we sought to identify temporal changes in the composition and size of exploited species by interviewing fishers from 18 communities who vary in years of fishing experience since the mid-1950s. We develop four FEK-based indicators to assess changes in the fish assemblage and compare findings with landings data. We find an intensification of fishing gear deployed over time and spatiotemporal shifts in the fish assemblage and reported declines in species weight, which point to a fishing-down process with declines across multiple species. This finding is reflected in a shifting baseline among our participants, whereby younger generations of fishers have different expectations regarding the distribution and size of species. Our study points to the importance of spillover effects from the nearby Pacaya-Samira National Reserve and community initiatives to support the regional fishery. Reference to fishers' knowledge also suggests that species decline is likely underreported in aggregated landings data. Despite the dynamism and diversity of Amazonian floodplain fisheries, simple FEK-based indicators can provide useful information for understanding fishing-induced changes in the fish assemblage. Fishers hold valuable knowledge for fishery management and conservation initiatives in the region.

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Sport fishing has ecological, economic, and social importance, but there are few studies that characterize it according to the sustainability tripod. Due to this gap, we present a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the current situation of sport fishing in Brazil. The papers on the subject were systematically evaluated based on quantitative criteria. Additionally, in order to create a list of the species of interest of sport fishers, the survey of 22 papers was carried out regarding the species caught. A total of 70 complete papers published between 1994 and 2021 were included in the study. Since the 1990s, publications have increased quantitatively, with most studies coming from the South-Eastern region of Brazil (39.19%). The papers published discussed, in the majority, the sport fishing carried out in marine environment (55.38%), and the focus was "fishing and fishers" (30%). Evaluating the sustainability tripod, most of the papers provided only information regarding the ecological aspect (58.57%). About 330 species of marine and freshwater fish of interest to sport fishers were dealt with in the studies. This information reflects the current state of knowledge about Brazilian sport fishing, and it can serve as a basis for the management of the activity and the target species used by fishers. Additionally, the present review can serve as an aid for future research on this topic.(AU)

A pesca esportiva apresenta importância ecológica, econômica e social, mas são poucos os estudos que a caracterizam segundo o tripé da sustentabilidade. Por causa dessa lacuna, apresentamos uma revisão sistemática da literatura para avaliar a atual situação da pesca esportiva no Brasil. Os artigos foram avaliados sistematicamente com base em critérios quantitativos. Por fim, com o objetivo de criar uma lista com as espécies de interesse dos pescadores esportivos, foi realizado o levantamento das espécies capturadas em 22 artigos científicos. Foram incluídos no estudo 70 artigos completos, publicados no período de 1994 a 2021. Na década de 1990, as publicações incrementaram quantitativamente, sendo a grande maioria estudos oriundos da Região Sudeste do Brasil (39,19%). Os artigos publicados em sua maioria abordam a pesca esportiva realizada em ambiente marinho (55,38%), e o foco principal foi "a pesca e os pescadores" (30%). Avaliando o tripé de sustentabilidade, a maioria dos artigos trazia apenas informações sobre o aspecto ecológico (58,57%). Cerca de 330 espécies de peixes marinhos e de água doce de interesse dos pescadores esportivos foram levantadas nos estudos. Essas informações refletem o estado atual de conhecimento sobre a pesca esportiva brasileira e podem servir como base para gestão da atividade e das espécies-alvo utilizadas pelos pescadores. De outra forma, a presente revisão pode servir de auxílio para as futuras pesquisas realizadas na temática.(AU)

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The riverine population of the Amazon Basin are among the largest consumers of fish in the world, but the consumption patterns could be regionally distinct. Moreover, their total fish catches are not fully known. The objective of this work was to estimate the per capita fish consumption of the riverine people that inhabit the Paciência Island (Iranduba, Amazonas), where there is a fishing agreement in force. A total of 273 questionnaires were applied during the first two weeks of each month between April 2021 and March 2022. The sample unit was the residences. The questionnaire contained questions about the species captured and their quantities. Consumption was calculated by dividing the average monthly capture with the average number of residents per household interviewed, which was multiplied by the number of questionnaires applied. Thirty groups of consumed fish species belonging to 17 families and 5 orders were recorded. The total catch was 3,388.35 kg and the highest monthly catch was 602.60 kg during the falling-water season in October. Daily per capita fish consumption averaged 66.13 ± 29.21 g/day, with a peak of 116.45 g/day during the falling-water season in August. The high fish consumption rate highlighted the importance of fisheries management to food security and the maintenance of the community's lifestyle.

As populações amazônicas são uma das maiores consumidoras de pescado do mundo, contudo os padrões de consumo podem ser regionalmente distintos. Além disso, as capturas totais não são totalmente conhecidas. O objetivo do trabalho foi estimar o consumo per capita e as capturas de pescado por ribeirinhos residentes na Ilha da Paciência (Iranduba, Amazonas), onde há um acordo de pesca vigente. Foram aplicados no total 273 questionários durante as duas primeiras semanas de cada mês entre abril de 2021 e março de 2022. A unidade amostral foram as residências. O questionário continha perguntas sobre as espécies capturadas e respectivas quantidades. O consumo foi calculado pela divisão entre a média de captura mensal com a média de moradores por residência entrevistada que foi multiplicada pelo número de questionários aplicados. Foram registrados 30 grupos de espécies de peixes consumidos pertencentes a 17 famílias e 5 ordens. A captura total foi de 3.388,35 kg e a maior captura mensal foi de 602,60 kg durante a vazante no mês de outubro. O consumo de pescado per capita diário foi em média 66,13 ± 29,21 g/dia, com pico de 116,45 g/dia durante a vazante no mês de agosto. A alta taxa de consumo de pescado mostra a importância do manejo pesqueiro para a segurança alimentar e a manutenção do estilo de vida da comunidade.

