RESUMO
South American camelids (SACs) play an increasing role in veterinary care in Europe. Many alpacas or llamas presented to veterinarians suffer from anaemia, regularly with a packed cell volume (PCV) below 0.10 l/l, which is a life-threatening condition for the animals. This review article presents clinical and laboratory diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of anaemia in SACs. Clinical identification of anaemic animals can be performed by assessing the FAMACHA© score and the Body Condition Score (BCS), since anaemia in alpacas and llamas correlates with pale mucous membranes and a lowered BCS. Haematological examination of a blood sample can provide a more differentiated diagnosis of anaemia in SACs. A common finding is regenerative anaemia with an increased number of reticulocytes that is often caused by blood loss due to Haemonchus contortus. Changes in a blood smear from an alpaca or llama with regenerative anaemia may include normoblasts (nucleated red blood cells), anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, polychromasia, Howell-Jolly bodies or basophilic stippling. Furthermore, non-regenerative anaemia, often caused by trace element deficiency or cachexia, can also occur.
Assuntos
Anemia , Camelídeos Americanos , Haemonchus , Animais , Anemia/diagnóstico , Anemia/veterinária , América do SulRESUMO
We aimed to validate a targeted selective treatment (TST) methodology for treating parasitic gastrointestinal infections in ewes in different physiological states using parasitological and hematological parameters. Forty ewes were monitored from December 2021 to June 2022 and evaluated during various physiological stages in their life cycle. Before starting the experiment, a fecal egg count (FEC) reduction test was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the anthelmintic (AH) treatment. Weekly assessments were performed based on the Famacha© (F) system and body condition score (BCS), and ewes were subjected to AH treatment when necessary, with their physiological states recorded. Ewes were treated when they presented F ≥ 3, BCS ≤ 2.0 (when F = 2), or submandibular edema. Parasitological, i.e., FEC, and hematological, i.e., hematocrit (Ht), parameters were evaluated monthly to determine the efficiency of the TST methodology. Comparisons between the mean Ht and FEC values in ewes subjected to AH treatment and untreated ewes were performed using analysis of variance, followed by Tukey's test. Spearman's correlation was performed to determine the correlation between the variables, i.e., F scores, BCS, Ht, and FEC. All tests were performed at a significance level of 5 %. During the experimental period, 1138 evaluations were performed. The main reason for AH treatment was F ≥ 3. Ewes in early pregnancy, lactation and late pregnancy received comparatively more AH treatments than the other physiological states. Ewes in late pregnancy and lactation exhibited lower mean Ht values (23.5 % and 22.9 %) and higher mean FEC values (3269 and 1426) compared with those in early pregnancy (30.2 % and 727 EPG). In addition, a statistically significant difference was observed in the Ht and FEC values of ewes that presented submandibular edema (P < 0.001) compared with those that did not exhibit submandibular edema. The genus Haemonchus sp. showed a 96.4 % prevalence in coprocultures. A positive correlation existed between F scores and FEC (r = 0.3819) and a negative correlation between F scores and Ht (r = -0.4728). Ewes that needed AH treatment had lower mean Ht values than ewes that did not need the treatment (19.2 % × 29.3 %; P < 0.001) and higher mean FEC values (8747 × 1163; P < 0.001), confirming that these ewes needed AH treatment. The TST methodology based on F scores, BCS, and submandibular edema could effectively identify individuals in the herd needing AH treatment, identifying 13 % additional cases requiring treatment than using only the F score criterion.
RESUMO
Livestock is an important part of many countries gross domestic product, and sanitary control impacts herd management costs. To contribute to incorporating new technologies into this economic chain, this work presents a mobile application for decision assistance to treatment against parasitic infection by Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants. Based on the Android system, the proposed software is a semi-automated computer-aided procedure to assist Famacha© pre-trained farmers in applying anthelmintic treatment. It mimics the two-class decision procedure performed by the veterinarian with the help of the Famacha© card. The embedded cell phone camera was employed to acquire an image from the ocular conjunctival mucosa, classifying the animal as healthy or anemic. Two machine-learning strategies were assessed, resulting in an accuracy of 83 % for a neural network and 87 % for a support vector machine (SVM). The SVM classifier was embedded into the app and made available for evaluation. This work is particularly interesting to small property owners from regions with difficult access or restrictions on obtaining continuous post-training technical guidance to use the Famacha© method effectively.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos , Hemoncose , Haemonchus , Aplicativos Móveis , Infecções por Nematoides , Doenças dos Ovinos , Ovinos , Animais , Doenças dos Ovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Hemoncose/tratamento farmacológico , Hemoncose/veterinária , Hemoncose/parasitologia , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Ruminantes , Infecções por Nematoides/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Nematoides/veterináriaRESUMO
The objectives of this work were to identify and model the interrelationships among zootechnical indicators manifested in sheep production from an intensive system in Brazil and to ascertain the impact of these indicators on the economic and productive outcomes from management operations. To this end, two multiple regression models were developed to determine which indicators had influence, and in what proportion, on the quantity of kilograms of lambs sold in the system. In order to determine the effects of the FAMACHA© scores on ewes during breeding and lambing, as related to the production quantity in kilograms of weaned sheep, two analyses of one-factor variance were designed, in which the absolute (AEV) and relative (REV) economic values were assigned to zootechnical indicators. This approach was taken in order to verify which indices have the greatest effects on profit and, consequently, should be prioritized in the selection criteria. The primary indicators were found to be the prolificacy, ewe weight at lambing, ewe age at lambing, average daily gain, offspring survival and the FAMACHA© score of the ewe at birth and at lambing; their significance (P<0.05) determined the number of kilograms of lambs produced in the system. The indicator with the highest AEV and REV was the age of the ewe at lambing, with US$ 3.78 year-1 ewe-1and 54.09%, respectively. FAMACHA© score 1 provided the highest return to the system, with an absolute economic value of US$ 1.09 ewe-1 at breeding and US$ 1.71 ewe-1 at lambing. Scores 4 and 5 caused damage to both breeding and lambing, with -US$ 1.15 ewe-1 and -US$ 1.44 ewe-1 for score 4, and -US$ 1.24 ewe-1 and -US$ 1.76 ewe-1 for score 5 at breeding and at lambing, respectively. The findings indicated that the producer can manipulate the flock culling rate to increase the age of the dams in order to guarantee a greater productivity of sheep. Another indication would be to apply selection criteria to ensure an increase in the number of superior animals present in the system, especially animals that are resilient to worms. This strategy can facilitate increased profits without the need to significantly increase expenditure on inputs.
