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The financial market is a complex system in which the assets influence each other, causing, among other factors, price interactions and co-movement of returns. Using the Maximum Entropy Principle approach, we analyze the interactions between a selected set of stock assets and equity indices under different high and low return volatility episodes at the 2008 Subprime Crisis and the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak. We carry out an inference process to identify the interactions, in which we implement the a pairwise Ising distribution model describing the first and second moments of the distribution of the discretized returns of each asset. Our results indicate that second-order interactions explain more than 80% of the entropy in the system during the Subprime Crisis and slightly higher than 50% during the COVID-19 outbreak independently of the period of high or low volatility analyzed. The evidence shows that during these periods, slight changes in the second-order interactions are enough to induce large changes in assets correlations but the proportion of positive and negative interactions remains virtually unchanged. Although some interactions change signs, the proportion of these changes are the same period to period, which keeps the system in a ferromagnetic state. These results are similar even when analyzing triadic structures in the signed network of couplings.

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OBJECTIVES: To report worldwide trends in suicide mortality during a period that covers 7 years after the 2008 global crisis. METHODS: We performed a time trend analysis with joinpoint regression. RESULTS: Over the 2000s, suicide mortality decreased with the largest declines observed in some Eastern European countries. The downward trends were followed by an increase in concomitance with the 2008 global crisis in some countries, including Greece (annual percentage change = + 6 in men and + 11.8 in women), the Netherlands (+ 4.2 in men and + 4.0 in women), and the UK (+ 1.6 in men), while the pre-crisis downward trends stopped in Germany, Italy, and Spain. The joinpoint analysis also revealed long-term rises in Brazil (+ 0.8 since 1990 in men and + 1.8 since 1999 in women), Mexico (+ 1.3 since 1995 in men and + 3.6 since 1990 in women), the USA (+ 1.7 since 2005 in men and + 4.2 since 2010 in women), and Australia (+ 1.8 in men and + 3.7 in women, since 2006 in both sexes). CONCLUSIONS: Despite downward trends in several areas of the world, in some countries suicide rates increased since the 2008 global crisis.

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Resumen La crisis financiera ha impulsado severas medidas de austeridad al sistema español de atención a la salud, entre las que se destacan la reducción del gasto público, la modificación del principio básico de cobertura universal, el copago y las reformas laborales. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de un estudio cualitativo sobre la percepción del personal sanitario y de la población de los impactos de la crisis en el sistema sanitario y de la salud en las áreas rurales. Se consideró la metodología cualitativa como la opción idónea para el estudio de un fenómeno complejo, en el que se buscó profundidad en su comprensión, teniendo en cuenta los significados y el contexto. El estudio se realizó en tres valles del Pirineo navarro. Se llevaron a cabo 22 entrevistas semiestructuradas a informantes clave y de perfiles no expertos, que fueron analizadas según el análisis sociológico del discurso. La desigual accesibilidad a los servicios de salud por parte de la población rural fue el factor identificado de forma unánime como la mayor amenaza y desafío para estos territorios. Una desigualdad que se consideró agravada en la población más envejecida. Las personas entrevistadas no refirieron un impacto negativo en la calidad del servicio de atención primaria, sino que lo localizaron en el entorno urbano y en la asistencia especializada. Los impactos diferenciados de las políticas en las zonas rurales exigen más investigación atendiendo a sus particularidades y de esta forma comprender el impacto específico de la crisis en estos territorios.

Abstract The financial crisis has led to severe austerity measures in the Spanish health care system, among which are the reduction of public spending, the modification of the basic principle of universal coverage, the co-payment and labor reforms. This article presents the findings from a qualitative study that explores the perceptions of primary health care professionals and population of the effects of the crisis on the health system and health in rural areas. The qualitative methodology was considered ideal for the study of a complex phenomenon. We looked for depth in the understanding considering meanings and context. The study was carried out in three valleys of the Spanish Pyrenees (Navarra). We conducted 22 semi-structured interviews with key informants and non-expert profiles analyzed according to the sociological analysis of the speech. The unequal accessibility to health services by rural population was unanimously identified as the greatest threat and challenge for these territories. An inequality that was considered aggravated in older population. The people interviewed did not mention a negative impact on the quality of rural primary care service. They noticed that quality of health care had become worse in urban centers and in specialized healthcare. The differential impacts of policies in rural areas require more research, considering their particularities and thus understanding the specific impact of the crisis on these territories.

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OBJECTIVE: The present paper investigated the impact of the 2008 financial crisis on food security in Mexico and how it disproportionally affected vulnerable households. DESIGN: A generalized ordered logistic regression was estimated to assess the impact of the crisis on households' food security status. An ordinary least squares and a quantile regression were estimated to evaluate the effect of the financial crisis on a continuous proxy measure of food security defined as the share of a household's current income devoted to food expenditures. Setting Both analyses were performed using pooled cross-sectional data from the Mexican National Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2008 and 2010. SUBJECTS: The analytical sample included 29,468 households in 2008 and 27,654 in 2010. RESULTS: The generalized ordered logistic model showed that the financial crisis significantly (P<0·05) decreased the probability of being food secure, mildly or moderately food insecure, compared with being severely food insecure (OR=0·74). A similar but smaller effect was found when comparing severely and moderately food-insecure households with mildly food-insecure and food-secure households (OR=0·81). The ordinary least squares model showed that the crisis significantly (P<0·05) increased the share of total income spent on food (ß coefficient of 0·02). The quantile regression confirmed the findings suggested by the generalized ordered logistic model, showing that the effects of the crisis were more profound among poorer households. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that households that were more vulnerable before the financial crisis saw a worsened effect in terms of food insecurity with the crisis. Findings were consistent with both measures of food security--one based on self-reported experience and the other based on food spending.

