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OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the relationship between Total Body Score (TBS) and Accumulated Degree-Days (ADD) for estimating postmortem interval (PMI) using the decomposition quantification system by Megyesi et al. (Megyesi MS, Nawrocki SP, Haskell NH (2005) Using Accumulated Degree-Days to Estimate the Postmortem Interval from Decomposed Human Remains. J Forensic Sci 50:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs2004017 ). DESIGN: A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using the QUADAS-2 scoring system. Statical tests, including I2 for heterogeneity assessment and subgroup analysis comparing human and pig proxies across different decomposition stages, were performed for meta-analysis. RESULTS: The search identified 25 studies that underwent qualitative evaluation, all of which were included for quantitative analysis. The findings indicate that the TBS formula tends to overestimate ADD with a moderate mean difference of 0.5758 overall. Specifically, in pigs, ADD is overestimated significantly (1.1128), while there is a slight underestimation in humans (-0.0038). Across decomposition stages, fresh body (0.0066) and early decomposition (0.0338) show an insignificant overestimation, whereas advanced decomposition reveals a slight underestimation (-0.3378) and skeletonization indicates a substantial overestimation (1.6583). CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between TBS and ADD demonstrates high accuracy in humans during early decomposition stages, without differences in statistical significance. However, its accuracy diminishes as decomposition progresses, potentially leading to an overestimation of PMI.

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We present an assessment of several geospatial layers proposed as models for detecting clandestine graves in Mexico. The analyses were based on adapting the classical ROC curves to geospatial data (gROC) using the fraction of the predicted area instead of the false positive rate. Grave locations were obtained for ten Mexican states that represent the most conflicting regions in Mexico, and 30 layers were computed to represent geospatial models for grave detection. The gROC analysis confirmed that the travel time from urban streets to grave locations was the most critical variable for detecting graves, followed by nighttime light brightness and population density, whereas, contrary to the rationale, a previously proposed visibility index is less correlated with grave locations. We were also able to deduce which variables are most relevant in each state and to determine optimal thresholds for the selected variables.

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(1) Background/Objectives: Accurate determination of chronological age is crucial in legal dental identification. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of different formulas in estimating the age of a Brazilian subpopulation by analyzing the pulp/tooth ratio of the maxillary canine and mandibular second premolar in panoramic and periapical radiographs. (2) Methods: The sample consisted of panoramic and periapical radiographs of 247 individuals. The file of each radiograph was opened in the Adobe Photoshop CS4® program to outline and obtain values in pixels for calculating the pulp/tooth ratio. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS program, with a significance level set at 5%. (3) Results: The interclass correlation coefficient demonstrated excellent intra-observer agreement (0.990-0.999). The determination coefficients (R2) suggested that only 30-35% of the actual age results could be explained by the pulp/tooth ratio. The smallest differences were observed with Cameriere's formula for the mandibular second premolar on panoramic radiographs (+4.1 years). The greatest differences were found with the formulas for the mandibular second premolar in panoramic radiographs of the Korean (+12.5 years) and Portuguese (-12.1 years) populations. (4) Conclusions: The equations employed showed little agreement between the actual age and the estimated age.

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In Colombia there are estimated to be over 121,000 missing people and victims of forced disappearances. Forensic investigators therefore need assistance in determining optimal detection techniques for buried victims, to give victims' families closure and for the wider community to see that justice is being served. Previous research has created 12 controlled simulated clandestine graves of typical Colombian murder victim scenarios at 0.5 m - 1.2 m depths in savannah and rainforest sites in Colombia. The 0-3 years of geophysical monitoring results of were published, with this paper reporting on 4-8 years monitoring of both UAV drone results and geophysical data. The UAV results from the year 8 survey, published for first time from Colombia, showed that the simulated graves could still be located using NDVI and NIR multi-spectral data, but not using optical or other multi-spectral data. The 0-3 years of geophysical data found the simulated clandestine graves could be detected with electrical resistivity and GPR methods, with the 4-8 year surveys evidencing that they could still be detected using bulk ground conductivity surveys, GPR horizontal time slice datasets and 2D ERT profiles. Research implications suggest initial use of UAV remote sensing technology to pinpoint likely search areas, before subsequent ground reconnaissance, geophysical surveys and their interpretation, before intrusive investigation methods are employed for detecting missing and disappeared persons in Colombia.