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The aim of this study was to describe the traditional knowledge from artisanal fishermen related to marine artificial reef (MAR) ship Victory 8B and to identify possible changes in the fishery area after its installation. We performed single ethnographic interviews (n = 80) through a semistructured questionnaire, using participant observation, visual ethnography, and field diary recordings. All the interviewees were men from 27 to 77 years old, with low education levels and up to 60 years of experience in the fishery artisanal. Most of the interviewees (n = 71; 88.7%) recognize the presence of this MAR in the region and its role as a shelter for marine fauna and an attractor for species with commercial value. Even with fishery prohibition in the vicinity of MAR Victory 8B, most of the interviewees (n = 75; 93.7%) reported the practice in that area. According to the fishermen, the ship installation did not alter area the fishery, but the structure positively changed the activity by attracting more fish, increasing capture and profits. With that, from the perspective of the fishermen perception, MAR Vi-tory 8B fulfilled its role in the enrichment of the fish stock and the conservation of marine biodiversity in the region.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os conhecimentos tradicionais dos pescadores artesanais relacionados ao recife artificial marinho (RAM) navio Victory 8B e identificar possíveis alterações na área de pesca após a sua instalação. Foram realizadas entrevistas etnográficas (n = 80) por meio de ques-tionário semi-estruturado, sendo aplicado o método de observação participante e uso do diário de campo. Todos os entrevistados eram homens com idades entre 27 e 77 anos, com baixa escolaridade e até 60 anos de experiência na pesca artesanal. A maioria dos entrevistados (n = 71; 88,7%) reconhece a presença deste RAM na região, seu papel como abrigo para a fauna marinha e como atrator de espécies com valor comercial. Mesmo com a proibição da pesca nas proximidades do RAM Victory 8B, a maioria dos entrevistados (n = 75; 93,7%) relatou a prática naquela área. Segundo os pescadores, a instalação do navio não alterou a área de pesca, mas a estrutura mudou positivamente a atividade, atraindo mais peixes, aumentando a captura e os lucros. Com isso, na percepção dos pescadores, o RAM Victory 8B cumpriu seu papel no enriquecimento do estoque pesqueiro e na conservação da biodiversidade marinha da região.

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Recently, the large migratory fishes of the family Serrasalmidae (Piaractus brachypomus and P. orinoquensis) were described as restricted to the Orinoco and Amazon basins. Both species provide important ecosystem services. They also are an important fisheries resource, which has caused that their populations have decreased in recent years. National fisheries policies still consider both species as one, which leads to inefficiencies in their management and conservation. The aim of this study was to genetically characterize these two species, using microsatellite and mitochondrial markers, and discuss the implication of these results for conservation and management. We found that both species have moderate genetic diversity and varied patterns of genetic distribution in the fluvial landscape. Piaractus brachypomus presented genetic diversity of A=6.5; He=0.72; Ho=0.67; H=1.000; á´«=0.0092, three management units related to the evolutionary process of the Amazon basin and the effective sizes of local populations were smaller compared to P. orinoquensis, which presented genetic diversity of A=6.1; He=0.66; Ho=0.55; H=0.968; á´«=0.010 and comprises only one management unit. These results demonstrate the need to design management policies that focus on species and geographically restricted populations.

Recientemente, los grandes peces migratorios Serrasalmidae (Piaractus brachypomus y P. orinoquensis) fueron diferenciados en las cuencas del Orinoco y Amazonas. Ambas especies brindan importantes servicios ecosistémicos, entre ellos la pesca para la dieta humana, lo que ha provocado que sus poblaciones hayan disminuido en los últimos años. Las políticas pesqueras nacionales aún consideran a ambas especies como una sola, lo que conduce a ineficiencias en su gestión y conservación. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar genéticamente estas dos especies de Piaractus, usando marcadores microsatélites y mitocondriales, y discutir la implicación de estos resultados para la conservación y el manejo. Encontramos que ambas especies tienen una diversidad genética moderada y patrones variados de distribución genética en el paisaje fluvial. Piaractus brachypomus presentó diversidad genética de A=6.5; He=0.72; Ho=0.67; H=1.000; á´«=0.0092, tres unidades de manejo relacionadas con el proceso evolutivo de la cuenca Amazónica y los tamaños efectivos de las poblaciones locales fueron menores en comparación con P. orinoquensis, que presentó diversidad genética de A=6.1; He=0.66; Ho=0.55; H=0.968; á´«=0,010 y comprende una sola unidad de gestión. Estos resultados demuestran la necesidad de diseñar políticas de manejo que se enfoquen en especies y poblaciones geográficamente restringidas.

