RESUMO

Background: Penile fracture is a pathology of young cattle that perform precocious and disordered breeding. The incompatibility of height between males and females and sodomy between males cause a great pressure on the sigmoid flexure and retractor muscle of the penis, which are the main causes and sites of organ injury. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and pathological aspects of penile fractures observed in young bulls raised in pre-export feedlots (PEFs) in southern Brazil. Cases: In 2 PEFs located in the municipalities of Pelotas (property 1) and Capão do Leão (property 2), 3 male cattle [1 from property 1 and 2 from property 2] presented subcutaneous edema in the foreskin and perineum, associated with dysuria. The evolution of the clinical picture was approximately 20 days in all cases, with evolution to death. The bovine necropsied on property 1 had an increased volume and inguinal edema, involving the penis and scrotal sac. Necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue and local musculature was also observed. The testicles were surrounded by the necrotic tissue, and the right testis was swollen, with flaccid parenchyma adhering to the tunica albuginea. In the necropsy of 1 bull from property 2, an increase in the inguinal volume was observed, with an extensive area of necrosis and edema extending from the prepuce to the caudal musculature of the scrotal sac. There were also marked varicosis in the sigmoid flexure and necrosis of the adjacent region, without the involvement of the corpus cavernosum. During the necropsy of the 2 young bulls, fragments of organs from the abdominal, thoracic, and brain cavities were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. From the bull of the property 2, an anatomical piece consisting of the penis, prepuce, and testicles was also collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. After 48 h, the tissue samples were cleaved, embedded in paraffin, cut into 3-µm-thick sections, and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (HE). A histological evaluation of the penile lesions in both cattle revealed intense hemorrhage, congestion, and necrosis of the muscles and tissues adjacent to the corpus cavernosum. In addition to areas of dystrophic calcification, neutrophil and macrophage infiltration was also observed. In the bull from the property 1, an intense edema and proliferation of fibrous tissue surrounding the urethra were noted. There were also marked tubular degeneration and intense infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages in the inner portion of the tunica albuginea. Discussion: In the present cases, the diagnosis was based on epidemiological data associated with clinical signs and pathology. The macroscopic lesions observed were probably due to the involvement of blood vessels adjacent to the penis, which suffered trauma during sodomy mating among cattle. These lesions have been described in other reports of this pathology and in diseases, such as acropostitis-phimosis, fibropapilloma of the glans, preputial abscess, and urolithiasis, and the differential diagnosis of these diseases must be carried out, as they have different etiologies. In the bulls of the present study, no lesions were observed in the corpus cavernosum, and this condition was attributed to the presence of varicosis and accumulation of urine in the prepuce, due to the difficulty in exposing the penis. Histologically, there were intense hemorrhage, congestion, and necrosis of the muscles and tissues adjacent to the corpus cavernosum, with the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, and areas of dystrophic calcification. The presence of necrotic lesions in tissues adjacent to the penis may be related to hypoxia, vascular lesions, or the action of chemical elements present in the urine. In both cases, vascular lesions were present, which were attributed to the main triggering factor for the disease.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The causes of death of cattle kept in pre-export feedlots (PEFs) and in feedlot for finishing for slaughter are described. Two studies were conducted: a retrospective study of mortality cases in feedlots from 2000 to 2017 registered at the "Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico" of the "Faculdade de Veterinária" of the "Universidade Federal de Pelotas"; and a prospective study from January 2018 to August 2019, following up 22 feedlots for finishing and six PEFs for the export of live cattle. From January 2000 to August 2019 samples of 150 cases of diseases that affected feedlot cattle were received from 22 feedlots for finishing and 115 of the six PEFs followed. Mortality considering all diagnosed diseases was significantly higher in feedlots for finishing (p<0.05), than in PEFs for the export of live cattle, of 1% and 0.12%, respectively. Diseases of the digestive system were the most important causes, of death in feedlots regardless of its purpose. Acidosis presented the highest mortality rates both in feedlot for finishing (3.33%) as in PEFs for export (0.95%). In all cases the disease occurred due to failure in the adaptation of animals to the ingestion of concentrated foods. Bovine tick fever and pneumonia presented mortality rates of 0.13% and 0.09%, respectively in PEFs. In the feedlot for finishing seneciosis was the second cause of death due to cattle coming from areas with high infestation by the plant. In the present study, it was possible to identify the main diseases that occur in cattle feedlots for finishing or for the export of live animals in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul. These diseases are known in other systems of cattle breeding and can be prevented or controlled through management, chemoprophylaxis or vaccination, minimizing losses due to mortality.(AU)