Os objetivos deste trabalho foram de identificar e modelar as inter-relações entre indicadores zootécnicos utilizados na produção de ovinos, em um sistema intensivo no Brasil, e verificar o impacto desses indicadores nos resultados econômicos e produtivos da propriedade. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidos dois modelos de regressão múltipla para determinar quais indicadores influenciaram, e em que proporção, a quantidade de quilogramas de cordeiros vendidos no sistema. A fim de determinar os efeitos dos graus FAMACHA© das ovelhas durante a monta e parto, em relação à quantidade de produção em quilogramas de cordeiros desmamados, foram realizadas duas análises de variância de um fator, nas quais valores econômicos absoluto (VEA) e relativo (VER) foram atribuídos aos indicadores zootécnicos. Essa abordagem foi feita com o objetivo de verificar quais índices têm maiores efeitos no lucro e, consequentemente, devem ser priorizados nos critérios de seleção. Os principais indicadores foram a prolificidade, peso da ovelha ao parto, idade da ovelha ao parto, ganho médio diário, sobrevivência da prole e grau FAMACHA© da ovelha ao nascimento e ao parto; sua significância (P<0,05) determinou o número de quilogramas de cordeiros produzidos no sistema. O indicador com maior VEA e VER foi a idade da ovelha ao parto, com US$ 3,78 ano-1 ovelha-1 e 54,09%, respectivamente. O grau FAMACHA© 1 proporcionou o maior retorno ao sistema, com valor econômico absoluto de US$ 1,09 ovelha-1 na monta e US$ 1,71 ovelha-1 no parto. Os graus 4 e 5 causaram prejuízos tanto à monta quanto ao parto, com -US$ 1,15 ovelha-1 e -US$ 1,44 ovelha-1 para o grau 4, e -US$ 1,24 ovelha-1 e -US$ 1,76 ovelha-1 para o grau 5 na monta e no parto, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram que o produtor pode manipular a taxa de descarte do rebanho para aumentar a idade das matrizes a fim de garantir uma maior produtividade das ovelhas. Outra indicação seria a aplicação de critérios de seleção para garantir o aumento do número de animais superiores presentes no sistema, principalmente animais resistentes a helmintoses. Essa estratégia pode facilitar o aumento dos lucros sem a necessidade de aumentar significativamente os gastos com insumos.
Assuntos
Animais , Ovinos , Análise de Regressão , Custos e Análise de CustoRESUMO
Haemonchus contortus is the most prevalent and important gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) in small ruminants. Since it reduces the packed cell volume (PCV), causing anemia, early diagnosis can be used for targeted selective treatment (TST) of sheep, reducing antiparasitic drug use and anthelmintic resistance. This study aimed to predict PCV values through near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and to develop a classification and diagnosis model of H. contortus infection using PCV values, eggs per gram of feces (EPG) counts and mean daily weight gain (DWG). A total of 1728 spectra were collected from blood samples of 216 lambs with a portable NIR spectroscope. In parallel, other parameters indicative of infection were measured: PCV by hematocrit, FAffa MAlan CHArt (FAMACHA) scores, EPG and DWG. To evaluate the relationship between NIRS spectra and the evaluated parameters, principal component analysis (PCA) was used for an exploratory analysis, regression by the partial least squares method (PLS) for the prediction of PCV values via NIRS, and PCA linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) as a classification model for diagnosis. The absorption peaks in the NIRS region associated with the excitation of overtones of nitrogen-hydrogen (N-H) functional groups of proteins had a strong impact on the principal components (PCs), indicating that blood proteins, especially hemoglobin, can be estimated by the NIRS technique. The model for predicting PCV by PLS presented a standard error of prediction of 2.53, root-mean-square error of 2.48, and coefficient of determination of 0.84, indicating good correlation between the PCV values predicted by the model and the PCV obtained by hematocrit. The PCA-LDA model presented 93.33% sensitivity and 82.18% accuracy, both higher than those of the FAMACHA method, as was expected for resilient Morada Nova lambs. The multivariate models associated with the NIRS technique reported here can be used in the future as a quick and versatile tool for H. contortus infection diagnosis and TST application in lambs.