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Abstract Dental age estimation is very important for individual identification in criminal and civil forensic investigations. One of the methods for age estimation is studying age related changes in pulp volume of teeth. The objective of the current study was to estimate dental age from the pulp volume of five different categories of teeth of a Peruvian sample using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Retrospective CBCT records of 231 patients (females (134), males (97), age: 12-60 years) were included in the study, categorized into five different age groups (12-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60 years and older). Dental pulp volume of five categories of teeth(upper canines, left upper central incisors, left upper first molars, lower left first premolars, first molars) were analyzed using Romexis® 5.3.3.5 software for each patient. There was a reduction in the pulp volume of upper right and left canine with age. The Pulp volume was lowest in people aged 60 years and over. Linear regression analysis of the pulp volume and chronological age showed a coefficient of determination of 30%, suggesting a weak correlation. A weak correlation between dental pulp and age is derived. But, a robust large homogenous sample of teeth in future for different age groups may establish a reliable regression equation.

Resumen La estimación de la edad dental en personas vivas y cadáveres es muy importante para la Odontología Forense, sobre todo en casos de identificación en investigaciones legales y sociales. El objetivo del estudio fue estimación de la edad dental mediante la medición del volumen pulpar de imágenes dentales en tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (TCHC) de pacientes peruanos. Fueron analizadas 231 TCHC de pacientes entre 12 a 60 años a más. (Mujeres (134), hombres (97)) se dividieron en seis grupos de edad (12-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60 años a más). El análisis volumétrico de la pulpa dental se realizó en un total de 1155 dientes (caninos superiores, incisivos centrales superiores izquierdos, primeros molares superiores izquierdos y primeros premolares inferiores izquierdos), mediante el software Romexis® 5.3.3.5. El análisis de regresión lineal mostró un coeficiente de determinación del 30% que sugiere una correlación débil entre la relación del volumen pulpar de los dientes y la edad. El volumen pulpar de los caninos superiores derecho e izquierdo disminuyó a medida que aumentaba la edad y el volumen pulpar en dientes de personas de 60 años a más fue el más bajo. Sin embargo, se pueden proponer estudios futuros para incluir una gran muestra homogénea de dientes en diferentes categorías y grupos de edad para confirmar la correlación y establecer una ecuación de regresión confiable.

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SUMMARY: Sex determination of unknown persons plays an important role in forensic science. As most bones used for sex determination are recovered in incomplete state, it is often necessary to use bones that are recovered intact e.g., the sphenoid sinus. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of sphenoid sinuses dimensions for sex determination using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images in Chinese adults. MRI images of 79 sphenoid sinuses (from 44 men and 35 women) were retrospectively selected. The height, anterior-posterior diameter, area, and perimeter were measured in the midsagittal view of the sphenoid sinuses. All data were subjected to descriptive and discriminative functional analysis with unpaired t-test and canonical discriminant. Comparison between male and female groups showed significant statistical differences regarding the height, anterior-posterior diameter, area, and perimeter of sphenoid sinuses. The predictive accuracy rate of the sphenoid sinus to identify sex was 63.6 % in males and 62.9 % in females with an overall accuracy of 63.3 %. This study proposed the importance of sexual dimorphism of sphenoid sinus dimensions, especially if other methods are not available. It suggested using MRI in forensics science thus obviating the complete dependence on the usage of conventional computed tomography (CT) and facilitating the study of forensic anatomy at the level of soft tissue.

La determinación del sexo de personas desconocidas juega un papel importante en la ciencia forense. Como la mayoría de los huesos utilizados para la determinación del sexo se recuperan en un estado incompleto, a menudo es necesario utilizar huesos recuperados intactos, por ejemplo, el seno esfenoidal. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el valor diagnóstico de las dimensiones de los senos esfenoidales para la determinación del sexo utilizando imágenes de resonancia magnética en individuos adultos chinos. Se seleccionaron retrospectivamente imágenes de resonancia magnética de 79 senos esfenoidales (de 44 hombres y 35 mujeres). La altura, el diámetro anteroposterior, el área y el perímetro de los senos esfenoidales, se midieron en vista mediana sagital. Todos los datos se sometieron a análisis funcional descriptivo y discriminativo con prueba t no pareada y discriminante canónico. La comparación entre los grupos de hombres y mujeres mostró diferencias estadísticas significativas en cuanto a la altura, el diámetro anteroposterior, el área y el perímetro de los senos esfenoidales. La tasa de precisión predictiva del seno esfenoidal para identificar el sexo fue del 63,6 % en hombres y del 62,9 % en mujeres, con una precisión general del 63,3 %. Este estudio propuso la importancia del dimorfismo sexual de las dimensiones del seno esfenoidal, especialmente si no se dispone de otros métodos. Se sugiere utilizar la resonancia magnética en la ciencia forense, obviando así la dependencia total del uso de la tomografía computarizada convencional y facilitando con esto el estudio de la anatomía forense a nivel de los tejidos blandos.