Descrevem-se as causas de morte de bovinos mantidos confinados em estabelecimentos pré-embarque (EPEs) para exportação de animais vivos e em estabelecimentos de terminação para abate. Foram realizados dois estudos: um retrospectivo dos casos de mortalidade em confinamentos de 2000 a 2017 registrados no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas; e um estudo prospectivo de janeiro de 2018 a agosto de 2019, acompanhando-se 22 confinamentos de terminação e seis EPEs para exportação de bovinos vivos. No total, de janeiro de 2000 a agosto de 2019 foram recebidos no LRD-UFPel amostras de 150 casos de enfermidades que afetaram bovinos confinados, 35 provenientes de 22 confinamentos de terminação e 115 dos seis EPEs acompanhados. A mortalidade considerando-se todas as enfermidades diagnosticadas foi significativamente maior nos confinamentos para terminação (p<0,05), do que nos EPEs para exportação de bovinos vivos, de 1% e 0,12%, respectivamente. As doenças do sistema digestivo foram as causas de morte mais importante nos confinamentos, independente da finalidade. Acidose apresentou as maiores taxas de mortalidade tanto nos confinamentos para terminação (3,33%) como nos EPEs para exportação (0,95%). Em todos os casos a doença ocorreu devido a falha na adaptação dos animais à ingestão de alimentos concentrados. Tristeza parasitária bovina e pneumonias apresentaram taxas de mortalidade de 0,13% e 0,09, respectivamente em EPEs de exportação. Nos confinamentos para terminação a seneciose foi a segunda causa de morte devido aos bovinos serem provenientes de áreas com alta infestação pela planta. Este estudo permitiu identificar as principais enfermidades diagnosticadas em confinamentos para terminação de bovinos ou para exportação de bovinos vivos na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Observou-se que são doenças que ocorrem em outros sistemas de criação de bovinos e que podem ser prevenidas ou controladas por meio de manejo, quimioprofilaxia ou vacinação, minimizando prejuízos por mortalidade de animais.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The causes of death of cattle kept in pre-export feedlots (PEFs) and in feedlot for finishing for slaughter are described. Two studies were conducted: a retrospective study of mortality cases in feedlots from 2000 to 2017 registered at the "Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico" of the "Faculdade de Veterinária" of the "Universidade Federal de Pelotas"; and a prospective study from January 2018 to August 2019, following up 22 feedlots for finishing and six PEFs for the export of live cattle. From January 2000 to August 2019 samples of 150 cases of diseases that affected feedlot cattle were received from 22 feedlots for finishing and 115 of the six PEFs followed. Mortality considering all diagnosed diseases was significantly higher in feedlots for finishing (p<0.05), than in PEFs for the export of live cattle, of 1% and 0.12%, respectively. Diseases of the digestive system were the most important causes, of death in feedlots regardless of its purpose. Acidosis presented the highest mortality rates both in feedlot for finishing (3.33%) as in PEFs for export (0.95%). In all cases the disease occurred due to failure in the adaptation of animals to the ingestion of concentrated foods. Bovine tick fever and pneumonia presented mortality rates of 0.13% and 0.09%, respectively in PEFs. In the feedlot for finishing seneciosis was the second cause of death due to cattle coming from areas with high infestation by the plant. In the present study, it was possible to identify the main diseases that occur in cattle feedlots for finishing or for the export of live animals in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul. These diseases are known in other systems of cattle breeding and can be prevented or controlled through management, chemoprophylaxis or vaccination, minimizing losses due to mortality.(AU)