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Although many marine ecosystems have been adversely impacted by human activities,1 some are now recovering due to reductions in fishing pressure.2-4 Here, we document the recovery of an ecosystem subjected to intense anthropogenic activity for over 200 years, the Clyde Sea.5 This region once had productive fisheries for herring (Clupea harengus) and other fish, but these disappeared at the turn of the century.6,7 Using acoustic surveys of the pelagic ecosystem, we found that the Clyde Sea supports 100 times as many forage fish as in the late 1980s. However, herring has now been replaced by sprat (Sprattus sprattus), despite virtually no fishing on herring for 20 years. A combination of a warming sea,6 bycatch of herring in the prawn (Nephrops norvegicus) fishery,8,9 and susceptibility of herring to poor recruitment may have contributed to this unexpected recovery. We compare this to similar unexpected "recoveries" involving unforeseen ecosystem effects, such as the return of hake (Merluccius merluccius) to the North Sea;10,11 the recent expansion of the pelagic squat lobster, "munida," (Pleuroncodes monodon) off Peru;12 and the increase in scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) numbers on Georges Bank.13 The lack of a current sprat fishery in the Clyde presents a unique opportunity to develop an alternative industry for its seafaring community: ecotourism. Charismatic megafauna (whales, dolphins, and seabirds) that people will pay to see14 will, in time-if not already15,16-be drawn in by the abundance of forage fish now present, further restoring the biodiversity of the region after centuries of overexploitation.

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Since the 1980s, there has been growing concern in the Mexican Atlantic regarding high catches of neonate and juvenile sharks in small-scale fisheries. Fishery-dependent data from 1993 to 1994 and 2007 to 2017 and fishers' ecological knowledge from 2017 were used to identify nursery areas for scalloped hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini, in the southern Gulf of Mexico. Catch records and fishing areas of neonates, YOYs, juveniles and adults of S. lewini (N = 1885) were obtained from calcareous and terrigenous regions in the western Yucatan Peninsula. The results suggest that a nursery for scalloped hammerhead is found in the terrigenous region, characterized by relatively shallow and turbid waters due to rivers' discharges. Neonates and YOYs (96% and 86% of their total records, respectively) were commonly found there over the years in May-August in multiple fishing areas identified by fishers, although mainly between isobaths 10-30 m. The enforcement of management measures is necessary because the nursery is located in a region with intense fishing effort.

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Abstract: The objective of this study is to describe the ethnoecological aspects, valorization, and commercialization of target species caught by artisanal fishers on the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. The data were obtained through semi-structured interviews conducted with 60 fishers from the fishing community of Guaxindiba (21°29'S, 41°00'W), which is associated with the Z-1 fishers' colony. Eighty-nine species were cited by the fishers and 44.1% are important commercial fish in the region. The fishers cited five distinct zones used to fish: border zone (68 species), estuary (41 spp.), artificial reef (27 spp.), "malacacheta" (24 spp.), and open ocean (10 spp.). The fishery resources were classified according to their gastronomic and economic characteristics: primary fish (35 spp.), secondary fish (32 spp.), mixed fish (10 spp.), discarded fish (7 spp.), and fish used as bait (5 spp.). The price of the target species increases along the production chain due to the greater number of people involved, processing costs, and improvement of the product. The data from this study can contribute to local fisheries management and point out to the use of artificial reefs in the maintenance of fishery resources in northern Rio de Janeiro.

Resumo: O objetivo desse estudo é descrever os aspectos etnoecológicos, a valoração e a forma de comercialização das espécies-alvo capturadas na pesca artesanal praticada na costa norte do Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com 60 pescadores da comunidade pesqueira Guaxindiba (21°29'S, 41°00'O), vinculados à colônia de pescadores Z-1. Oitenta e nove espécies foram citadas pelos pescadores e 44,1% desse total são importantes para o comércio da região. Os pescadores citaram cinco zonas distintas que são utilizadas para a pesca: zona da "borda" (68 espécies), estuário (41 spp.), recife artificial (27 spp.), "malacacheta" (24 spp.) e mar aberto (10 spp,). Os recursos pesqueiros foram classificados de acordo com suas características gastronômicas e econômicas: pescado-de-primeira (35 spp.), pescado-de-segunda (32 spp.), pescado-mistura (10 spp.), pescado-de-descarte (7 spp.) e pescado-isca (5 spp.). O preço das espécies-alvo aumenta ao longo da cadeia produtiva em decorrência do maior número de pessoas envolvidas, dos gastos com insumos e do processo de beneficiamento do pescado. Os dados desse estudo podem contribuir para o manejo da pesca local e apontam para o uso de recifes artificiais na manutenção dos recursos pesqueiros no norte do Rio de Janeiro.

RESUMO

A systematic review of scientific papers on the potential impacts of climate-driven environmental changes on tuna and billfish in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) was conducted to identify the climate-driven pressures and their associated potential impacts on the reproductive success and survival of tuna and billfish, and which of those impacts may have more relevance for their management and conservation in the GOM by 2050. An Impact Screening Analysis (ISA) was developed to evaluate the potential climate impacts discovered in the literature synthesis by assessing each impact against four criteria, and assigning it a ranking based on likelihood of occurrence (High, Medium, or Low). Results show three types of climate-driven pressures within the High ranking: increased water temperature; changes in ocean circulation and eddy kinetic energy; and changes in storm and wind patterns. Our findings provide valuable information to advance our understanding of key climate-driven physico-chemical processes that can impact the biology of tuna and billfish in the GOM, and enhance conservation and management of these species.