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The professional relationship between dentists and patients is considered as a service provider-client. When the patient-client feels harmed due to dental error, he may seek economic reparation by lodging a lawsuit. The present research analyzed appellate court decisions on dental errors in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 2003 to 2019. The results show an increase in judgments. The most cited specialties were surgery, orthodontics, implantology, prosthesis, endodontics, periodontics, and general practice. Most appellate court decisions upheld the sentences. A decrease in the number of outcomes pronouncing dentists and/or clinics guilty was observed over the period. Most of the lawsuits were lodged under the Free Legal Assistance program. The high percentage of court decisions citing inclusion of an expert report highlights the importance of expertise in providing judges with technical clarification. Moral injury recorded the highest pecuniary sums, followed by compensation for material damage and aesthetic damage.

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The external human ear is considered to be highly variable among individuals. Hence, forensic applications could be explored for human identification. This research compares the usefulness of Cameriere's ear identification method, in samples originating from six different countries (Brazil, India, Japan, Russia, South Africa and Turkey) in order to examine possible differences in their accuracy values. A sample of 2,225 photographs of the external human ear (1,134 left and 1,091 right ears) from 1,411 individuals (633 females and 778 males) was collected. The samples included healthy subjects with no systemic disorders and without any craniofacial trauma, maxillofacial abnormalities, auricular anomalies, ear diseases or previous auricular surgery. Cameriere's ear identification method was applied and measurements were performed on the images of each ear, considering four anatomic regions: helix, antihelix, concha, and lobe. The quantified measurement values were converted into a proposed coded number system. A search for identical codes was accomplished to find out the distinctiveness of the morphology of the human ear. The combined codes of left and right ears of each of the 814 subjects were not repeated in this multi-ethnic study sample. Dirichlet's distribution and the inherent study equation showed that the probability of two different individuals having the same code (false-positive identification) was found to be <0.0007. Because of the distinctive metrics of the ratios of external human ears, studies with Cameriere's ear identification method may be valuable for human identification. Studying the differences between the left and right ears of the same individual and across different ethnic groups could contribute to the development of supplementary tools for human identification.

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The ABFO study on third molar development is a benchmark in the scientific literature of dental age estimation. In its 30th anniversary, the study has been reproduced in the present external validation. Standardized comparative outcomes were obtained and discussed across studies. The sample consisted of 1.087 panoramic radiographs of Brazilian females (n=542, 49.87%) and males (n=545, 50.13%) between 14 and 22.9 years. All available third molars were classified into developmental stages following Mincer's adaptation of Demirjian's system (8 sequential stages, from A to H). The mean chronological age of individuals within each stage was assessed. The probability of an individual being ≥ 18 years was calculated for each third molar, sex and stage. Maxillary and mandibular third molars showed a similar development with an agreement between stages of about 90%. In general, males developed 0.5 years (6 months) earlier than females. The probability of being an adult increased considerably when at least one third molar is in stage G. Maxillary third molars had higher coefficients of determination (right: 0.704; left: 0.702), showing that statistical models with these teeth could explain better the age estimation outcomes. The reproducibility of the ABFO study on third molar development led to reference tables and probability measures for the studied Brazilian population.

