RESUMO
Severe Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is associated with complications such as acute pancreatitis (AP) with high morbidity and mortality rates. We report a 42 years-old man with refractory HTG diagnosed at 19 years of age, and multiple episodes of AP, admitted with the suspicion of a new AP episode. Serum triglycerides were over 2000 mg/dl. His body mass index was 18 kg/m2, there was no evidence of xanthomas or xanthelasmas, but lipemia retinalis was found. Management included heparin and insulin, added to his usual treatment with fibrates, statins, omega-3 fatty acids, and orlistat. Due to lack of response, apheresis was started. After five sessions, triglycerides decreased to 588 mg/dl (82% reduction) and levels remained below 1000 mg/dl with daily apheresis. The patient continued with weekly sessions as outpatient with a sustained good response.
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Pancreatite , Remoção de Componentes Sanguíneos , Hipertrigliceridemia , Hiperlipidemias , Pancreatite/terapia , Triglicerídeos , Hipertrigliceridemia/terapia , Doença AgudaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, and more than 75% of patients who have had diabetes for more than 20 years will have some degree of DR. This disease is highly destructive to self-esteem and puts a high burden on public health and pension systems due to the effects that it has on people of working age. The current mainstay of treatment is laser photocoagulation, which causes impairment of vision and discomfort to patients. Thus, finding a systemic drug that could act on all microcirculation and prevent direct manipulation of the eyes would be highly desirable. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of the drugs in the statin and/or fibrate groups for the prevention and treatment of DR. METHODS: In this systematic review, we will select randomized controlled trials of fibrates or statins used for the treatment or prevention of DR. Our search strategy will include free text terms and controlled vocabulary (eg, MeSH, Emtree) for, "diabetic retinopathy", "statins", "fibrates", "hypolipidemic agents", and for drugs from both groups. Databases that will be used include Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information, Clinicaltrials.gov, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and OpenGrey, and we will not have language or date limits. Two review authors will independently select eligible studies and assess the risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. We will report structured summaries of the included studies and, if possible, conduct meta-analyses. RESULTS: This is a protocol for a systematic review, therefore results are not available. We registered a short version of this protocol before progressing in the review and we are currently in the process of selecting the studies for inclusion. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive glucose control and lowering blood pressure and lipids are mechanisms that protect macrocirculation in diabetic patients. Both macrovascular and microvascular events in diabetic patients appear to have a common pathway, starting with endothelial injury. Thus, prevention and treatment of microvascular events may benefit from the same interventions. In the review for which we have written this protocol, we will assess whether the use of lipid-lowering oral drugs of the statin and/or fibrate groups may prevent and/or retard progression of DR, with the added benefit of preserving visual acuity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42016029746.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND:Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, and more than 75% of patients who have had diabetes for more than 20 years will have some degree of DR. This disease is highly destructive to self-esteem and puts a high burden on public health and pension systems due to the effects that it has on people of working age. The current mainstay of treatment is laser photocoagulation, which causes impairment of vision and discomfort to patients. Thus, finding a systemic drug that could act on all microcirculation and prevent direct manipulation of the eyes would be highly desirable.OBJECTIVE:To assess the efficacy and safety of the drugs in the statin and/or fibrate groups for the prevention and treatment of DR.METHODS:In this systematic review, we will select randomized controlled trials of fibrates or statins used for the treatment or prevention of DR. Our search strategy will include free text terms and controlled vocabulary (eg, MeSH, Emtree) for, "diabetic retinopathy", "statins", "fibrates", "hypolipidemic agents", and for drugs from both groups. Databases that will be used include Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information, Clinicaltrials.gov, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and OpenGrey, and we will not have language or date limits. Two review authors will independently select eligible studies and assess the risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. We will report structured summaries of the included studies and, if possible, conduct meta-analyses.
Assuntos
Hipolipemiantes , Microcirculação , Retinopatia DiabéticaRESUMO
AIMS: To examine whether initiation of fibrates or statins in sulfonylurea users is associated with hypoglycaemia, and examine in vitro inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes by statins, fenofibrate and glipizide. METHODS: We used healthcare data to conduct nested case-control studies of serious hypoglycaemia (i.e. resulting in hospital admission or emergency department treatment) in persons taking glipizide or glyburide, and calculated adjusted overall and time-stratified odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We also characterized the in vitro inhibition of CYP enzymes by statins, fenofibrate and glipizide using fluorometric CYP450 inhibition assays, and estimated area under the concentration-time curve ratios (AUCRs) for the drug pairs. RESULTS: We found elevated adjusted overall ORs for glyburide-fenofibrate (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.37, 2.47) and glyburide-gemfibrozil (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.25, 1.96). The apparent risk did decline over time as might be expected from a pharmacokinetic mechanism. Fenofibrate was a potent in vitro inhibitor of CYP2C19 (IC50 = 0.2 µm) and CYP2B6 (IC50 = 0.7 µm) and a moderate inhibitor of CYP2C9 (IC50 = 9.7 µm). The predicted CYP-based AUCRs for fenofibrate-glyburide and gemfibrozil-glyburide interactions were only 1.09 and 1.04, suggesting that CYP inhibition is unlikely to explain such an interaction. CONCLUSIONS: Use of fenofibrate or gemfibrozil together with glyburide was associated with elevated overall risks of serious hypoglycaemia. CYP inhibition seems unlikely to explain this observation. We speculate that a pharmacodynamic effect of fibrates (e.g. activate peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor alpha) may contribute to these apparent interactions.
