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1.
Rev. salud pública ; Rev. salud pública;23(6): 1-nov.-dic. 2021.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1424400

RESUMO

RESUMEN Los estudios ecológicos (EE) frecuentemente son analizados con actitud escéptica por investigadores, por considerar que las asociaciones obtenidas en estudios de tipo individual presentan mayor nivel de evidencia científica que las referidas en los estudios poblacionales. Además, se argumenta que solo son utilizados para generar o probar hipótesis etiológicas. Sin embargo, los EE constituyen una alternativa útil para el abordaje de determinantes contextuales, ya que las variables agrupadas proporcionan información sobre atributos no captados por las variables individuales. Esta particularidad facilita la incorporación de los EE en estudios multinivel o contextuales de gran utilidad en la salud pública. Sobre estos fundamentos, se sustenta el propósito del presente ensayo en el cual se señalan los desafíos y las oportunidades presentes y futuras de los EE como herramienta clave para el cumplimiento de las funciones de la salud pública.


ABSTRACT Ecological studies (ES) are frequently analyzed with a skeptical attitude by researchers, who consider that the associations obtained in individual-level studies present a higher grade of scientific evidence than those referred to in population studies. Furthermore, it is argued that ES are only used to generate or test etiological hypotheses. However, ES are a useful alternative for addressing contextual determinants since grouped variables provide information on attributes that are not captured by individual variables. This particularity facilitates the incorporation of ES in multilevel or contextual studies of great utility in public health. The purpose of this paper is based on these foundations, in which the present and future challenges and opportunities of ES as a key tool for the fulfillment of public health functions are pointed out.

2.
Front Psychol ; 10: 181, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30804848

RESUMO

The present analysis proposes a non-mediational approach to the study of affective phenomena. It starts off with the common recognition that "emotion" is not a technical term. Even so, researchers often treat it as if it were, confusing ordinary language with technical language. This leads to two problems: first, a referentialist bias, according to which we assume emotions to be something unapparent that one must infer and describe; and second, the nominalist fallacy, according to which we assume that emotions have causal effects on actions by the fact of naming them. I review some proposals to solve the problem, among which are some behavioral alternatives. Although these alternatives overcome many of the problems mentioned, they do not completely avoid them. I conclude that a strict non-mediational approach is possible and necessary. It supports the analytical separation of ordinary and technical language. Technical language abstracts relevant properties of ordinary language that become relevant parameters to model certain emotions, as they are referred to in ordinary language. I present some possible parameters and examples for consideration and conclude that the non-mediational approach is a plausible alternative that can stimulate research programs to find natural regularities in affective phenomena.

3.
Int J Psychol Res (Medellin) ; 12(2): 8-16, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32612790

RESUMO

The sunk-cost fallacy (SCF) occurs when an individual makes an investment with a low probability of a payoff because an earlier investment was made. The investments may be time, effort, or money. Previous researchers showed that larger prior investments were more likely to lead to the SCF than lower investments were, though little research has been focused on comparing investment types. There are several theories of the SCF, but few have implicated loss aversion, the higher sensitivity to losses than to gains, as a potential factor. We studied the differential effects of investment amount and type on the occurrence of the SCF and explored loss aversion as a potential explanation of these differences. There were 168 participants, who completed a sunk-cost task as well as an endowment-effect task, which was a measure of loss aversion. A 3 3 mixed-design ANCOVA was used in which the SCF score was the dependent variable and loss-aversion scores were used as a covariate. The SCF occurred most often with money, less with time, and least with effort. Loss aversion displayed a weak negative relation to the SCF.


La falacia del costo irrecuperable (SCF, por sus siglas en inglés) se produce cuando una persona realiza una inversión con una baja probabilidad de pago porque se realizó una inversión anterior. Las inversiones pueden ser tiempo, esfuerzo o dinero. Diferentes investigadores demostraron que las inversiones previas más grandes tenían mayor probabilidad de conducir al SCF que las inversiones más bajas, aunque pocas investigaciones se han centrado en comparar los tipos de inversión. Existen varias teorías de la SCF, pero pocas han incluido la aversión a las pérdidas, mayor sensibilidad a las pérdidas que a las ganancias, como un factor potencial. Estudiamos los efectos diferenciales del monto y el tipo de inversión en la ocurrencia de la SCF y exploramos la aversión a la pérdida como una posible explicación de estas diferencias. Se contó con 168 participantes, quienes completaron una tarea de costo irrecuperable, así como una tarea de efecto de dotación, que fue una medida de la aversión a la pérdida. Se utilizó un ANCOVA de diseño mixto de 3 3 en el que la puntuación de SCF fue la variable dependiente y las puntuaciones de aversión a la pérdida se usaron como covariables. El SCF se produjo con mayor frecuencia en relación al dinero, seguido por el tiempo y, por último, al esfuerzo. La aversión a la pérdida mostró una relación negativa débil con el SCF.