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In 2013, the Forensic Science Undergraduate Program (FSUP) at the National Autonomous University of Mexico was created in response to an alarming criminal situation in Mexico, as well as to the radical reform of its criminal justice system. Its mission is to educate and train ethical, critical, and humanistic forensic scientists capable of conducting inquiries that meet scientific quality standards and assist the justice system in firmly linking legal rulings to the available evidence. At the time, it was the first such program in the country, and the contributions that interdisciplinary forensic scientists could make to criminal investigations were largely unknown among forensic and legal practitioners. During its existence, providing an interdisciplinary, competence-based education to students has been one of the main challenges. To overcome it, teaching and assessment approaches-centered on the achievement of specifically forensic competencies as learning outcomes and the integration of forensic disciplines towards the resolution of simulated cases-have been devised to help develop the professional skill set expected of graduates. The COVID-19 pandemic led to adapting these approaches to distance or hybrid modes of learning, increasing their versatility and enriching the pedagogic repertoire of the FSUP. Currently, the main impact of the program lies in the successful incorporation of some of its graduates to agencies belonging to or related to the criminal justice system, such as the National Prosecutor's Office, the Commission for Truth and Justice for the Ayotzinapa Case, and the National Commission for the Search of Missing and Disappeared Persons, among others.

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As the COVID-19 pandemic upended college and university instruction throughout the world, instructors were hard-pressed to find suitable alternatives for practical activities typically carried out outside of classrooms-in laboratories, workshops, clinics, and in the field. In response to this unanticipated challenge, they relied on their ingenuity to achieve pre-pandemic goals under pandemic conditions that necessitated the shift to online teaching. The Forensic Science Undergraduate Program housed in the School of Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico was not exempt from this educational upheaval but, due to its interdisciplinary nature, required creating and/or adopting a wide range of activities capable of training students to perform practical tasks associated with subject areas that span the natural and social sciences, the humanities, and the law. This report aims to describe the approaches undertaken in three subjects (Forensic Entomology, Forensic Anthropology, and Hematology & Serology) by interviewing instructors and examining their teaching materials. Also, through online surveys, students' reactions to these approaches were elicited to learn about their suitability and teaching potential. Instructor's experiences during the pandemic have proven to be a rich source of ingenious solutions, with implications well-beyond the current crisis, such as creating blended or fully online courses aimed at larger numbers of students, forensic and legal professionals, and even other instructors. The wide variety of forensic sciences offers the opportunity to innovate and improve the teaching and learning of science, particularly to the benefit of students that must combine their school tasks with professional and/or family duties.

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Abstract This study aimed to investigate the possibility of age and sex determination using bimastoid diameter with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). This retrospective study investigated 100 female and 100 male patients aged 18-83 years (mean age: 45.55±16.28 years). To measure bimastoid diameter, the appropriate image was chosen from sagittal, coronal, and axial images of CBCT in which the measurement points could be best detected. The distance between the points of the mastoid process was measured using three-dimensional coronal reconstruction. The mean bimastoid breadth was 106.12±6.22mm. The bimastoid diameter in male cases was higher than that in female cases (110.69±4.53mm vs. 101.65±4.00mm). There was no significant difference in bimastoid breadth with advancing age. For sex determination, morphometric measurements of bimastoid diameter ensured a high rate of dimorphism in the Turkish subpopulation. CBCT morphometric analysis may be reliable and convenient for evaluating sex and may be recommended to compare population data.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la posibilidad de determinar la edad y el sexo utilizando el diámetro bimastoideo con tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT). Este estudio retrospectivo investigó a 100 mujeres y 100 hombres de entre 18 y 83 años (edad media: 45,55±16,28 años). Para medir el diámetro bimastoideo, se eligió la imagen adecuada de las imágenes sagital, coronal y axial de CBCT en las que los puntos de medición se podían detectar mejor. La distancia entre los puntos del proceso mastoideo se midió mediante reconstrucción coronal tridimensional. La amplitud media del bimastoide fue de 106,12± 6,22mm. El diámetro del bimastoide en los casos masculinos fue mayor que en los casos femeninos (110,69±4,53 mm frente a 101,65±4,00mm). No hubo diferencias significativas en la amplitud del bimastoide con la edad. Para la determinación del sexo, las mediciones morfométricas del diámetro bimastoide aseguraron una alta tasa de dimorfismo en la subpoblación turca. El análisis morfométrico CBCT puede ser confiable y conveniente para evaluar el sexo y puede recomendarse para comparar datos poblacionales.