Assuntos
Anemia , Hemoncose , Haemonchus , Nematoides , Doenças dos Ovinos , Ovinos , Animais , Espectroscopia de Luz Próxima ao Infravermelho , Hematócrito/veterinária , Anemia/diagnóstico , Anemia/parasitologia , Anemia/veterinária , Aumento de Peso , Fezes/parasitologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Ovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Hemoncose/diagnóstico , Hemoncose/tratamento farmacológico , Hemoncose/veterinária , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterináriaRESUMO
Abstract Worm infections pose a significant challenge to goat farming in the tropics. While individual variations in the animals' response to this disease are observed, understanding its genetic component is crucial for establishing effective herd production management, prioritizing the selection of goats with higher resistance to parasitism. This study aimed to assess goat response to worm infection under natural field conditions using data on eggs per gram of feces (EPG), body condition score (BCS), and conjunctival mucosa coloration (FAMACHA©). Cluster analysis and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques were applied to 3,839 data points from 200 individuals in an experimental goat herd in Piauí, Brazil. The study considered the phenotypic expression of resistance, sensitivity, and resilience to worm infection as responses to parasitism. Three clustering methods, namely Ward, Average, and k-means, were employed and compared with fuzzy logic obtained through the CAPRIOVI web software. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between the groups of animals classified as resistant, resilient, and sensitive to parasitism. Pregnancy and peripartum were identified as stages of heightened sensitivity to parasitism (P<0.05). Among the clustering techniques, traditional statistical methods exhibited excellent performance, with an overall accuracy percentage exceeding 90.00%. In contrast, CAPRIOVI's fuzzy logic demonstrated lower overall accuracy (77.00%). The clustering methods showed similar efficiency, but differed in terms of the distribution of animals per group, with a tendency towards greater numbers in the resistant category. Fuzzy logic circumvented this limitation by enabling the formation of groups tailored to meet the producer's interests, adding consistency in terms of the animals' response to worm infection. This finding highlights the potential of the software for goat health management.
Resumo A incidência de verminose é um dos principais obstáculos para a caprinocultura nos trópicos. A variação individual da resposta do animal à enfermidade existe, mas precisa ser determinado o seu componente genético e estabelecer o manejo zootécnico dos rebanhos, priorizando a seleção de animais mais resistente ao parasitismo. Objetivou-se nesse estudo avaliar a resposta de cabras à incidência de verminose sob condições de infecção natural a campo, com informações de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), escore da condição corporal (ECC) e grau de coloração da mucosa conjuntiva (FAMACHA©), recorrendo a utilização de análise de agrupamento e a aplicação de inteligência artificial (IA). Foram utilizadas 3.839 informações de 200 indivíduos em um rebanho experimental de caprinos no Piauí. Considerou-se como resposta ao parasitismo a expressão fenotípica de resistência, sensibilidade e resiliência a verminose, submetidos a três métodos de agrupamento: Ward, Average e K-means, comparado com a lógica Fuzzy, obtidos com o software web CAPRIOVI. Os resultados demonstraram que os grupos de animais resistente, resiliente e sensível ao parasitismo foram estatisticamente distintos (P<0,05). As cabras durante a gestação e o periparto foram identificadas como fases de maior sensibilidade ao parasitismo (P<0,05). O CAPRIOVI aplica a lógica Fuzzy e apresentou o menor percentual de acerto global (77,00%), enquanto os métodos estatísticos tradicionais se destacaram com percentual de acerto global superior a 90,00%, demonstrando excelência estatística com esse fim. Os métodos de agrupamentos apresentaram semelhança na eficiência, mas diferiram quanto à distribuição de animais por agrupamento, com tendência de maior quantidade na categoria resistente. A aplicação da lógica Fuzzy contornou essa limitação ao direcionar a formação dos grupos visando atender o interesse do produtor, inserindo consistência em termos de resposta dos animais a verminose, qualificando o software com potencial para adequação ao manejo sanitário de caprinos.
RESUMO
Anglo-Nubian goats are hardy animals able to adapt to tropical environments, where their farming is usually held on pasture. However, climatic conditions in this environment also favor endoparasitism, which implies a negative aspect if sensitivity to worm infections interferes by reducing the reproductive lifespan of females, as their stay in the herd is a trait of great importance for efficient goat farming. In this respect, this study proposes to use the survival analysis methodology with the Cox-Gompertz proportional hazards model to assess the length of stay in the herd by relating the removal of females due to death with worm infection being the main cause to other forms of culling, using information from 101 Anglo-Nubian goats born from2009 to 2013 in an experimental herd from Teresina - PI, Brazil. The Cox-Gompertz proportional hazards model chose body condition score, birth weight and birth season as important covariates (p-value ≤ 10%). Body condition score showed to be a favorable factor for the longer stay of the goats in the herd. Eggs per gram, age at first kidding, birth type and dam age were not significant. The Cox-Gompertz proportional hazards model is suitable for fitting the statistical model to estimate the length of stay in the herd, with censoring related to endoparasitism in Anglo-Nubian goats.