4.
Behav Res Methods ; 49(2): 739-746, 2017 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27059365

RESUMO

Complex causal models, accompanied by causal analyses based on large correlation matrices, are more common in the social sciences than are simple causal models accompanied by a single correlation coefficient. The increased complexity of the former, relative to the latter, seems to carry with it an augmented scientific respectability or credibility. In contrast, the axioms of probability suggest an argument in the opposite direction.


Assuntos
Causalidade , Probabilidade , Humanos
5.
Psicol. USP ; 27(2): 229-233, maio-ago. 2016. graf
Artigo em Inglês | Index Psicologia - Periódicos | ID: psi-69283

RESUMO

The commentary presents an epistemological reflection about Dialogical Self theory. First, the theoretical issues of DS about the relationship between individuality, alterity and society are discussed, elaborating on the articles of this special issue. Then, it is presented the argument of psychologist's ontological fallacy, that is the attitude to moving from the study of processes to the study of psychological entities. Finally a development toward new research directions is proposed, focusing on the study of higher psychological functions and processes, taking into account complex symbolic products of human activity and developing psychological imagination.(AU)


O comentário apresenta uma reflexão epistemológica sobre a teoria do Self Dialógico. Inicialmente, são discutidas questões teóricas da TSD sobre a relação entre individualidade, alteridade e sociedade, elaboradas com base nos artigos que constam desse número especial. Em seguida, discute-se o argumento da falácia ontológica, ou seja, a atitude de se desviar do estudo do processo para estudar entidades psicológicas. Por fim, propõe-se o desenvolvimento em direção a novas possibilidades de pesquisa, com foco no estudo das funções e dos processos psicológicos superiores, levando em consideração os produtos simbólicos complexos da atividade humana e a imaginação psicológica em desenvolvimento.(AU)


Le commentaire présente une réflexion épistémologique sur la Théorie du Soi Dialogique. Tout d'abord, ils sont abordées les questions théoriques de la DS sur la relation entre l'individualité, l'altérité et la société, en élaborant sur les articles dans ce numéro spécial. Ensuite, on présente l'argument de le sophisme ontologique des psychologues, à savoir la passage de l'étude des processus à l'étude des entités psychologiques. On propose enfin un développement vers des nouvelles directions de recherche, en se concentrant sur l'étude des fonctions et des processus psychologiques supérieurs, tout en tenant compte des produits symboliques complexes de l'activité humaine et le développement de l'imagination psychologique.(AU)


Este texto presenta una reflexión epistemológica sobre la teoría del Self Dialógico. En primer lugar, se discuten las cuestiones de esta teoría sobre la relación entre individualidad, alteridad y sociedad, desarrollando las ideas articuladas en los artículos en este número especial. A continuación, se presenta el argumento de la falacia ontológica de los psicólogos, que es la actitud de pasar del estudio de los procesos al estudio de las entidades psicológicas. Finalmente se propone un desarrollo de nuevas formas de investigación, centrándose en el estudio de las funciones y los procesos psicológicos superiores, teniendo en cuenta los productos simbólicos complejos de la actividad humana y el desarrollo de la imaginación psicológica.(AU)


Assuntos
Imaginação , Psicologia
6.
Psicol. USP ; 27(2): 229-233, mai.-ago. 2016. graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-792627

RESUMO

Abstract: The commentary presents an epistemological reflection about Dialogical Self theory. First, the theoretical issues of DS about the relationship between individuality, alterity and society are discussed, elaborating on the articles of this special issue. Then, it is presented the argument of psychologist's ontological fallacy, that is the attitude to moving from the study of processes to the study of psychological entities. Finally a development toward new research directions is proposed, focusing on the study of higher psychological functions and processes, taking into account complex symbolic products of human activity and developing psychological imagination.


Resumo: O comentário apresenta uma reflexão epistemológica sobre a teoria do Self Dialógico. Inicialmente, são discutidas questões teóricas da TSD sobre a relação entre individualidade, alteridade e sociedade, elaboradas com base nos artigos que constam desse número especial. Em seguida, discute-se o argumento da falácia ontológica, ou seja, a atitude de se desviar do estudo do processo para estudar entidades psicológicas. Por fim, propõe-se o desenvolvimento em direção a novas possibilidades de pesquisa, com foco no estudo das funções e dos processos psicológicos superiores, levando em consideração os produtos simbólicos complexos da atividade humana e a imaginação psicológica em desenvolvimento.