Descrevem-se as causas de morte de bovinos mantidos confinados em estabelecimentos pré-embarque (EPEs) para exportação de animais vivos e em estabelecimentos de terminação para abate. Foram realizados dois estudos: um retrospectivo dos casos de mortalidade em confinamentos de 2000 a 2017 registrados no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas; e um estudo prospectivo de janeiro de 2018 a agosto de 2019, acompanhando-se 22 confinamentos de terminação e seis EPEs para exportação de bovinos vivos. No total, de janeiro de 2000 a agosto de 2019 foram recebidos no LRD-UFPel amostras de 150 casos de enfermidades que afetaram bovinos confinados, 35 provenientes de 22 confinamentos de terminação e 115 dos seis EPEs acompanhados. A mortalidade considerando-se todas as enfermidades diagnosticadas foi significativamente maior nos confinamentos para terminação (p<0,05), do que nos EPEs para exportação de bovinos vivos, de 1% e 0,12%, respectivamente. As doenças do sistema digestivo foram as causas de morte mais importante nos confinamentos, independente da finalidade. Acidose apresentou as maiores taxas de mortalidade tanto nos confinamentos para terminação (3,33%) como nos EPEs para exportação (0,95%). Em todos os casos a doença ocorreu devido a falha na adaptação dos animais à ingestão de alimentos concentrados. Tristeza parasitária bovina e pneumonias apresentaram taxas de mortalidade de 0,13% e 0,09, respectivamente em EPEs de exportação. Nos confinamentos para terminação a seneciose foi a segunda causa de morte devido aos bovinos serem provenientes de áreas com alta infestação pela planta. Este estudo permitiu identificar as principais enfermidades diagnosticadas em confinamentos para terminação de bovinos ou para exportação de bovinos vivos na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Observou-se que são doenças que ocorrem em outros sistemas de criação de bovinos e que podem ser prevenidas ou controladas por meio de manejo, quimioprofilaxia ou vacinação, minimizando prejuízos por mortalidade de animais.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this survey was to identify what mycotoxins were present in ingredients used in diets offered to beef cattle in feedlots and their concentrations. The survey covered 30 Brazilian feedlots located in the five major beef-producing states. Samples of total mixed ration (TMR) and ingredients were collected and analyzed for mycotoxin using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Mycotoxin concentrations were further interpreted according to known species-specific sensitivities and normalized according to the principles of toxic equivalent factors (risk equivalent quantities - REQ) expressed in µg kg−1 of aflatoxin B1-equivalent. Forty percent of the visited feedlots had apparent fungi in TMR. However, only one feedlot (3%) used a mycotoxin adsorbent. On the other hand, diets with high contamination presented no apparent fungi. One hundred percent of TMR was contaminated. All samples presented at least one mycotoxin contamination, with 65.5% considered low contamination, 27.6% medium contamination, and 6.90% high contamination. The toxins identified in TMR were fumonisins (most frequently), trichothecenes A, trichothecenes B, fusaric acid, aflatoxins, and ergot (mean concentration values: 2,330, 104.3, 79.5, 105, 10.5, and 5.5 µg kg−1, respectively). According to the contamination of TMR samples per region, Mato Grosso do Sul state presented the highest contaminations. Peanut meal was the most contaminated ingredient. One hundred percent of TMR in Brazilian feedlot is contaminated. Fumonisins were the mycotoxin most frequent and at highest concentrations in TMR samples. Moreover, mycotoxin concentrations have a distinct pattern among ingredients, TMR, and feedlots (local).(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