Os caprinos da raça Anglonubiana apresentam-se rústicos com adaptabilidade a ambiente tropical, onde sua exploração ocorre geralmente em pasto. Entretanto, condições climáticas desse ambiente favorecem também o endoparasitismo, implicando num aspecto negativo se a sensibilidade a verminoses interferir reduzindo a duração da vida reprodutiva de fêmeas, pois a permanência delas no rebanho é uma característica de grande importância para a maior eficiência da caprinocultura. Neste contexto, objetiva-se com este estudo utilizar a metodologia de análise de sobrevivência com modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox-Gompertz para avaliação do tempo permanência no rebanho, relacionando a saída da fêmea por morte tendo a verminose como a principal causa, em relação a outras formas de descarte, utilizando-se informações de 101 cabras da raça Anglonubiana nascidas no período de 2009 a 2013 em rebanho experimental localizado em Teresina-Piauí. O modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox-Gompertz, elegeu como covariáveis importantes (p-valor ≤ 10%): o escore da condição corporal (ECC), o peso ao nascer(PN) e a estação de nascimento (EN). O ECC se apresentou como fator favorável a maior permanência das cabras no rebanho. Não foram significativos o OPG, idade ao primeiro parto, tipo de nascimento e idade da mãe. O modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox-Gompertz se mostra adequado no ajuste do modelo estatístico para estimar o tempo de permanência no rebanho, com censura relacionada a endoparasitismo em cabras da raça Anglonubiana.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Helmintíase Animal/diagnóstico , Helmintíase Animal/mortalidade , Ruminantes/parasitologiaRESUMO
Anglo-Nubian goats are hardy animals able to adapt to tropical environments, where their farming is usually held on pasture. However, climatic conditions in this environment also favor endoparasitism, which implies a negative aspect if sensitivity to worm infections interferes by reducing the reproductive lifespan of females, as their stay in the herd is a trait of great importance for efficient goat farming. In this respect, this study proposes to use the survival analysis methodology with the Cox-Gompertz proportional hazards model to assess the length of stay in the herd by relating the removal of females due to death with worm infection being the main cause to other forms of culling, using information from 101 Anglo-Nubian goats born from2009 to 2013 in an experimental herd from Teresina - PI, Brazil. The Cox-Gompertz proportional hazards model chose body condition score, birth weight and birth season as important covariates (p-value ≤ 10%). Body condition score showed to be a favorable factor for the longer stay of the goats in the herd. Eggs per gram, age at first kidding, birth type and dam age were not significant. The Cox-Gompertz proportional hazards model is suitable for fitting the statistical model to estimate the length of stay in the herd, with censoring related to endoparasitism in Anglo-Nubian goats.(AU)
Os caprinos da raça Anglonubiana apresentam-se rústicos com adaptabilidade a ambiente tropical, onde sua exploração ocorre geralmente em pasto. Entretanto, condições climáticas desse ambiente favorecem também o endoparasitismo, implicando num aspecto negativo se a sensibilidade a verminoses interferir reduzindo a duração da vida reprodutiva de fêmeas, pois a permanência delas no rebanho é uma característica de grande importância para a maior eficiência da caprinocultura. Neste contexto, objetiva-se com este estudo utilizar a metodologia de análise de sobrevivência com modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox-Gompertz para avaliação do tempo permanência no rebanho, relacionando a saída da fêmea por morte tendo a verminose como a principal causa, em relação a outras formas de descarte, utilizando-se informações de 101 cabras da raça Anglonubiana nascidas no período de 2009 a 2013 em rebanho experimental localizado em Teresina-Piauí. O modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox-Gompertz, elegeu como covariáveis importantes (p-valor ≤ 10%): o escore da condição corporal (ECC), o peso ao nascer(PN) e a estação de nascimento (EN). O ECC se apresentou como fator favorável a maior permanência das cabras no rebanho. Não foram significativos o OPG, idade ao primeiro parto, tipo de nascimento e idade da mãe. O modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox-Gompertz se mostra adequado no ajuste do modelo estatístico para estimar o tempo de permanência no rebanho, com censura relacionada a endoparasitismo em cabras da raça Anglonubiana.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Ruminantes/parasitologia , Helmintíase Animal/diagnóstico , Helmintíase Animal/mortalidadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for worm resistance (WR) and associated characteristics, using the linear-threshold animal model via Bayesian inference in single- and multiple-trait analyses. METHODS: Data were collected from a herd of Santa Inês breed sheep. All information was collected with animals submitted to natural contamination conditions. All data (number of eggs per gram of feces [FEC], Famacha score [FS], body condition score [BCS], and hematocrit [HCT]) were collected on the same day. The animals were weighed individually on the day after collection (after 12-h fasting). The WR trait was defined by the multivariate cluster analysis, using the FEC, HCT, BCS, and FS of material collected from naturally infected sheep of the Santa Inês breed. The variance components and genetic parameters for the WR, FEC, HCT, BCS, and FS traits were estimated using the Bayesian inference under the linear and threshold animal model. RESULTS: A low magnitude was obtained for repeatability of worm-related traits. The mean values estimated for heritability were of low-to-high (0.05 to 0.88) magnitude. The FEC, HCT, BCS, FS, and body weight traits showed higher heritability (although low magnitude) in the multiple-trait model due to increased information about traits. All WR characters showed a significant genetic correlation, and heritability estimates ranged from low (0.44; single-trait model) to high (0.88; multiple-trait model). CONCLUSION: Therefore, we suggest that FS be included as a criterion of ovine genetic selection for endoparasite resistance using the trait defined by multivariate cluster analysis, as it will provide greater genetic gains when compared to any single trait. In addition, its measurement is easy and inexpensive, exhibiting greater heritability and repeatability and a high genetic correlation with the trait of resistance to worms.