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Ariids such as Genidens genidens are particularly susceptible to overfishing because of their complex reproductive mechanisms, which result in slow replenishment of stocks. In this study, we obtained data about the reproductive ecology of the catfish G. genidens in the Guanabara Bay estuary, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, providing supporting information for management of its fishery. The sex ratio, mean size of each sex at first sexual maturation, and female fecundity were determined and the reproductive period was characterized. The males:females ratio was 1:2. The fecundity is low and increases proportionally to the females' growth in total length and weight. The breeding season occurs during the warmest months of the year, with spawning extending from October through March and incubation from December through April. Sexual maturation is late, with males maturing at a larger size than females. Skipping spawning was also identified in females. Based on the reproductive biology, it is suggested that the catch be restricted to individuals larger than 20 cm, considering the L75 of the males, and that fishing be prohibited from December through March, to include the main period of spawning season by females and oropharyngeal incubation by males.(AU)

Ariídeos, como Genidens genidens, são particularmente suscetíveis à sobrepesca devido a seus complexos mecanismos reprodutivos, que resultam em uma reposição lenta dos estoques. Neste estudo, obtivemos dados sobre a ecologia reprodutiva do bagre G. genidens no estuário da Baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, fornecendo subsídios para seu manejo pesqueiro. A proporção sexual, o tamanho médio de primeira maturação sexual de cada sexo e a fecundidade das fêmeas foram determinados e o período reprodutivo caracterizado. A proporção machos:fêmeas foi de ١:2. A fecundidade é baixa e aumenta proporcionalmente ao crescimento das fêmeas em comprimento total e no peso. O período reprodutivo ocorre durante os meses mais quentes do ano, com a desova se estendendo de outubro a março e a incubação de dezembro a abril. A maturação sexual é tardia, com machos amadurecendo em tamanho maior que as fêmeas. Também foi identificado nas fêmeas adiamento da desova. Com base na biologia reprodutiva, sugere-se que a captura seja restrita a indivíduos maiores que 20 cm, considerando a C75 dos machos, e que a pesca seja proibida de dezembro a março, para incluir o período principal de época de desova das fêmeas e incubação orofaríngea dos machos.(AU)

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Ariids such as Genidens genidens are particularly susceptible to overfishing because of their complex reproductive mechanisms, which result in slow replenishment of stocks. In this study, we obtained data about the reproductive ecology of the catfish G. genidens in the Guanabara Bay estuary, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, providing supporting information for management of its fishery. The sex ratio, mean size of each sex at first sexual maturation, and female fecundity were determined and the reproductive period was characterized. The males:females ratio was 1:2. The fecundity is low and increases proportionally to the females' growth in total length and weight. The breeding season occurs during the warmest months of the year, with spawning extending from October through March and incubation from December through April. Sexual maturation is late, with males maturing at a larger size than females. Skipping spawning was also identified in females. Based on the reproductive biology, it is suggested that the catch be restricted to individuals larger than 20 cm, considering the L75 of the males, and that fishing be prohibited from December through March, to include the main period of spawning season by females and oropharyngeal incubation by males.(AU)

Ariídeos, como Genidens genidens, são particularmente suscetíveis à sobrepesca devido a seus complexos mecanismos reprodutivos, que resultam em uma reposição lenta dos estoques. Neste estudo, obtivemos dados sobre a ecologia reprodutiva do bagre G. genidens no estuário da Baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, fornecendo subsídios para seu manejo pesqueiro. A proporção sexual, o tamanho médio de primeira maturação sexual de cada sexo e a fecundidade das fêmeas foram determinados e o período reprodutivo caracterizado. A proporção machos:fêmeas foi de ١:2. A fecundidade é baixa e aumenta proporcionalmente ao crescimento das fêmeas em comprimento total e no peso. O período reprodutivo ocorre durante os meses mais quentes do ano, com a desova se estendendo de outubro a março e a incubação de dezembro a abril. A maturação sexual é tardia, com machos amadurecendo em tamanho maior que as fêmeas. Também foi identificado nas fêmeas adiamento da desova. Com base na biologia reprodutiva, sugere-se que a captura seja restrita a indivíduos maiores que 20 cm, considerando a C75 dos machos, e que a pesca seja proibida de dezembro a março, para incluir o período principal de época de desova das fêmeas e incubação orofaríngea dos machos.(AU)

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Abstract:The endangered species Strombus gigas is a marine gastropod of significant economic importance through the Greater Caribbean region. In contrast to phenotypic plasticity, the role of genetics on shell variations in S. gigas has not been addressed so far, despite its importance in evolution, management and conservation of this species. This work used geometric morphometrics to investigate the phenotypic variation of 219 shells of S. gigas from eight sites of the Colombian Southwest Caribbean. Differences in mean size between sexes and among sites were contrasted by analysis of variance. Allometry was tested by multivariate regression and the hypothesis of common slope was contrasted by covariance multivariate analysis. Differences in the shell shape among sites were analyzed by principal component analysis. Sexual size dimorphism was not significant, whereas sexual shape dimorphism was significant and variable across sites. Differences in the shell shape among sites were concordant with genetic differences based on microsatellite data, supporting its genetic background. Besides, differences in the shell shape between populations genetically similar suggest a role of phenotypic plasticity in the morphometric variation of the shell shape. These outcomes evidence the role of genetic back- ground and phenotypic plasticity in the shell shape of S. gigas. Thus, geometric morphometrics of shell shape may constitute a complementary tool to explore the genetic diversity of this species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1585-1595. Epub 2016 December 01.