In modern pig farming, the search for systems that promote environmental quality and welfare is an important issue. In this sense, the present study evaluated the effects of environmental enrichment on the performance and behavior of piglets. In a completely randomized block design, 32 piglets (7.43kg mean weight), weaned at 28 days of age, were distributed into four treatments (control without enrichment, environmental enrichment with wood shavings as bedding; environmental enrichment with hanging toys and environmental enrichment with wood shavings + hanging toys). Four repetitions were performed for each treatment, with two animals per experimental unit. The instant scan sampling technique was used to record the behavior of each piglet for 20h. Animals receiving environmental enrichment with wood shavings + hanging toys were heavier at 70 days (P=0.02), exhibited higher total and daily weight gain (P=0.04 and P=0.02, respectively) and better feed conversion (P=0.02). Environmental enrichment increased the interaction of animals with the environment, allowing them to exhibit natural behaviors.(AU)

Na suinocultura moderna, a busca de sistemas que promovam a qualidade e o bem-estar do meio ambiente é uma questão importante. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo avaliou os efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental sobre o desempenho e o comportamento de leitões. Em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, 32 leitões (7,43kg de peso médio), desmamados aos 28 dias de idade, foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos (controle sem enriquecimento, enriquecimento ambiental com cama de maravalha, enriquecimento com móbiles e cama + móbiles). Quatro repetições foram realizadas para cada tratamento, com dois animais por unidade experimental. A técnica de amostragem de varredura instantânea foi usada para registrar o comportamento de cada leitão, totalizando 20h. Os animais que receberam enriquecimento ambiental com cama + móbiles foram mais pesados aos 70 dias (P = 0,02), apresentaram maior ganho de peso total e diário (P = 0,04 e P = 0,02, respectivamente) e melhor conversão alimentar (P = 0,02). O enriquecimento ambiental aumentou a interação dos animais com o meio ambiente, o que lhes permite exibir comportamentos típicos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

In modern pig farming, the search for systems that promote environmental quality and welfare is an important issue. In this sense, the present study evaluated the effects of environmental enrichment on the performance and behavior of piglets. In a completely randomized block design, 32 piglets (7.43kg mean weight), weaned at 28 days of age, were distributed into four treatments (control without enrichment, environmental enrichment with wood shavings as bedding; environmental enrichment with hanging toys and environmental enrichment with wood shavings + hanging toys). Four repetitions were performed for each treatment, with two animals per experimental unit. The instant scan sampling technique was used to record the behavior of each piglet for 20h. Animals receiving environmental enrichment with wood shavings + hanging toys were heavier at 70 days (P=0.02), exhibited higher total and daily weight gain (P=0.04 and P=0.02, respectively) and better feed conversion (P=0.02). Environmental enrichment increased the interaction of animals with the environment, allowing them to exhibit natural behaviors.

Na suinocultura moderna, a busca de sistemas que promovam a qualidade e o bem-estar do meio ambiente é uma questão importante. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo avaliou os efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental sobre o desempenho e o comportamento de leitões. Em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, 32 leitões (7,43kg de peso médio), desmamados aos 28 dias de idade, foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos (controle sem enriquecimento, enriquecimento ambiental com cama de maravalha, enriquecimento com móbiles e cama + móbiles). Quatro repetições foram realizadas para cada tratamento, com dois animais por unidade experimental. A técnica de amostragem de varredura instantânea foi usada para registrar o comportamento de cada leitão, totalizando 20h. Os animais que receberam enriquecimento ambiental com cama + móbiles foram mais pesados aos 70 dias (P = 0,02), apresentaram maior ganho de peso total e diário (P = 0,04 e P = 0,02, respectivamente) e melhor conversão alimentar (P = 0,02). O enriquecimento ambiental aumentou a interação dos animais com o meio ambiente, o que lhes permite exibir comportamentos típicos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Steam exploded sugarcane bagasse at 210C for 5min was evaluated, through laboratories analysis, "in vivo" digestibility determination with sheep and feedlots with steers. Values for "in vitro" and "in situ", were respectively: 40 and 57%. The estimated "in vivo" digestibility was: 74.5%. Eight total mixed rations, were prepared, with treated bagasse representing: 50-40 and 30% of the total dry matter. They were feed to 5 lots of 10 animals each, in two sucessive years. The lots were composed of Nelore breed calves and steers and crossbreed Nelore x BVVH steers. The rations with 50% bagasse gave the following average daily gain, in kg: Nelore calves - .393; Nelore steers: .250; .064; .307; .464; and .307, crossbreed: .493. The rations with 40% bagasse gave the gains: Nelore steers .492 and crossbreed - .707. The ration with 30% bagasse gave the gain with Nelore steers of .911.