Assuntos
Ácidos Fíbricos/efeitos adversos , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/efeitos adversos , Hipoglicemia/etiologia , Compostos de Sulfonilureia/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Área Sob a Curva , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Inibidores das Enzimas do Citocromo P-450/efeitos adversos , Inibidores das Enzimas do Citocromo P-450/farmacologia , Interações Medicamentosas , Feminino , Ácidos Fíbricos/farmacologia , Glipizida/efeitos adversos , Glipizida/farmacologia , Glibureto/efeitos adversos , Glibureto/farmacologia , Humanos , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/farmacologia , Hipoglicemia/epidemiologia , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Farmacoepidemiologia , Compostos de Sulfonilureia/farmacologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
FUNDAMENTO: A dislipidemia secundária à terapia antirretroviral potente nos pacientes com HIV está associada à significativa elevação da morbimortalidade cardiovascular por doença aterosclerótica, sendo, portanto, necessário tratamento imediato e eficaz. OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a efetividade e a segurança da rosuvastatina e do ciprofibrato no tratamento da dislipidemia associada à terapia antirretroviral potente em pacientes com HIV. MÉTODOS: Trezentos e quarenta e seis pacientes com dislipidemia foram submetidos a tratamento farmacológico: 200 pacientes com hipertrigliceridemia receberam ciprofibrato (Grupo I); 79 pacientes com hipercolesterolemia receberam rosuvastatina (Grupo II); e 67 pacientes com dislipidemia mista receberam ciprofibrato associado a rosuvastatina (Grupo III). O perfil lipídico foi avaliado antes e após o tratamento hipolipemiante, sendo feita comparação estatística pelo teste de Wilcoxon. Transaminases hepáticas e creatinofosfoquinase foram dosadas para controle de toxicidade hepática e muscular. RESULTADOS: As concentrações séricas de triglicérides e de colesterol total foram significativamente menores do que as obtidas antes do tratamento, para os três grupos experimentais (p < 0,002). Observou-se aumento significativo do HDL colesterol nos grupos experimentais I e III (p < 0,002). Nos grupos I e II, o LDL-colesterol foi significativamente menor (p < 0,001). Nenhum dos pacientes apresentou elevações de transaminases ou de creatinofosfoquinase a níveis de toxicidade significativa. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que ciprofibrato, rosuvastatina ou a combinação de ambos pode ser considerada tratamento hipolipemiante efetivo, seguro e com boa tolerância nos pacientes com Aids submetidos à terapia antirretroviral potente.
BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia secondary to highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV is associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to atherosclerotic disease, requiring, thus, immediate and effective treatment. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of rosuvastatin and ciprofibrate in the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV. METHODS: Three hundred and forty-six patients with dyslipidemia underwent pharmacological treatment as follows: 200 patients with hypertriglyceridemia received ciprofibrate (Group I); 79 patients with hypercholesterolemia received rosuvastatin (Group II); and 67 patients with mixed dyslipidemia received ciprofibrate associated with rosuvastatin (Group III). The lipid profile was assessed before and after the lipid-lowering treatment, and the Wilcoxon test was used for statistical comparison. Liver transaminases and creatine phosphokinase were measured to assess liver and muscle toxicity. RESULTS: The serum concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol were significantly lower than those obtained before the lipid-lowering treatment in the three experimental groups (p < 0.002). A significant increase in HDL-cholesterol was observed in Groups I and III (p < 0.002). In Groups I and II, LDL-cholesterol was significantly lower (p < 0.001). None of the patients experienced elevations in transaminases or creatine phosphokinase to significantly toxic levels. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that ciprofibrate and rosuvastatin or a combination of both can be considered an effective, safe and well-tolerated lipid-lowering treatment for patients with AIDS on highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/efeitos adversos , Dislipidemias/tratamento farmacológico , Ácidos Fíbricos/uso terapêutico , Fluorbenzenos/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Hipolipemiantes/uso terapêutico , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/induzido quimicamente , Colesterol/sangue , Dislipidemias/induzido quimicamente , Fatores de Risco , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Resultado do Tratamento , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Os hipolipemiantes são medicações amplamente utilizadas no tratamento das dislipidemias, com impacto na redução da morbi-mortalidade cardiovascular. Contudo, não são fármacos isentos de efeitos colaterais. Os principais efeitos indesejáveis discutidos neste artigo são a miopatia e a hepatoxicidade. Os autores enfatizam a necessidade de cuidadosa anamnese antes de iniciar a medicação hipolipemiante, ressaltando: antecedentes clínicos, alterações metabólicas presentes, uso atual de fármacos, eventuais reações de intolerância medicamentosa, além do uso de drogas ilícitas. Faz-se necessária a estabilização dos desvios metabólicos antes da administração do hipolipemiante, por exemplo, diabetes mellitus e hipotireoidismo. Ressaltam, ainda, a importância de valorizar as queixas dos pacientes, seu diagnóstico diferencial, bem como a fármaco-vigilância em relação à interação de drogas. Deve haver monitoração clínica e laboratorial cuidadosa durante o tratamento, principalmente nos pacientes de maior risco. Com o uso cada vez mais disseminado destas medicações, além de combinações de medicações diversas, são de suma importância o reconhecimento e o correto manejo destes efeitos colaterais.
The lipid-lowering medications are widely used in the treatment of dyslipidemia and impact in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, these drugs are not free from side effects. The main side effects discussed in this article are myopathy and hepatotoxicity. The authors emphasize the need for careful anamnesis before starting lipid-lowering medication, considering: medical history, metabolic abnormalities, drugs currently in use, drug intolerance, and the use of illicit drugs. It is necessary to stabilize the metabolic alterations before the administration of lipid-lowering medication, for example, diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism. It is very important to valorize patients' complaints, their differential diagnosis, as well as drug-surveillance for drug interaction. Clinical and laboratory monitoring during treatment is especially important in high risk patients. With the increasingly widespread use of these medications, and various combinations of drugs, it is extremely important to correctly recognize and manage these side effects.