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Given the growing demands for standardization of procedures for collection, preservation, and identification of insect specimens, this study aimed to identify how forensic entomology is used in Brazil and the perceptions of professionals involved in this process. We conducted: (1) bibliometric survey of the scientific production of forensic specialists from 2001 to 2020; (2) questionnaire applied to forensic professionals to verify their perceptions about the use of entomological evidence in practice. An increase in publications on Forensic Entomology was noticed in the last 5 years, mainly in the South and Northeast regions. Of the 82 respondents to the questionnaire, 62.8% deal with cadavers at least once a week, but 89.0% of the professionals who examine cadavers weekly find less than 10.0% colonized by insect larvae. Using entomological evidence to estimate PMI was mentioned by only 36.6% of the professionals. Most respondents stated no procedures related to collecting, handling, or identifying necrophagous insects in their daily practice. Regarding the chain of custody, 64.6% said they were aware of the changes in the regulations involving the collection and maintenance of forensic evidence. We emphasize the importance of collaboration between scientists at universities and crime scene examiners. Although the use of entomological evidence in criminal investigations in Brazil is still scarce, a growing interest in this area can be detected among forensic experts.

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Introduction: Personal injury forensic reports diagnose and define the damage to the body and health of a person including the stomatognathic system by injuries produced as the consequence of other people's actions. Objective: To characterize the personal injuries affecting the stomatognathic system as a result of violent actions in 266 cases evaluated at the Instituto Nacional de Medina legal y Ciencias Forenses-Regional Suroccidente (Cali, Colombia) between 2015 and 2020. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study to characterize the personal injuries affecting the stomatognathic system. The information was taken from the personal injuries forensic reports registered on the Colombian forensic registration system (Sistema de Información Forense de Clínica de Colombia, SICLICO) platform and associated with the nature of the injury including its consequences and the medico-legal incapacity issued. Results: We observed a higher frequency of male aggressors (94.4%) and male victims (64.3%), especially in the age group between 21 and 30 years (32.6%). The most frequent contexts were interpersonal violence (76.3%) and intimate partner violence (19.9%). The main aggression mechanism was blunt trauma (88.0%). The lesions reported in soft tissues (83.5%) affected periodontal tissues (48.9%) and lips (28.6%) due to edema (32.7%) and wounds (22.9%) while in hard tissues (55.1%), they affected the teeth (41.4%) due to complicated fractures in the cervical third (19.2%) and avulsion (18%). Definitive disability predominated (64.7%) followed by 20-day disability (28.6%) and functional sequelae (24.1%). Conclusions: Periodontal tissues and teeth were the most affected structures causing considerable disabilities, as well as functional and aesthetic sequelae that mainly affected men in productive age.

Introducción. El dictamen de lesiones personales hace precisiones sobre el daño ocurrido en el cuerpo o en la salud de una persona. La valoración del odontólogo es de gran importancia en los casos en que se ha visto afectado el sistema estomatognático. Objetivo. Caracterizar las lesiones personales que afectaron el sistema estomatognático como producto de actos violentos en 266 casos valorados en el Instituto Nacional de Medina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, Regional Suroccidente, entre 2015 y 2020. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal de las lesiones personales que afectaron el sistema estomatognático. Se incluyó información del dictamen de lesiones personales obtenida de la plataforma del Sistema de Información Forense de Clínica de Colombia (SICLICO) y asociada con la naturaleza de la lesión, las secuelas y la incapacidad médico-legal. Resultados. Se observó una mayor frecuencia de agresores y de víctimas masculinas (94,4 y 64,3 %, respectivamente), especialmente en el grupo etario entre los 21 y los 30 años (32,6 %). Los contextos más frecuentes fueron los de violencia interpersonal (76,3 %) y violencia de pareja (19,9 %). El principal mecanismo de agresión fue el contundente (88,0 %). Las lesiones reportadas en tejidos blandos (83,5 %) afectaron tejidos periodontales (48,9 %) y labios (28,6 %) con edema (32,7 %) y heridas (22,9 %), en tanto que, en tejidos duros (55,1 %), afectaron los dientes (41,4 %) por fractura complicada en tercio cervical (19,2 %) y avulsión (18 %). Predominó la incapacidad definitiva (64,7 %), seguida de la de 20 días (28,6 %) y las secuelas funcionales (24,1 %). Conclusiones: Los tejidos periodontales y los dientes fueron las estructuras más afectadas, lo que ocasionó incapacidades considerables, y dejó secuelas funcionales y estéticas principalmente entre los hombres en edad productiva.