Résumé: Le commentaire présente une réflexion épistémologique sur la Théorie du Soi Dialogique. Tout d'abord, ils sont abordées les questions théoriques de la DS sur la relation entre l'individualité, l'altérité et la société, en élaborant sur les articles dans ce numéro spécial. Ensuite, on présente l'argument de le sophisme ontologique des psychologues, à savoir la passage de l'étude des processus à l'étude des entités psychologiques. On propose enfin un développement vers des nouvelles directions de recherche, en se concentrant sur l'étude des fonctions et des processus psychologiques supérieurs, tout en tenant compte des produits symboliques complexes de l'activité humaine et le développement de l'imagination psychologique.


Resumen: Este texto presenta una reflexión epistemológica sobre la teoría del Self Dialógico. En primer lugar, se discuten las cuestiones de esta teoría sobre la relación entre individualidad, alteridad y sociedad, desarrollando las ideas articuladas en los artículos en este número especial. A continuación, se presenta el argumento de la falacia ontológica de los psicólogos, que es la actitud de pasar del estudio de los procesos al estudio de las entidades psicológicas. Finalmente se propone un desarrollo de nuevas formas de investigación, centrándose en el estudio de las funciones y los procesos psicológicos superiores, teniendo en cuenta los productos simbólicos complejos de la actividad humana y el desarrollo de la imaginación psicológica.

8.
Rev. latinoam. psicopatol. fundam ; 17(4): 887-893, Sep-Dec/2014.
Artigo em Português | LILACS | ID: lil-736299

RESUMO

O texto clássico a seguir é importante por três razões: é de autoria de James Sully, um dos maiores filósofos-psicólogos britânicos do século XIX; apresenta uma interessante distinção entre os conceitos de ilusão e falácia; e oferece uma advertência velada sobre a eficiência epistemológica do método psicológico da introspecção. Cada um destes pontos serão brevemente tratados nesta introdução.


The classical text reproduced below is important for three reasons: it was written by James Sully, one of Britain's most outstanding 19th-century philosophers and psychologists; it makes an interesting distinction between the concepts of illusion and fallacy; and it contains a veiled warning as to the efficiency of the epistemological method of psychological introspection. Each of these points is dealt with briefly in this introduction.


Le texte classique qui suit est important pour trois raisons: il a été écrit par James Sully, l'un des plus grands philosophes-psychologues britanniques du XIXe siècle, il présente une distinction intéressante entre le concept de l'illusion et celui du leurre et fournit un avertissement voilé sur l'efficacité épistémologique de la méthode psychologique de l'introspection. Chacun de ces points sera traitée brièvement dans cette introduction.


El siguiente texto clásico es importante por tres razones: es de la autoria de James Sully, uno de los mayores filósofo y sicólogo británico del siglo XIX; presentauna distinción interesante entre los conceptos de ilusión y falácia; y ofrece una advertencia velada sobre la eficiencia epistemológica del método psicológico de la introspección . Cada uno de estos puntos seráqn brevemente tratados en esta introducción.


Der im Anschluss dargestellte klassische Text ist aus drei Gründen von großer Bedeutung: er stammt von James Sully, einem der bedeutsamsten britischen Philosophen und Psychologen des 19. Jahrhunderts. Er zeigt einen interessanten Unterschied zwischen den Konzepten der Illusion und dem Schwindel auf und, drittens, stellt er eine unterschwellige Ermahnung bezüglich der epistemiologischen Effizienz der psychologischen Methode der Introspektion. In dieser Einleitung werden diese drei Aspekte kurz beleuchtet.

9.
J Behav Decis Mak ; 25(4): 361-381, 2012 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23878413

RESUMO

Despite evidence that individual differences in numeracy affect judgment and decision making, the precise mechanisms underlying how such differences produce biases and fallacies remain unclear. Numeracy scales have been developed without sufficient theoretical grounding, and their relation to other cognitive tasks that assess numerical reasoning, such as the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT), has been debated. In studies conducted in Brazil and in the USA, we administered an objective Numeracy Scale (NS), Subjective Numeracy Scale (SNS), and the CRT to assess whether they measured similar constructs. The Rational-Experiential Inventory, inhibition (go/no-go task), and intelligence were also investigated. By examining factor solutions along with frequent errors for questions that loaded on each factor, we characterized different types of processing captured by different items on these scales. We also tested the predictive power of these factors to account for biases and fallacies in probability judgments. In the first study, 259 Brazilian undergraduates were tested on the conjunction and disjunction fallacies. In the second study, 190 American undergraduates responded to a ratio-bias task. Across the different samples, the results were remarkably similar. The results indicated that the CRT is not just another numeracy scale, that objective and subjective numeracy scales do not measure an identical construct, and that different aspects of numeracy predict different biases and fallacies. Dimensions of numeracy included computational skills such as multiplying, proportional reasoning, mindless or verbatim matching, metacognitive monitoring, and understanding the gist of relative magnitude, consistent with dual-process theories such as fuzzy-trace theory.