Resumen:La especie en peligro, Strombus gigas, es un gastrópodo marino de importancia económica en la región del Gran Caribe. En contraste con la plasticidad fenotípica, el papel de la genética en la variación de la concha en S. gigas no ha sido abordado hasta ahora, a pesar de su importancia evolutiva, manejo y conservación. Este trabajo utilizó la morfometría geométrica para investigar la variación fenotípica de la concha de S.gigas en ocho sitios del suroeste del Caribe colombiano. Las diferencias en el tamaño promedio entre sexos y sitios se contrastaron mediante análisis de varianza. La alometría se evaluó mediante regresión multivariada y la hipótesis de pendientes similares se contrastó mediante un análisis multivariado de covarianza. Las diferencias en la conformación de las conchas entre sitios se exploraron mediante análisis de componentes principales. El dimorfismo sexual en el tamaño no fue significativo, mientras que el dimorfismo sexual en la conformación fue significativo y variable entre los sitios. Las diferencias en la conformación de la concha entre sitios fueron concordantes con diferencias genéticas basadas en microsatélites, lo cual apoya su base genética. Además, las diferencias en conformación de la concha entre poblaciones genéticamente similares sugieren un papel de la plasticidad fenotípica en la variación morfométrica de la conformación de la concha. Estos resultados evidencian el papel de la genética y la plasticidad fenotípica en la conformación de la concha de S. gigas. Por lo tanto, la morfometría geométrica de la conformación de la concha puede constituir una herramienta complementaria para explorar la diversidad genética de esta especie.

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ResumenLa langosta espinosa Panulirus argus es una importante especie pesquera en el Atlántico centro-occidental. Los cambios en el rango de dispersión a través de su ciclo de vida y sus hábitats heterogéneos, sugieren que P. argus exhibe plasticidad fenotípica. Sin embargo, la variación morfométrica de esta especie es desconocida hasta ahora, aún cuando esta información es relevante en estudios evolutivos y en la solución de preguntas de interés pesquero. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si P. argus exhibe variación fenotípica entre sexos, entre cinco orígenes geográficos y tres condiciones oceanográficas del Caribe suroccidental (archipiélago colombiano de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina). Un total de 193 adultos de P. argus se analizaron por Morfometría Geométrica usando seis puntos de referencia que delimitan la mitad de la placa esternal. Las diferencias de tamaño entre sexos y orígenes geográficos, se compararon con las pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y Mann-Whitney. El efecto alométrico se estimó usando Análisis de Regresión Multivariada, el modelo de pendientes alométricas se contrastó con un Análisis Multivariado de Covarianza y las diferencias de conformación de la placa esternal se exploró usando comparaciones no paramétricas de las distancias Euclidianas y árboles del vecino más cercano. Los resultados mostraron que la variación morfométrica de la placa esternal de la langosta espinosa varía de acuerdo al sexo debido a que el dimorfismo sexual fue significativo tanto en el tamaño como en la conformación. En ambos sexos, la conformación de la placa esternal difirió entre escenarios oceanográficos como se evidenció por diferencias significativas entre distancias Euclidianas y su tendencia a agruparse por las secciones norte, centro y sur del archipiélago de San Andrés. Adicionalmente, la variación morfométrica resultante de plasticidad fenotípica a contextos ecológicos variables pueden explicar las diferencias fenotípicas entre poblaciones que son genéticamente similares. Esta información permite definir unidades de manejo, apoya la selección de medidas regulatorias de esta pesquería y complementa los análisis genéticos de la especie en esta región del Caribe.

Abstract:The spiny lobster Panulirus argus is an important fishery species in the Western Central Atlantic. Changes in the dispersion range through its life cycle and heterogeneous habitats, suggest that P. argus exhibit phenotypic plasticity. However, the morphometric variation of this species is unknown so far, although this information is relevant in evolutionary studies as well as to solve questions of fishery interest. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether P. argus exhibit phenotypic variation between sexes, among five geographic origins and three oceanographic conditions of Southwest Caribbean (Colombian archipelago San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina). A total of 193 P. argus adults were submitted to geometric morphometrics using six landmarks that delimit one half of the sternal plate. The differences in sternal plate size were compared with KruskalWallis and Mann-Whitney Tests. The allometric effect was estimated using Multivariate Regression Analysis, the model of allometric slopes was tested by Multivariate analysis of covariance and the sternal plate shape differences was explored using non-parametric comparisons of Euclidian distances and Neighbour Joinnig trees. The results showed that the morphometric variation of sternal plate of this spiny lobster varied according to the gender since the sexual size and shape dimorphisms were significant. In both sexes, the sternal plate shape differed among oceanographic scenarios as it was evidenced by significant differences among Euclidian distances, and the tendency to cluster by North, Centre and South sections of San Andrés archipelago. Additionally, the morphometric variation resulting from phenotypic plasticity to variable ecological contexts may explain the phenotypic differences among genetically similar populations. This information permits to define management units, support the selection of regulatory policies of this fishery and complement the genetic analysis of the species in this Caribbean region. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 975-990. Epub 2016 September 01.

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A combination of mark-recapture and genetic sampling was used to extend the minimum longevity of an elasmobranch species and the life span estimate of the lemon shark Negaprion brevirostris was increased conservatively from 20·2 to 37 years. This increase in longevity means higher vulnerability and a longer recovery time from exploitation.