RESUMO
Targeted selective treatment (TST) aims to aid in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants, identifying animals that require treatment with the purpose of preserving the Refugia population and delaying the buildup of anthelmintic (AH) resistance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of both productive and clinical indicators in the selective treatment of gastrointestinal parasites in growing lambs. Two experiments were carried out between 2015 and 2016. Experiment 1: lambs (n = 70) exclusively raised on pasture were evaluated from the ages of 60 days to 180 days old. Experiment 2: lambs (n = 48) raised on pasture and fed concentrated commercial supplementation were evaluated from the ages of 60 days to 150 days old. Parasitological (eggs per gram of feces - EPG), productive (average daily weight gain - DWG), and clinical (hematocrit - Ht and FAMACHA© system - F) parameters were measured every 14 days. The lambs were divided into 4 experimental groups with different criteria for AH treatment: the control group (CG), was treated with AH every 30 days; the FAMACHA© group (FG), in which lambs classified as F3, F4, and F5 were treated with AH; Daily weight gain group (DWGG), in which lambs with average DWG ≤ the average DWG of the CG minus one standard deviation were treated with AH; FAMACHA© + daily weight gain group (FDWGG), in which lambs classified as F3, F4 and F5 and/or lambs with average DWG ≤ the average DWG of the CG minus one standard deviation were treated with AH. In experiment 1, no significant differences in the general means of DWG and Ht (p > 0.05) were observed between experimental groups, although the lowest mean EPG was observed in the CG (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, the lowest mean EPG (p < 0.05) was also observed in the CG (1044.5 EPG), and the highest mean (p < 0.05) in the FG (4845.5 EPG). There were differences in the mean DWG of the CG (198.4 g) and FDWGG (200.0 g), which were both higher (p < 0.05) than that of the FG (90.5 g), and similar (p > 0.05) to the DWGG (151.8 g). In both experiments, considering the total mean number of AH treatments, FG had the lowest number of lambs treated with AH (p < 0.05), with the DWG and FDWGG being similar to each other (p > 0.05). Even when Haemonchus is the major parasite, it is not recommended to use the FAMACHA© system as an exclusive criterion for TST in growing lambs. The DWG productive criterion can be used effectively in the TST of growing lambs.
Assuntos
Hemoncose/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/diagnóstico , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Fezes/parasitologia , Hemoncose/diagnóstico , Hemoncose/tratamento farmacológico , Haemonchus , Enteropatias Parasitárias/tratamento farmacológico , Enteropatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Ovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Carneiro Doméstico/parasitologiaRESUMO
The FAMACHA© system is used for targeted selective treatment (TST) of small ruminants for the control of haemonchosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of this system in growing lambs. Between 2015 and 2016, lambs aged 60-210â¯days on two sheep farms were evaluated at 15-day intervals using the FAMACHA© system (F1-F5), with analysis of hematocrit (Ht), counting of eggs per gram of feces, and larval culture. The sensitivity and specificity of the system were calculated according to two criteria: criterion 1, lambs classified as F4 or F5 were considered anemic (positive test) and those classified as F1, F2, or F3 were considered not anemic (negative test); and criterion 2, lambs classified as F3, F4, or F5 were considered anemic (positive test) and those classified as F1 and F2 were considered not anemic (negative test). Three gold standard Ht cutoff values were used to diagnose anemia, i.e., ≤22%, ≤18%, and ≤15%. In total, 1591 assessments were analyzed. The highest percentage of larvae in the fecal cultures was for Haemonchus spp., with an average of 78.5%. The sensitivity values found when F3 lambs were considered anemic were 13.9%, 30.8%, and 66.7%, respectively, for Ht cutoff values of ≤22%, ≤18%, and ≤15%. When F3 lambs were excluded, the maximum sensitivity was 14.9% and the specificity was 100% for all degrees of anemia using criterion 1. The FAMACHA© system had low sensitivity in growing lambs and should not be used alone for control of haemonchosis in young animals.
Assuntos
Anemia/veterinária , Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico , Hemoncose/veterinária , Haemonchus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Anemia/diagnóstico , Animais , Fezes/parasitologia , Hemoncose/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Nematoides/tratamento farmacológico , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Ovinos/parasitologiaRESUMO
Objetivou-se identificar matrizes mestiças Dorper X Santa Inês resistentes, resilientes e susceptíveis a endoparasitoses sob regime de pastejo. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Lanila Agropecuária, localizada no município de Ceará Mirim-RN. O período experimental foi de onze de abril de 2016 ao dia vinte e dois de agosto de 2016. No decorrer desses quatro meses foram realizadas nove coletas. Foram utilizadas 111 matrizes ovinas, os dados coletados dos animais foram: peso vivo (Kg), avaliação do escore de condição corporal (ECC), avaliação do grau de Famacha© (FAM), contagem de ovos por gramas de fezes (OPG), identificação das larvas infectantes (coprocultura), avaliação de parâmetros hematológicos (EOS, eosinófilos; RBC, contagem de eritrócitos; HGB, hemoglobina; HCT, hematócrito). Na coprocultura a prevalência foi de 97% de Haemonchus contortus. Os animais classificados como resistentes apresentaram maior peso e não houve diferença significativa para a variável ECC. Já nos susceptíveis foi observado maior grau de Famacha© e contagem de OPG. O OPG apresentou correlação com as variáveis RBC, HGB e HCT e com a maior parte das variáveis, acompanhado também pelo grau de Famacha©. Não foi observado correlação entre OPG e o FAM. Foi possível avaliar a resistência e susceptibilidade a endoparasitas em ovelhas Santa Inês x Dorper em regime a pasto, sendo a maioria classificada como susceptível (64%), seguido dos animais resistentes (34%).
The objective of this study was to identify crossbred Dorper x Santa Inês matrices resistant to gastrointestinal nematodes (NGI) under grazing regime. The experiment was carried out at Lanila Agropecuária Farm located in the municipality of Ceará Mirim-RN. The experimental period was from April 11, 2016 to August 22, 2016. During these four months, nine sampling were performed. Eleven sheep matrices were used and the data collected from the animals were: live weight (kg), body condition score (BCE), Famacha grade (FAM), egg count per gram of feces (EPG), identification of infective larvae (coproculture), evaluation of hematological parameters (EOS, eosinophils, RBC, erythrocyte count, HGB, hemoglobin, HCT, hematocrit). The ABX equipment was used for blood tests. In coproculture the prevalence was 97% of Haemonchus contortus. The animals classified as resistant presented higher weight and there was no significant difference for the BCE variable. Already susceptible we observed higher degree of Famacha© and EPG count. The EPG showed a correlation with the RBC, HGB and HCT variables and with most of the variables, also followed by the Famacha© grade. No correlation was observed between EPG and FAM. It was observed the resistance, tolerance and susceptibility to endo parasites in Santa Inês x Dorper ewes at grazing system, where the majority were classified as susceptible (64%) followed by resistant (34%).