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We discuss how different accelerator-based techniques can be employed synergistically as a powerful analytical tool for forensic studies of foodstuff. Brazilian and Jamaican coffees were chosen as a showcase due to its popularity and potential risk of adulteration and/or falsification. Comprehensive characterization of major and trace elements, age since production and compound contents were achieved using different techniques, including PIXE (Particle-Induced X-ray Emission), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared), and AMS-14C (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry - Radiocarbon Analysis). While PIXE provides information on the elements present in the samples, FTIR probes the types of compounds through their vibrational spectra. Finally, AMS-14C is capable of dating organic samples regarding their harvesting time. Five different laboratories from research institutions around the world took part in the experiments. The integration of the results obtained with different techniques provided multifaceted perspectives on the coffee under study, thus allowing a direct assessment of the material for forensic purposes such as authentication, determination of provenance, and combat counterfeiting.

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This is the first study in Brazil that monitored the nocturnal oviposition behavior of Chrysomya putoria, a species of forensic importance, in order to verify if individuals of this species oviposit at night. Groups of 10 flies (5 male and 5 female) distributed in ten cages were kept in a fume hood and submitted to total darkness or exposed to artificial light for eleven consecutive hours through four experimental conditions in the laboratory. Two verifications were made to see if the females oviposited in the offered substrate of about 20 g of chicken gizzard per cage. Verification 1 occurred at 09:00 pm in the evening experiments and at 09:00 am in the daytime experiments. Verification 2 occurred at 05:00 am in the night experiments and at 05:00 pm in the daytime experiments. Each experiment lasted 5 d. C. putoria laid eggs at night (with or without light) and the quantity of eggs was significantly similar to those produced during the day under natural light or in total darkness. Only the amount of eggs produced during the day in the absence of light was considerably greater than in the typical daytime period. The females oviposited in greater quantity in the nights when the average temperature was between 23 and 24.8°C and relative humidity above 81%. Ovipositions only occurred at temperatures above 21°C and humidity above 56% during the day. Finally, it is necessary that more evaluations on the effect of variables on blowfly behavior are performed to better understand nocturnal oviposition.

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Introducción. El dictamen de lesiones personales hace precisiones sobre el daño ocurrido en el cuerpo o en la salud de una persona. La valoración del odontólogo es de gran importancia en los casos en que se ha visto afectado el sistema estomatognático. Objetivo. Caracterizar las lesiones personales que afectaron el sistema estomatognático como producto de actos violentos en 266 casos valorados en el Instituto Nacional de Medina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, Regional Suroccidente, entre 2015 y 2020. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal de las lesiones personales que afectaron el sistema estomatognático. Se incluyó información del dictamen de lesiones personales obtenida de la plataforma del Sistema de Información Forense de Clínica de Colombia (SICLICO) y asociada con la naturaleza de la lesión, las secuelas y la incapacidad médico-legal. Resultados. Se observó una mayor frecuencia de agresores y de víctimas masculinas (94,4 y 64,3 %, respectivamente), especialmente en el grupo etario entre los 21 y los 30 años (32,6 %). Los contextos más frecuentes fueron los de violencia interpersonal (76,3 %) y violencia de pareja (19,9 %). El principal mecanismo de agresión fue el contundente (88,0 %). Las lesiones reportadas en tejidos blandos (83,5 %) afectaron tejidos periodontales (48,9 %) y labios (28,6 %) con edema (32,7 %) y heridas (22,9 %), en tanto que, en tejidos duros (55,1 %), afectaron los dientes (41,4 %) por fractura complicada en tercio cervical (19,2 %) y avulsión (18 %). Predominó la incapacidad definitiva (64,7 %), seguida de la de 20 días (28,6 %) y las secuelas funcionales (24,1 %). Conclusiones. Los tejidos periodontales y los dientes fueron las estructuras más afectadas, lo que ocasionó incapacidades considerables, y dejó secuelas funcionales y estéticas principalmente entre los hombres en edad productiva.

