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INTRODUCTION: The methanol (MeOH) leaf extracts of the species Faramea bahiensis, F. hyacinthina and F. truncata (Rubiaceae) have previously shown in vitro non-cytotoxic and anti-dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) activities in human hepatocarcinoma cell lineage (HepG2). Chemical studies have led to the isolation of major flavonoids, but quite complex fractions of phenolic compounds still remain. OBJECTIVE: To complete the study of phenolic compounds in the leaves and to access the presence of these compounds in the stems of these Faramea spp. by online high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS), as well as to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic and anti-DENV2 activities of their MeOH stem extracts. METHODOLOGY: The identification was performed by comparing retention times, UV and mass spectra with those of available standards and by using the mechanisms and fragmentation patterns established in previous studies. The effects of the extracts in DENV2 infected HepG2 cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The virus titer was quantified by plaque assay. RESULTS: The study led to the characterisation of 31 phenolic compounds including flavonoid O- and C-glycosides, phenolic acids and one coumarin. The stem extracts from F. hyacinthina and F. bahiensis presented a similar bioactivity to those of their leaves but a loss of cytoprotective activity of F. bahiensis and a higher cytotoxicity of F. truncata were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This research allowed a detailed phenolic composition of three bioactive Faramea species to be achieved, thus contributing to the study of this genus and providing valuable information for further phytotherapeutic applications.

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The defatted fractions of the Faramea hyacinthina and F. truncata (Rubiaceae) leaf MeOH extracts showed in vitro non-cytotoxic and anti-dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) activity in human hepatocarcinoma cell lineage (HepG2). Submitting these fractions to the developed RP-SPE method allowed isolating the antiviral flavanone (2S)-isosakuranetin-7-O-ß-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-ß-d-glucopyranoside (1) from both species and yielded less active sub-fractions. The new diastereoisomeric epimer pair (2S) + (2R) of 5,3',5'-trihydroxyflavanone-7-O-ß-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-ß-d-glucopyranoside (2a/2b) from F. hyacinthina; the known narigenin-7-O-ß-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-ß-d-glucopyranoside (3) from both species; rutin (4) and quercetin-4'-ß-d-O-glucopyranosyl-3-O-rutinoside (5) from F. hyacinthina, and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (6), erythroxyloside A (7) and asperuloside (8) from F. truncata have been isolated from these sub-fractions. Compounds 4 - 8 are reported for the first time in Faramea spp.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich. (Nabaco) se utiliza de forma tradicional como antiséptica, astringente, antidiarreica, antianémico y galactógeno. Por ello, se emplea en infusión y en baños para tratar la diarrea de los niños y los casos de anemia con diarrea. Hasta el momento en las fuentes consultadas no se han encontrado reportes sobre el control a los requisitos de la calidad de formulaciones farmacéuticas obtenidas a partir de esta planta. OBJETIVO: determinar algunos de los requisitos de calidad de la tintura al 20 % obtenida de las hojas de F. occidentalis. MÉTODOS: la planta fue colectada en la localidad de Cienaguilla, municipio Campechuela, provincia Granma, Cuba. El método de extracción aplicado fue la asistida por ultrasonido, utilizándose como menstruo una solución hidroetanólica. La determinación de los requisitos de calidad de la tintura se realizó analizándose cinco parámetros: requisitos organolépticos, pH, índice de refracción, sólidos totales y densidad relativa. Además, se emplearon métodos de análisis cromatográfico y espectroscópico para determinar la persistencia de los compuestos presentes en la tintura en un período de seis meses. RESULTADOS: los resultados obtenidos en el control de la calidad de la tintura al 20 % se encontraron dentro de los rangos de calidad establecidos por las normas utilizadas; y no presentaron diferencias significativas con los requisitos determinados en otras especies de la misma familia. CONCLUSIONES: el control de los requisitos de calidad mostró que la tintura al 20 % de las hojas de F. occidentalis, no manifestó cambios significativos en un período de seis meses que puedan comprometer su estabilidad como formulación farmacéutica. Esto indica que presenta un determinado grado de estabilidad, lo que constituye una garantía de la calidad y seguridad del producto.