Assuntos
Animais , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Eosinófilos , Nematoides/imunologia , Ovinos/parasitologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/parasitologia , Parasitologia , Suscetibilidade a Doenças/veterináriaRESUMO
Objetivou-se identificar matrizes mestiças Dorper X Santa Inês resistentes, resilientes e susceptíveis a endoparasitoses sob regime de pastejo. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Lanila Agropecuária, localizada no município de Ceará Mirim-RN. O período experimental foi de onze de abril de 2016 ao dia vinte e dois de agosto de 2016. No decorrer desses quatro meses foram realizadas nove coletas. Foram utilizadas 111 matrizes ovinas, os dados coletados dos animais foram: peso vivo (Kg), avaliação do escore de condição corporal (ECC), avaliação do grau de Famacha© (FAM), contagem de ovos por gramas de fezes (OPG), identificação das larvas infectantes (coprocultura), avaliação de parâmetros hematológicos (EOS, eosinófilos; RBC, contagem de eritrócitos; HGB, hemoglobina; HCT, hematócrito). Na coprocultura a prevalência foi de 97% de Haemonchus contortus. Os animais classificados como resistentes apresentaram maior peso e não houve diferença significativa para a variável ECC. Já nos susceptíveis foi observado maior grau de Famacha© e contagem de OPG. O OPG apresentou correlação com as variáveis RBC, HGB e HCT e com a maior parte das variáveis, acompanhado também pelo grau de Famacha©. Não foi observado correlação entre OPG e o FAM. Foi possível avaliar a resistência e susceptibilidade a endoparasitas em ovelhas Santa Inês x Dorper em regime a pasto, sendo a maioria classificada como susceptível (64%), seguido dos animais resistentes (34%).(AU)
The objective of this study was to identify crossbred Dorper x Santa Inês matrices resistant to gastrointestinal nematodes (NGI) under grazing regime. The experiment was carried out at Lanila Agropecuária Farm located in the municipality of Ceará Mirim-RN. The experimental period was from April 11, 2016 to August 22, 2016. During these four months, nine sampling were performed. Eleven sheep matrices were used and the data collected from the animals were: live weight (kg), body condition score (BCE), Famacha grade (FAM), egg count per gram of feces (EPG), identification of infective larvae (coproculture), evaluation of hematological parameters (EOS, eosinophils, RBC, erythrocyte count, HGB, hemoglobin, HCT, hematocrit). The ABX equipment was used for blood tests. In coproculture the prevalence was 97% of Haemonchus contortus. The animals classified as resistant presented higher weight and there was no significant difference for the BCE variable. Already susceptible we observed higher degree of Famacha© and EPG count. The EPG showed a correlation with the RBC, HGB and HCT variables and with most of the variables, also followed by the Famacha© grade. No correlation was observed between EPG and FAM. It was observed the resistance, tolerance and susceptibility to endo parasites in Santa Inês x Dorper ewes at grazing system, where the majority were classified as susceptible (64%) followed by resistant (34%).(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ovinos/parasitologia , Nematoides/imunologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/parasitologia , Eosinófilos , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Suscetibilidade a Doenças/veterinária , ParasitologiaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to analyze the factors that influence the performance of lambs in pasture confinement, by substituting a concentrate with different levels of the aerial part of cassava in relation to hematocrit indices. The experiment was conducted at the Sheep Technology Center using 56 Pantaneira sheep, of which 28 were male and 28 were female. For female lambs, the globular volume showed a decreasing quadratic effect, with a minimum inclusion of 10.24% PAM in the diet for a hematocrit index of 32.28. A linear effect was observed for the mean crude protein intake in the male lambs based on the diet provided and was estimated to be equivalent to 87.4% of the lambs' final weight. In conclusion, mean crude protein consumption is most strongly correlated with the final weight of male lambs, and NDF is most strongly correlated with the final weight of female lambs, with the level of cyanide consumption influencing the average daily weight gain in female lambs. The hematocrit level of the male lambs decreased with an increase in the inclusion of the aerial part of cassava in the ration of the animals.(AU)
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar os fatores de influência no desempenho de cordeiros em confinamento a pasto, com níveis de substituição de concentrado por parte aérea de mandioca, e sua relação com os índices de hematócritos. O experimento foi conduzido no Centro de Tecnologia de Ovinos (CTO), utilizando-se 56 ovinos da raça Pantaneira, sendo 28 machos e 28 fêmeas. No volume globular do grupo de fêmeas, observou-se efeito quadrático decrescente, com o ponto de mínimo para uma inclusão de 10,24% de PAM na ração com índice de níveis de hematócritos de 32,28. O efeito linear observado para o consumo médio de PB no modelo para cordeiros machos, conforme a dieta fornecida, em função do peso final, foi estimada o equivalente a 87,4% da formação do peso final dos cordeiros. Conclui-se que o consumo médio de proteína bruta é o fator com maior correlação com o peso final dos cordeiros machos e para as fêmeas o fator com maior correlação foi FDN, os níveis de consumo de cianeto influenciaram no ganho de peso médio diário das fêmeas. O nível de hematócritos dos cordeiros machos foi reduzido com o aumento da inclusão da parte aérea da mandioca na ração dos animais.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Pastagens/análise , Ovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Hematócrito/veterinária , Ovinos/sangue , Ração AnimalRESUMO
The objective of this study was to analyze the factors that influence the performance of lambs in pasture confinement, by substituting a concentrate with different levels of the aerial part of cassava in relation to hematocrit indices. The experiment was conducted at the Sheep Technology Center using 56 Pantaneira sheep, of which 28 were male and 28 were female. For female lambs, the globular volume showed a decreasing quadratic effect, with a minimum inclusion of 10.24% PAM in the diet for a hematocrit index of 32.28. A linear effect was observed for the mean crude protein intake in the male lambs based on the diet provided and was estimated to be equivalent to 87.4% of the lambs' final weight. In conclusion, mean crude protein consumption is most strongly correlated with the final weight of male lambs, and NDF is most strongly correlated with the final weight of female lambs, with the level of cyanide consumption influencing the average daily weight gain in female lambs. The hematocrit level of the male lambs decreased with an increase in the inclusion of the aerial part of cassava in the ration of the animals.(AU)