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Hoy se viven situaciones de crisis a nivel mundial pero la económica financiera es la que amenaza con serias repercusiones a nivel global sobre todos los aspectos del desarrollo de una nación, incluida la salud. Una de las peores consecuencias ya palpable es la reducción de la Ayuda Oficial al Desarrollo que proviene de las 22 naciones más ricas del mundo y se dirige hacia los países pobres y de bajos recursos. Se pretende profundizar en la importancia de la Cooperación Sur-Sur para enfrentar situaciones de crisis y dentro de ella, un buen ejemplo de la efectividad en este tipo de cooperación lo constituye Cuba. Esta cooperación se realiza mediante la colaboración triangulada entre países del sur, transferencia de tecnologías y ayuda médica, derivados del desarrollo del Sistema Nacional de Salud cubano, además de ser parte de la política exterior del país. Cuba es un ejemplo de ayuda solidaria y desinteresada que se desarrolla desde el año 1963 con buenos resultados y demuestra que la cooperación es una vía eficaz de solución a los problemas de salud de las poblaciones siempre y cuando se trate de una ayuda justa y solidaria, dirigida a fortalecer las capacidades nacionales y acorde con las prioridades del país que la recibe.(AU)

The people are living today amid difficult situations caused by the world crisis; however, the financial-economic crisis is the one threatening the nations with serious global impacts, mainly in all aspects of development including health. One of the worst tangible consequences is the reduction of the Official Assistance for Development given by the 22 wealthiest countries to the poor and the resource-limited nations. This paper was intended to delve into the importance of the south-south cooperation to face crisis situations and a good example of the effectiveness of this type of collaboration is Cuba. This cooperation is based on the triangled collaboration among the southern countries, the transfer of technologies and the medical assistance derived from the development of the Cuban Health Care System, which is also part of its foreign policy. Cuba is an example of solidarity and unselfish assistance that has been put into practice since 1963 with good results. At the same time, it has proved that cooperation is an effective way of solving the health problems of the populations whenever this assistance is just and cooperative and aimed at strengthening the national capacities according to the priorities of the recipient country.(AU)

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Hoy se viven situaciones de crisis a nivel mundial pero la económica financiera es la que amenaza con serias repercusiones a nivel global sobre todos los aspectos del desarrollo de una nación, incluida la salud. Una de las peores consecuencias ya palpable es la reducción de la Ayuda Oficial al Desarrollo que proviene de las 22 naciones más ricas del mundo y se dirige hacia los países pobres y de bajos recursos. Se pretende profundizar en la importancia de la Cooperación Sur-Sur para enfrentar situaciones de crisis y dentro de ella, un buen ejemplo de la efectividad en este tipo de cooperación lo constituye Cuba. Esta cooperación se realiza mediante la colaboración triangulada entre países del sur, transferencia de tecnologías y ayuda médica, derivados del desarrollo del Sistema Nacional de Salud cubano, además de ser parte de la política exterior del país. Cuba es un ejemplo de ayuda solidaria y desinteresada que se desarrolla desde el año 1963 con buenos resultados y demuestra que la cooperación es una vía eficaz de solución a los problemas de salud de las poblaciones siempre y cuando se trate de una ayuda justa y solidaria, dirigida a fortalecer las capacidades nacionales y acorde con las prioridades del país que la recibe.

The people are living today amid difficult situations caused by the world crisis; however, the financial-economic crisis is the one threatening the nations with serious global impacts, mainly in all aspects of development including health. One of the worst tangible consequences is the reduction of the Official Assistance for Development given by the 22 wealthiest countries to the poor and the resource-limited nations. This paper was intended to delve into the importance of the south-south cooperation to face crisis situations and a good example of the effectiveness of this type of collaboration is Cuba. This cooperation is based on the triangled collaboration among the southern countries, the transfer of technologies and the medical assistance derived from the development of the Cuban Health Care System, which is also part of its foreign policy. Cuba is an example of solidarity and unselfish assistance that has been put into practice since 1963 with good results. At the same time, it has proved that cooperation is an effective way of solving the health problems of the populations whenever this assistance is just and cooperative and aimed at strengthening the national capacities according to the priorities of the recipient country.

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The financial crisis that broke out in 2008-09 sparked or unveiled a series of internal transformations in the world of finance and its relations with the rest of Brazilian society, especially between the financial elites and the political field. The article aims to begin to analyze these new trends and thereby help explain some less obvious points in the concept of "field" in Bourdieu's sociology, as well as to highlight the notion of "cultural war" in the sense of demonstrating its pertinence for explaining the Brazilian social scene in recent decades.

La crise financière qui a éclaté en 2008-2009 a déclenché ou mis à nu une série de transformations intérieures dans le monde des finances et des relations de ce monde avec l'ensemble de la société brésilienne, surtout dans les rapports entre les élites financières et le champ politique. Dans cet article, on cherche à saisir ces nouveautés et par leur biais, aider à expliquer certains points moins évidents de la notion de "champ" de la sociologie de Bourdieu, tout en approfondissant l'idée de "guerre culturelle" et en montrer la pertinence pour mieux comprendre la scène sociale brésilienne des dernières décennies.