Introduction: Personal injury forensic reports diagnose and define the damage to the body and health of a person including the stomatognathic system by injuries produced as the consequence of other people's actions. Objective: To characterize the personal injuries affecting the stomatognathic system as a result of violent actions in 266 cases evaluated at the Instituto Nacional de Medina legal y Ciencias Forenses-Regional Suroccidente (Cali, Colombia) between 2015 and 2020. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study to characterize the personal injuries affecting the stomatognathic system. The information was taken from the personal injuries forensic reports registered on the Colombian forensic registration system (Sistema de Información Forense de Clínica de Colombia, SICLICO) platform and associated with the nature of the injury including its consequences and the medico-legal incapacity issued. Results: We observed a higher frequency of male aggressors (94.4%) and male victims (64.3%), especially in the age group between 21 and 30 years (32.6%). The most frequent contexts were interpersonal violence (76.3%) and intimate partner violence (19.9%). The main aggression mechanism was blunt trauma (88.0%). The lesions reported in soft tissues (83.5%) affected periodontal tissues (48.9%) and lips (28.6%) due to edema (32.7%) and wounds (22.9%) while in hard tissues (55.1%), they affected the teeth (41.4%) due to complicated fractures in the cervical third (19.2%) and avulsion (18%). Definitive disability predominated (64.7%) followed by 20-day disability (28.6%) and functional sequelae (24.1%). Conclusions: Periodontal tissues and teeth were the most affected structures causing considerable disabilities, as well as functional and aesthetic sequelae that mainly affected men in productive age.

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The consequences of a hit-and-run car crash are significant and may include serious injuries to the victims, health system overload and even victim's death. The vehicle and driver identification are often challenging for local law enforcement. The aim of this study was to develop a methodology to discriminate between automotive paint samples according to the make of the vehicle and its color shade. 143 white samples (collected at traffic accident scenes) were analyzed in situ by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (ATR-FTIR) and coupled microscopy. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were performed for data analysis. The samples were split into three groups: calibration set, validation set and external test set. The figures of merit were calculated to assess the quality of the model. Sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency rates were, respectively, 98,9%, 98.4% and 98.6%, for the calibration set. For the validation group, the classification accuracy was 100%. Correct classification rates for the internal validation set and external test set were 100% and 79.1% respectively. The technique is clean, fast, relatively low-cost, and non-destructive. Damaged regions of the samples were avoided by using the attached microscope. Limiting the age of the samples to a maximum of 10 years was enough to avoid misclassifications due to the natural degradation and weathering of the sample. Since the external test group is formed by underrepresented classes, its correct classification rate (79.1%) can be potentially improved at any time, by including and analyzing more samples.

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In most Latin American countries, there are significant numbers of missing people and forced disappearances, over 120,000 in Colombia alone. Successful detection of shallow buried human remains by forensic search teams is difficult in varying terrain and climates. Previous research has created controlled simulated clandestine graves of murder victims to optimize search techniques and methodologies. This paper reports on a study on controlled test site results over four simulated dismembered victims' clandestine graves as this is sadly a common scenario encountered in Latin America. Multispectral images were collected once post-burial, electrical resistivity surveys were collected 4 times, and ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were collected three times up to the end of the 371 day survey monitoring period. After data processing, results showed that the multispectral data set could detect the simulated clandestine and control graves, with electrical resistivity imaging relative high resistances over some of the simulated graves but not over the empty control graves. GPR results showed good imaging on the Day 8 surveys, medium imaging on the Day 294 surveys, and medium to good imaging on the Day 371 surveys. Study implications suggest that, while clandestine graves of dismembered homicide victims would likely result in smaller-sized graves when compared to graves containing intact bodies, these graves can still potentially be detected using remote sensing and geophysical methods.

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RESUMO

Mexico is a rich source for anthropological and population genetic studies with high diversity in ethnic and linguistic groups. The country witnessed the rise and fall of major civilizations, including the Maya and Aztec, but resulting from European colonization, the population landscape has dramatically changed. Today, the majority of Mexicans do not identify themselves as Indigenous but as admixed, and appear to have very little in common with their pre-Columbian predecessors. However, when the maternally inherited mitochondrial (mt)DNA is investigated in the modern Mexican population, this is not the case. Control region sequences of 2021 samples deriving from all over the country revealed an overwhelming Indigenous American legacy, with almost 90% of mtDNAs belonging to the four major pan-American haplogroups A2, B2, C1, and D1. This finding supports a very low European contribution to the Mexican gene pool by female colonizers and confirms the effectiveness of employing uniparental markers as a tool to reconstruct a country's history. In addition, the distinct frequency and dispersal patterns of Indigenous American and West Eurasian clades highlight the benefit such large and country-wide databases provide for studying the impact of colonialism from a female perspective and population stratification. The importance of geographical database subsets not only for forensic application is clearly demonstrated.

Assuntos