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar os fatores de influência no desempenho de cordeiros em confinamento a pasto, com níveis de substituição de concentrado por parte aérea de mandioca, e sua relação com os índices de hematócritos. O experimento foi conduzido no Centro de Tecnologia de Ovinos (CTO), utilizando-se 56 ovinos da raça Pantaneira, sendo 28 machos e 28 fêmeas. No volume globular do grupo de fêmeas, observou-se efeito quadrático decrescente, com o ponto de mínimo para uma inclusão de 10,24% de PAM na ração com índice de níveis de hematócritos de 32,28. O efeito linear observado para o consumo médio de PB no modelo para cordeiros machos, conforme a dieta fornecida, em função do peso final, foi estimada o equivalente a 87,4% da formação do peso final dos cordeiros. Conclui-se que o consumo médio de proteína bruta é o fator com maior correlação com o peso final dos cordeiros machos e para as fêmeas o fator com maior correlação foi FDN, os níveis de consumo de cianeto influenciaram no ganho de peso médio diário das fêmeas. O nível de hematócritos dos cordeiros machos foi reduzido com o aumento da inclusão da parte aérea da mandioca na ração dos animais.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Pastagens/análise , Ovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Hematócrito/veterinária , Ovinos/sangue , Ração AnimalRESUMO
The indiscriminate and continuous use of anthelmintic drugs has promoted the selection of resistant parasites population, the presence of drug residues in food products, and heavy environmental contamination. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of antiparasitic drug residues in 42-days old lamb serum and tissues, submitted to three endoparasite control programs: preventive treatment (PT) using moxidectin (MOX) at every 28days; selective treatment (FEC) using MOX when fecal egg count was greater than or equal to 700; and selective treatment (FMC), using MOX when FAMACHA/FMC score was 3 and above. For this purpose, MOX residues were quantified in serum, muscle, fat, liver and kidney. Lambs were slaughtered when reaching 30kg of body weight, and after a 28-day MOX withdrawal period. Before slaughter, blood was collected to determine the concentration of MOX in serum. Tissues and organ samples were collected at slaughter. The quantitation of MOX residues was performed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). From the 756 tissue samples analyzed, only one sample of fat from the PT group showed residue levels (586.3µg/kg) above the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 500µg/kg. No treated lambs presented traces of MOX residues in fat and liver, suggesting possible environmental contamination. In conclusion, all weaned lambs, produced in continuous grazing and subjected to gastrointestinal parasite control programs via selective (FEC and FMC) or preventive (PT) treatment, displayed a low risk (<1%) of MOX residues above the MRL in muscle, fat, kidney, and liver.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/análise , Resíduos de Drogas/análise , Macrolídeos/análise , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Ovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Brasil , Feminino , Macrolídeos/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Fatores de Tempo , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
Resumen La capricultura en Colombia es un sector productivo en desarrollo; por lo tanto, es importante evaluar e implementar estrategias para el control de las parasitosis, una de las principales problemáticas en este tipo de explotación. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar la aplicación del método Famacha® para el control de parásitos en dos sistemas de explotación caprina. Dicho método se aplicó a diez caprinos en un sistema de manejo estabulado y en uno semiestabulado, y se evaluó carga parasitaria, hematocrito, puntaje Famacha® y número de desparasitaciones, mensualmente, durante seis meses. Los dos sistemas de explotación caprina tuvieron el mismo grado de infección parasitaria, y no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p > 0,05) respecto a hematocrito, recuento de huevos por gramo de heces, puntaje Famacha® y número de desparasitaciones durante el periodo de estudio.
Abstract Goat farming in Colombia is a developing productive sector; thus, it is important to evaluate and implement strategies to control parasitosis, one of the main problems in this type of exploitation. The present study aimed to compare the application of the Famacha® method in order to control parasites in two systems of goat exploitation. This method was applied to ten goats in a stall fed and a semi-stall fed farming system, and parasite load, hematocrit, Famacha® score, and number of deworming treatments were monthly evaluated for six months. The two goat exploitation systems had the same degree of parasitic infection and no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) were found regarding hematocrit, egg count per gram of feces, Famacha® score, and number of deworming treatments during the study period.
Resumo A caprinocultura na Colômbia é um setor produtivo em desenvolvimento; portanto, é importante avaliar e implementar estratégias para o controle das parasitoses, uma das principais problemáticas neste tipo de exploração. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a aplicação do método Famacha® para o controle de parasitas em dois sistemas de exploração caprina. Este método foi aplicado em dez caprinos em um sistema de manejo estabulado e em um semi estabulado, e foi avaliada a carga parasitária, hematócrito, contagem Famacha® e número de desparasitações, mensalmente, durante seis meses. Os dois sistemas de exploração caprina tiveram o mesmo grau de infecção parasitária, e não se encontraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p > 0,05) com respeito a hematócrito, recontagem de ovos por gramo de fezes, contagem Famacha® e número de desparasitações durante o periodo de estudo.