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The Atlantic goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara , is a critically endangered species, threatened by illegal fishing and the destruction of its habitats. A number of other closely related grouper species found in the western Atlantic are also fished intensively. While some countries apply rigorous legislation, illegal harvesting followed by the falsification of fish products, which impedes the correct identification of the species, is a common practice, allowing the catch to be marketed as a different grouper species. In this case, molecular techniques represent an important tool for the monitoring and regulation of fishery practices, and are essential for the forensic identification of a number of different species. In the present study, species-specific primers were developed for the Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I gene, which were applied in a multiplex PCR for the simultaneous identification of nine different species of Epinephelidae: Epinephelus itajara , E. quinquefasciatus , E. morio , Hyporthodus flavolimbatus , H. niveatus , Mycteroperca acutirostris , M. bonaci , M. marginata , and M. microlepis . Multiplex PCR is a rapid, reliable and cost-effective procedure for the identification of commercially-valuable endangered fish species, and may represent a valuable tool for the regulation and sustainable management of fishery resources.(AU)

O mero, Epinephelus itajara , encontra-se criticamente ameaçado, resultado da pesca ilegal e destruição dos habitas. Filogeneticamente relacionadas a este táxon encontram-se garoupas que atualmente são intensamente pescadas no Atlântico Oeste. Apesar de leis mais restritivas aplicadas em alguns países, a captura ilegal com a descaracterização morfológica é uma prática comum que impossibilita a identificação correta da espécie permitindo que seja comercializada como garoupas, badejos ou chernes. A este respeito, técnicas moleculares representam ferramentas importantes para o monitoramento e fiscalização da pesca, provando ser essencial, na identificação forense de diversas espécies. Primers espécie-específicos foram desenvolvidos com base no gene Citocromo Oxidase subunidade I que aplicados em PCR-Multiplex possibilitam a identificação simultânea de nove espécies Epinephelidae: Epinephelus itajara , E. quinquefasciatus , E. morio , Hyporthodus flavolimbatus , H. niveatus , Mycteroperca acutirostris , M. bonaci , M. marginata e M. microlepis . A identificação via PCR multiplex de espécies de peixes ameaçadas e comercialmente importantes é um método rápido, prático, seguro e de baixo custo, que poderá ser útil o controle do uso e manejo sustentável de recursos pesqueiros.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The Atlantic goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara , is a critically endangered species, threatened by illegal fishing and the destruction of its habitats. A number of other closely related grouper species found in the western Atlantic are also fished intensively. While some countries apply rigorous legislation, illegal harvesting followed by the falsification of fish products, which impedes the correct identification of the species, is a common practice, allowing the catch to be marketed as a different grouper species. In this case, molecular techniques represent an important tool for the monitoring and regulation of fishery practices, and are essential for the forensic identification of a number of different species. In the present study, species-specific primers were developed for the Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I gene, which were applied in a multiplex PCR for the simultaneous identification of nine different species of Epinephelidae: Epinephelus itajara , E. quinquefasciatus , E. morio , Hyporthodus flavolimbatus , H. niveatus , Mycteroperca acutirostris , M. bonaci , M. marginata , and M. microlepis . Multiplex PCR is a rapid, reliable and cost-effective procedure for the identification of commercially-valuable endangered fish species, and may represent a valuable tool for the regulation and sustainable management of fishery resources.(AU)

O mero, Epinephelus itajara , encontra-se criticamente ameaçado, resultado da pesca ilegal e destruição dos habitas. Filogeneticamente relacionadas a este táxon encontram-se garoupas que atualmente são intensamente pescadas no Atlântico Oeste. Apesar de leis mais restritivas aplicadas em alguns países, a captura ilegal com a descaracterização morfológica é uma prática comum que impossibilita a identificação correta da espécie permitindo que seja comercializada como garoupas, badejos ou chernes. A este respeito, técnicas moleculares representam ferramentas importantes para o monitoramento e fiscalização da pesca, provando ser essencial, na identificação forense de diversas espécies. Primers espécie-específicos foram desenvolvidos com base no gene Citocromo Oxidase subunidade I que aplicados em PCR-Multiplex possibilitam a identificação simultânea de nove espécies Epinephelidae: Epinephelus itajara , E. quinquefasciatus , E. morio , Hyporthodus flavolimbatus , H. niveatus , Mycteroperca acutirostris , M. bonaci , M. marginata e M. microlepis . A identificação via PCR multiplex de espécies de peixes ameaçadas e comercialmente importantes é um método rápido, prático, seguro e de baixo custo, que poderá ser útil o controle do uso e manejo sustentável de recursos pesqueiros.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The queen conch Strombus gigas represents one of the most important fishery resources of the Caribbean but heavy fishing pressure has led to the depletion of stocks throughout the region, causing the inclusion of this species into CITES Appendix II and IUCN’s Red-List. In Mexico, the queen conch is managed through a minimum fishing size of 200mm shell length and a fishing quota which usually represents 50% of the adult biomass. The objectives of this study were to determine the intrinsic population growth rate of the queen conch population of Xel-Ha, Quintana Roo, Mexico, and to assess the effects of a regulated fishing impact, simulating the extraction of 50% adult biomass on the population density. We used three different minimum size criteria to demonstrate the effects of minimum catch size on the population density and discuss biological implications. Demographic data was obtained through capture-mark-recapture sampling, collecting all animals encountered during three hours, by three divers, at four different sampling sites of the Xel-Ha inlet. The conch population was sampled each month between 2005 and 2006, and bimonthly between 2006 and 2011, tagging a total of 8 292 animals. Shell length and lip thickness were determined for each individual. The average shell length for conch with formed lip in Xel-Ha was 209.39±14.18mm and the median 210mm. Half of the sampled conch with lip ranged between 200mm and 219mm shell length. Assuming that the presence of the lip is an indicator for sexual maturity, it can be concluded that many animals may form their lip at greater shell lengths than 200mm and ought to be considered immature. Estimation of relative adult abundance and densities varied greatly depending on the criteria employed for adult classification. When using a minimum fishing size of 200mm shell length, between 26.2% and up to 54.8% of the population qualified as adults, which represented a simulated fishing impact of almost one third of the population. When conch extraction was simulated using a classification criteria based on lip thickness, it had a much smaller impact on the population density. We concluded that the best management strategy for S. gigas is a minimum fishing size based on a lip thickness, since it has lower impact on the population density, and given that selective fishing pressure based on size may lead to the appearance of small adult individuals with reduced fecundity. Furthermore, based on the reproductive biology and the results of the simulated fishing, we suggest a minimum lip thickness of ≥15mm, which ensures the protection of reproductive stages, reduces the risk of overfishing, leading to non-viable density reduction. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (4): 1343-1352. Epub 2014 December 01.