INTRODUCTION: Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich. (Rubiaceae) is traditionally used as antiseptic, astringent, antidiarrheal, antianemic and galactogenous. For that reason, it is used on infusion and baths to treat the diarrhea of the children and cases of anemia with diarrhea. Heretofore in the consulted sources reports about the control of quality requirements for pharmaceutical formulations obtained starting from this plant have not been found. OBJECTIVE: To determine some quality requirements of the tincture at 20 % obtained from the leaves of F. occidentalis. METHODS: The plant was collected in the Cienaguilla locality, Campechuela municipality, Granma province, Cuba. The applied extraction method was the extraction assisted by ultrasound, using as menses a hydroethanolic solution. The determination of quality requirements of the tincture was carried out analyzing five parameters: organoleptic requirements, pH, refraction index, total solids and relative density. In addition, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods were used to determine the persistence of the present compounds in the tincture in a period of six months. RESULTS: The results obtained in the quality control of the tincture at 20 % were found on quality ranges established by the used regulations; and they don't show significant differences according to the requirements determined in other species of the same family. CONCLUSIONS: The control of quality requirements showed that the tincture at 20 % of leaves of F. occidentalis did not manifest significant changes in a period of six months that can compromise his stability like pharmaceutical formulation. This indicates that it presents a certain grade of stability, what constitutes a guarantee of the quality and security of the product.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich. (Rubiaceae) se utiliza de forma tradicional como astringente, galactógeno y como antiséptico en el tratamiento de enfermedades de la piel, principalmente erupciones cutáneas, por lo que es frecuentemente empleada para baños en los recién nacidos con estas afecciones. Hasta el momento no existen reportes de estudios fitoquímicos sobre los metabolitos secundarios de interés biológico y terapéutico presentes en los extractos de esta planta. OBJETIVO: determinar los metabolitos secundarios de interés biológico y terapéutico presentes en la especie F. occidentalis. MÉTODOS: la planta fue colectada en la localidad de Cienaguilla, municipio Campechuela, provincia Granma, Cuba, e identificada por especialistas del Jardín Botánico Cupaynicú en el municipio Guisa. Fracciones de los órganos aéreos y subterráneos de la planta se lavaron, desinfectaron, secaron, pulverizaron y se sometieron a extracciones asistidas por ultrasonido con solventes de polaridad creciente. A los extractos se les realizó el tamizaje fitoquímico, cuyos resultados fueron corroborados por análisis cromatográfico mediante cromatografía de capa fina y espectroscopía ultravioleta-visible. RESULTADOS: el tamizaje fitoquímico, realizado a los extractos de raíces, tallos y hojas de la planta y la cromatografía de capa fina aplicada a la tintura de las hojas, permitió constatar la presencia de varias familias de metabolitos secundarios de interés biológico y farmacológico, principalmente, alcaloides y coumarinas, siendo más abundantes en los extractos acuoso y etanólico. CONCLUSIONES: la presencia de abundantes alcaloides y coumarinas en F. occidentalis pudiera ser responsable de su actividad antiséptica.

INTRODUCTION: Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich.(Rubiaceae) is a plant traditionally used as astringent, galactogen and antiseptic in the treatment of skin disorders, mainly rash. Therefore, it is commonly used to bathe newborns suffering from these conditions. No reports are available of phytochemical studies about the secondary metabolites of biological and therapeutic interest contained in extracts from this plant. OBJECTIVE: determine the secondary metabolites of biological and therapeutic interest present in the species F. occidentalis. METHODS: plant samples were collected from the locality of Cienaguilla, municipality of Campechuela, in the province of Granma, Cuba, and identified by specialists from Cupaynicú Botanical Garden in the municipality of Guisa. Fractions of aerial and underground plant parts were washed, disinfected, dried and pulverized, and then subjected to ultrasound-assisted extraction with increasing polarity solvents. The extracts underwent phytochemical screening, and results were corroborated by thin layer chromatography and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. RESULTS: phytochemical screening of root, stem and leaf extracts, and thin layer chromatography of the leaf tincture allowed confirmation of the presence of several families of secondary metabolites of biological and pharmacological interest, mainly alkaloids and coumarins, which were more abundant in aqueous and ethanolic extracts. CONCLUSIONS: the presence of abundant alkaloids and coumarins in F. occidentalis could be the cause of its antiseptic activity.

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• The relationship between high aluminium (Al) and silicon (Si) levels in Faramea marginata was investigated and the hypothesis tested that the coexisting accumulation of these elements is associated. • Mineral concentrations of Al, Si and calcium (Ca) were analysed in 30 samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the spectrophotometric molybdenum blue method. Extraction patterns of Al and Si from leaves were compared with Melastoma malabathricum, rice (Oryza sativa), aluminium silicate, and silicon dioxide. The localization of Al and Si was studied using pyrocatechol violet staining of sections and fluorescent X-ray analytical microscopy. • A positive correlation occurred between the Al and Si levels and both elements showed a similar distribution in leaf and stem tissues. The Al and Si elution patterns were similar to those of aluminium silicate. • These results suggest the formation of an Al-Si complex in the shoot tissues of F. marginata, which may substantially contribute to the internal detoxification of Al.