Bagaço de cana cozido por explosão a vapor nas condições de 18-19 kgf/cm , temperaturas entre 190 a 210C exposto entre 3 a 5 min, foi avaliado por determinações de laboratório, por ensaios de digestibilidade in vivo com carneiros e pela engorda de bovinos em confinamento. As digestibilidades "in vitro" e "in situ" da MS foram respectivamente de 40 e 57%. A digestibilidade "vivo" estimada foi de 74,5%. Foram formuladas rações nas quais o bagaço tratado participou com 50,40 e 30% do total da matéria seca. Essas rações foram fornecidas em 2 anos sucessivos a 5 lotes de 10 animais em cada ano, formados por bezerros e novilhos nelore e mestiços nelore x HPB. As rações com 50% de bagaço tratado forneceram os seguintes ganhos de peso diário, em kg: bezerros, 0,393; novilhos de sobreano,0,250; 0,064; 0,307; 0,464 e 0,307; mestiços, 0,493. Nas rações com 40% de bagaço os ganhos foram respectivamente de 0,429 para novilhos nelore e 0,707 para os mestiços. Na ração em que o bagaço entrou com 30%, o ganho foi de 0,910 kg com novilhos nelore.

RESUMO

Steam exploded sugarcane bagasse at 210C for 5min was evaluated, through laboratories analysis, "in vivo" digestibility determination with sheep and feedlots with steers. Values for "in vitro" and "in situ", were respectively: 40 and 57%. The estimated "in vivo" digestibility was: 74.5%. Eight total mixed rations, were prepared, with treated bagasse representing: 50-40 and 30% of the total dry matter. They were feed to 5 lots of 10 animals each, in two sucessive years. The lots were composed of Nelore breed calves and steers and crossbreed Nelore x BVVH steers. The rations with 50% bagasse gave the following average daily gain, in kg: Nelore calves - .393; Nelore steers: .250; .064; .307; .464; and .307, crossbreed: .493. The rations with 40% bagasse gave the gains: Nelore steers .492 and crossbreed - .707. The ration with 30% bagasse gave the gain with Nelore steers of .911.

Bagaço de cana cozido por explosão a vapor nas condições de 18-19 kgf/cm , temperaturas entre 190 a 210C exposto entre 3 a 5 min, foi avaliado por determinações de laboratório, por ensaios de digestibilidade in vivo com carneiros e pela engorda de bovinos em confinamento. As digestibilidades "in vitro" e "in situ" da MS foram respectivamente de 40 e 57%. A digestibilidade "vivo" estimada foi de 74,5%. Foram formuladas rações nas quais o bagaço tratado participou com 50,40 e 30% do total da matéria seca. Essas rações foram fornecidas em 2 anos sucessivos a 5 lotes de 10 animais em cada ano, formados por bezerros e novilhos nelore e mestiços nelore x HPB. As rações com 50% de bagaço tratado forneceram os seguintes ganhos de peso diário, em kg: bezerros, 0,393; novilhos de sobreano,0,250; 0,064; 0,307; 0,464 e 0,307; mestiços, 0,493. Nas rações com 40% de bagaço os ganhos foram respectivamente de 0,429 para novilhos nelore e 0,707 para os mestiços. Na ração em que o bagaço entrou com 30%, o ganho foi de 0,910 kg com novilhos nelore.