El caracol rosa Strombus gigas representa una de las especies de mayor importancia pesquera en el Caribe, pero la creciente presión pesquera ha llevado al deterioro de las poblaciones en toda la región, llevando a la inclusión de esta especie en el apéndice II de CITES y la lista roja de UICN. En México, el caracol rosa se maneja con una talla mínima de pesca de 200mm longitud de heliconcha y una cuota pesquera que generalmente representa el 50% de la biomasa adulta. Este estudio tuvo como objetivos determinar la tasa intrínseca de crecimiento poblacional del caracol rosa en Xel-Ha, Quintana Roo, México, y evaluar el efecto de un esfuerzo pesquero regulado, simulando la extracción del 50% de la biomasa adulta. Utilizamos tres diferentes criterios de talla mínima para la pesca, para evaluar el efecto de ésta sobre la densidad de la población y discutimos las implicaciones bilógicas asociadas. Los datos demográficos se obtuvieron mediante un muestreo de marcaje-recaptura, recolectando todos los animales presentes, durante tres horas, con tres buzos, en cuatro sitios diferentes de la caleta. En 2005 los muestreos fueron mensuales, y de 2006 a 2011 bimensuales, marcándose un total de 8 292 caracoles. Se obtuvo la longitud de heliconcha y grosor de labio de cada individuo. La talla media de caracoles con labio formado fue de 209.39±14.18mm y la mediana de 210mm. La mitad de los caracoles con un labio formado presentaban tallas de 200mm a 219mm longitud de heliconcha. Suponiendo que la presencia del labio es un indicador de madurez sexual, se puede concluir que muchos animales alcanzan la madurez sexual a tallas mayores de 200mm longitud de heliconcha y deberían ser considerados inmaduros. La estimación de la abundancia relativa y densidad de adultos varía ampliamente según el criterio de clasificación utilizado. Cuando se aplicó una talla mínima de 200mm longitud, el 26.2% a 54.8% de la población calificó como adulta, correspondiendo a un impacto pesquero simulado de casi un tercio de la población. El impacto fue menor simulando la extracción de adultos, utilizando un criterio de clasificación basado en grosor de labio. Se concluyó que la mejor estrategia de manejo para S. gigas es una talla mínima basada en el grosor de labio, ya que esta medida reduce el impacto sobre la densidad poblacional, y por el otro lado disminuye la presión selectiva sobre la talla, lo cual conduce a la aparición de individuos pequeños con fecundidad inferior. Más allá, basado en la biología reproductiva y los resultados de las simulaciones, recomendamos un grosor de labio mínimo de ≥15mm para la pesca, ya que esta medida asegura la protección de las etapas reproductivas y reduce el riesgo de sobrepesca, el cual llevaría a reducciones no viables de la densidad poblacional.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The Bay of Guanabara is an estuarine environment recognized as an important fishing pole for the state of Rio de Janeiro, with undisputed social and economic value. This study aims to analyze and pinpoint whether the Brazilian legislation has measures that correspond to a sustainable ordering of fishing activity in this coastal ecosystem and its fishery resources and, if not, indicate necessary changes to make it suitable to the application of these legal norms. The survey and analysis of legal standards were performed between August 2010 and June 2011, using two themes: (I) Protection of the Coastal Zone and (ii) Fishing management. The survey of fisheries legislation applied to Guanabara Bay resulted in 214 legal standards, divided between the axes I and II in 60% and 40% respectively. Differences or lack of management measures were caused by problems with the writing or the official coverage of legal standards, some fish stocks were being harmed by these failures further aggravating the species that have overexploited and vulnerable to extinction. Concluding that the legislation analyzed contemplates fishing in Bay of Guanabara, but an adaptation of existing legal rules is necessary in view new species, conceptualizing the term inland waters and adopting other definitions given by the National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Aquaculture and Fisheries.(AU)