10.
Gac. méd. Caracas ; 118(1): 37-40, mar. 2010. ilus, graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-630607

RESUMO

El significado de una investigación, "el qué significa", es “el elemento del informe de investigación que tiene mayor probabilidad de influir sobre las opciones y las decisiones reales acerca de los tratamientos”. Es una de las preguntas clave que recomendaba el Prof. Bradford Hill, pionero de los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. Hoy cuando el volumen de la información en temas de salud, con énfasis en intervenciones o tratamiento, es inconmensurable, cuando la calidad de lo publicado no siempre es directamente proporcional a la cantidad, el tiempo para leer lo publicado resulta ínfimo. Cuando más que "leer", lo fundamental es analizar cómo se hizo el estudio, es obligatoria la selección de las investigaciones que tengan la mayor fiabilidad posible, un mayor grado de certeza. En consecuencia, se impone decidir entre una revisión narrativa y una revisión sistemática, para responder con eficiencia la interrogante del Dr. Hill. La toma de decisiones en las gestiones clínica y pública deben estar basadas en la mejor evidencia posible, con el menor riesgo de sesgo para aproximarse a lo que Descartes expresó en su día como “una medicina basada en demostraciones infalibles”. El objetivo de esta comunicación es mostrar la comparación entre las revisiones sistemática y narrativa, con la finalidad de que el lector determine motus propio, la utilidad de sendos tipos de investigaciones secundarias, en el ámbito de la toma de decisiones en salud basadas, en la mejor evidencia. Con ese fin, sirva de ejemplo la indicación de la proteína C humana recombinante en los pacientes con sepsis


The conclusion of an investigation. "What does it mean?" is the most impotant element of any report of an investigation which is most likely to influence the actual choices and decisions about treatment. It was one of the key questions recommended by Professor Bradford Hill, the pioneer of randomized controlled trials. Today, the burden of information in health issues related to therapy is immeasurable. But, when the quality of what is published is not proportional to the quantity, and the time available for reading is short, the most important thing is to determinate how the research was conducted. This is very important in order to select the most valid research to make a better decision. According to this, one must choose between a narrative review or a systematic review in order to answer Dr. Braford Hill’s question. Public and clinical management decision making should be based on the best evidence possible with the lowest risk of bias. This is in the spirit of Descartes’ expression, “looking for infallible demonstrations based in medicine”. The aim of the paper is to show a comparison between a systematic review and a narrative review. Its goal is for the reader him- or herself to determine the usefulness of these types of secondary analyses, in order to make the best medical decision associated with the highest safety for the patient. Use of the human activated recombinant protein C in people with severe sepsis will be used as an example


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Proteína C/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Sepse/patologia , Sepse/terapia , Viés , Narração , Saúde Pública/educação
11.
Psicol. teor. pesqui ; Psicol. (Univ. Brasília, Online);23(4): 433-442, out.-dez. 2007.
Artigo em Português | LILACS | ID: lil-476693

RESUMO

A falácia da conjunção ocorre quando a conjunção de dois eventos é julgada como mais provável de ocorrer do que seus eventos constituintes. Esse fenômeno tem sido investigado principalmente por psicólogos cognitivistas, mas, recentemente, tem atraído o interesse de alguns analistas do comportamento. O presente trabalho consiste em um resumo da literatura sobre falácia, no qual são enfatizadas as estratégias metodológicas utilizadas e os resultados empíricos obtidos. Dentre as variáveis controladoras analisadas, são destacadas a representatividade, o uso inadequado de regras probabilísticas, as experiências passadas com os eventos constituintes e compostos, o treino estatístico e os aspectos verbais e contextuais.


The conjunction fallacy occurs when the conjunction of two events is judged as more probable to occur than its constituent events. This phenomenon has been investigated mainly by cognitive psychologists but, recently, it has called the attention of some behavior analysts. The present study summarizes the literature on fallacy, emphasizing the methodological strategies used and the empirical results attained. Among the control variables analyzed, some special attention is given to the representativeness, the inadequate use of probabilistic rules, the previous experiences with constituent and compound events, the statistical training, and verbal and contextual aspects.


Assuntos
Cognição , Teoria da Decisão , Probabilidade
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