A Baía de Guanabara é um ambiente estuarino reconhecido como importante polo pesqueiro para o estado do Rio de Janeiro, apresentando incontestável valor social e econômico. Este estudo teve como objetivos analisar e apontar se a legislação brasileira possui medidas que correspondem a um ordenamento adequado da atividade pesqueira nesse ecossistema costeiro e seus recursos pesqueiros e, em caso negativo, indicar mudanças necessárias para tornar mais apropriada à aplicação dessas normas jurídicas. O levantamento e análise das normas jurídicas foram desempenhados entre agosto de 2010 e junho de 2011, usando dois eixos temáticos: (I) Proteção à Zona Costeira e (II) Medidas de Ordenamento. O levantamento da legislação pesqueira aplicada à Baía de Guanabara resultou em 214 normas jurídicas, divididas entre os eixos I e II em 60% e 40%, respectivamente. Divergências ou ausência de medidas de ordenamento foram causadas por problemas com a redação oficial ou com a abrangência das normas jurídicas, demonstrando ausência de medidas de ordenamento para alguns recursos pesqueiros na área de estudo. Conclui-se que para a legislação contemplar plenamente a atividade pesqueira na Baía de Guanabara se faz necessária a adequação das normas jurídicas existentes a partir de ajustes,considerando novas espécies de pescado, conceituando o termo águas interiores e adotando áreasde pesca, assim como as demais definições dadas pela Política Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Aquicultura e Pesca.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The Bay of Guanabara is an estuarine environment recognized as an important fishing pole for the state of Rio de Janeiro, with undisputed social and economic value. This study aims to analyze and pinpoint whether the Brazilian legislation has measures that correspond to a sustainable ordering of fishing activity in this coastal ecosystem and its fishery resources and, if not, indicate necessary changes to make it suitable to the application of these legal norms. The survey and analysis of legal standards were performed between August 2010 and June 2011, using two themes: (I) Protection of the Coastal Zone and (ii) Fishing management. The survey of fisheries legislation applied to Guanabara Bay resulted in 214 legal standards, divided between the axes I and II in 60% and 40% respectively. Differences or lack of management measures were caused by problems with the writing or the official coverage of legal standards, some fish stocks were being harmed by these failures further aggravating the species that have overexploited and vulnerable to extinction. Concluding that the legislation analyzed contemplates fishing in Bay of Guanabara, but an adaptation of existing legal rules is necessary in view new species, conceptualizing the term inland waters and adopting other definitions given by the National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Aquaculture and Fisheries.

A Baía de Guanabara é um ambiente estuarino reconhecido como importante polo pesqueiro para o estado do Rio de Janeiro, apresentando incontestável valor social e econômico. Este estudo teve como objetivos analisar e apontar se a legislação brasileira possui medidas que correspondem a um ordenamento adequado da atividade pesqueira nesse ecossistema costeiro e seus recursos pesqueiros e, em caso negativo, indicar mudanças necessárias para tornar mais apropriada à aplicação dessas normas jurídicas. O levantamento e análise das normas jurídicas foram desempenhados entre agosto de 2010 e junho de 2011, usando dois eixos temáticos: (I) Proteção à Zona Costeira e (II) Medidas de Ordenamento. O levantamento da legislação pesqueira aplicada à Baía de Guanabara resultou em 214 normas jurídicas, divididas entre os eixos I e II em 60% e 40%, respectivamente. Divergências ou ausência de medidas de ordenamento foram causadas por problemas com a redação oficial ou com a abrangência das normas jurídicas, demonstrando ausência de medidas de ordenamento para alguns recursos pesqueiros na área de estudo. Conclui-se que para a legislação contemplar plenamente a atividade pesqueira na Baía de Guanabara se faz necessária a adequação das normas jurídicas existentes a partir de ajustes,considerando novas espécies de pescado, conceituando o termo águas interiores e adotando áreasde pesca, assim como as demais definições dadas pela Política Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Aquicultura e Pesca.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, is an important fishing resource off northern São Paulo State coast, as well as other Brazilian states and elsewhere in the world. The seabob shrimp fishery presents high economic and social importance, allowing for generation of direct and indirect jobs. The analysis of the physical characteristics of vessels in this fishery (e.g. vessel length, gross tonnage and engine power), showed the presence of three distinct groups of vessels (G1, G2 and G3).G1 included the largest vessels with the most powerful engines. In contrast, G3 had the smallest gross tonnage vessels. Such groups differ in terms of shrimp catches, CPUE, fishing days and use of other species. Landings of these groups showed fidelity to particular landing sites. The results of the present study show that the management of the seabob shrimp fishery should take into account regional differences related to the heterogeneity of the fleet, including their mobility and fidelity to the landing sites.(AU)

O camarão-sete-barbas, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, constitui um importante recurso pesqueiro para o litoral norte de São Paulo, assim como para outros estados brasileiros e outros lugares do mundo. Sua pesca apresenta grande relevância econômica e social, contribuindo para a geração de empregos diretos e indiretos. A análise das características físicas das embarcações atuantes nesta pescaria (comprimento total, arqueação bruta e potência do motor) mostrou a ocorrência de três grupos de embarcações distintas (G1, G2 e G3), sendo que as do G1 possuem potências e comprimentos maiores que as dos demais grupos, e as do G3 diferenciaram-se pelos pequenos valores de arqueação bruta. Tais grupos de embarcações apresentaram diferenças nas capturas e na captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE) de camarões, nos dias de pesca e no aproveitamento de outras espécies. Os desembarques desses grupos de embarcações apresentaram fidelidade a determinadas localidades. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as ações de ordenamento da pesca do camarão-sete-barbas devem levar em conta diferenças regionais relacionadas à heterogeneidade da frota atuante sobre este recurso, sua mobilidade e a fidelidade às localidades de desembarque.(AU)

Assuntos