RESUMO
Sustainable control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in small ruminants has been based on the use of alternative methods, including targeted selective treatment, such as FAMACHA. Another GIN control alternative is the use of herbal medicines, although in many cases their use is based on empirical knowledge. Biopolymer nanoformulations has been investigated to maximize the essential oil effects against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. The aim of the present study was to combine a Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil nanoemulsion (EsNano) with FAMACHA as an alternative control for sheep haemonchosis. The study was performed over six months at a commercial sheep farm located in a semiarid region of Northeast Brazil. Initially, a fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) in sheep with levamisole, ivermectin and oxfendazole in sheep was performed used to determine the most effective anthelmintic to use as the positive control. Levamisole has been selected because it showed efficacy superior to 95%. EsNano was obtained and then its physicochemical properties were characterized. The average (±SE) size of the particles in the nanoemulsion was 276.8 (±12.3) nm with bimodal distribution and polydispersity. Nine visits were performed, from April to September 2013, with an interval of 17 days. One hundred sixty-two male and female sheep were divided into three groups (n=54 each) and were treated when FAMACHA score was 3, 4, or 5: G-EsNano 250mg kg-1 EsNano; G-Lev 7.5mg kg-1 levamisole (positive control), and G-Neg was not treated (negative control). Feces from sheep were collected to quantify the number of eggs per gram of feces (epg) and to identify nematode genera. Sheep weight gain was monitored. The epg data for each group and the average sheep weight gains were analyzed by variance analysis and compared with the Tukey's test (P<0.05). Significant difference between the number of animals treated with EsNano and levamisole was not observed in any visit (P>0.05).[...](AU)
O controle sustentável de nematoides gastrintestinais (NGI) em pequenos ruminantes tem sido baseado na utilização de métodos alternativos, incluindo o tratamento alvo-seletivo, tal como o FAMACHA. Outra alternativa de controle de NGI é o uso de plantas medicinais, embora, em muitos casos, a sua utilização seja baseada no conhecimento empírico. Nanoformulações biopoliméricas tem sido investigadas para maximizar os efeitos de óleos essenciais sobre nematoides gastrointestinais em ovinos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi combinar a nanoemulsão do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus staigeriana (EsNano) com o método FAMACHA como uma alternativa para o controle da hemoncose em ovinos. Este estudo foi realizado ao longo de seis meses em uma fazenda comercial de ovinos localizada em uma região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil. Inicialmente, um teste de redução da contagem de ovos nas fezes (FECRT) em ovinos com levamisol, ivermectina e oxfendazole foi realizado para determinar o anti-helmíntico mais eficaz, para posterior uso como controle positivo. Levamisol foi selecionado porque mostrou eficácia superior a 95%. EsNano foi obtido e, em seguida, as suas propriedades físico-químicas foram caracterizadas. O tamanho médio (±SE) das partículas na nanoemulsão foi 276,8 (±12,3) nm, com distribuição bimodal e polidispersividade. Foram realizadas nove visitas, de abril a setembro de 2013, com um intervalo de 17 dias. Cento e sessenta e dois ovinos machos e fêmeas foram divididos em três grupos (n=54 cada) e foram tratados quando o FAMACHA foi 3, 4 ou 5: G-EsNano 250 mg kg-1 EsNano; G-Lev 7,5mg kg-1 de levamisol (controlo positivo), e G-Neg não foi tratado (controle negativo). As fezes dos ovinos foram coletadas para quantificar o número de ovos por grama de fezes (opg) e identificar os gêneros de nematóides. O ganho de peso de ovinos foi monitorado. [...](AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Eucalyptus/química , Ovinos/parasitologia , Óleos Voláteis/uso terapêutico , Hemoncose/tratamento farmacológico , Haemonchus , Plantas Medicinais/química , Quitosana , Emulsões/uso terapêutico , NematoidesRESUMO
Sustainable control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in small ruminants has been based on the use of alternative methods, including targeted selective treatment, such as FAMACHA. Another GIN control alternative is the use of herbal medicines, although in many cases their use is based on empirical knowledge. Biopolymer nanoformulations has been investigated to maximize the essential oil effects against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. The aim of the present study was to combine a Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil nanoemulsion (EsNano) with FAMACHA as an alternative control for sheep haemonchosis. The study was performed over six months at a commercial sheep farm located in a semiarid region of Northeast Brazil. Initially, a fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) in sheep with levamisole, ivermectin and oxfendazole in sheep was performed used to determine the most effective anthelmintic to use as the positive control. Levamisole has been selected because it showed efficacy superior to 95%. EsNano was obtained and then its physicochemical properties were characterized. The average (±SE) size of the particles in the nanoemulsion was 276.8 (±12.3) nm with bimodal distribution and polydispersity. Nine visits were performed, from April to September 2013, with an interval of 17 days. One hundred sixty-two male and female sheep were divided into three groups (n=54 each) and were treated when FAMACHA score was 3, 4, or 5: G-EsNano 250mg kg-1 EsNano; G-Lev 7.5mg kg-1 levamisole (positive control), and G-Neg was not treated (negative control). Feces from sheep were collected to quantify the number of eggs per gram of feces (epg) and to identify nematode genera. Sheep weight gain was monitored. The epg data for each group and the average sheep weight gains were analyzed by variance analysis and compared with the Tukey's test (P<0.05). Significant difference between the number of animals treated with EsNano and levamisole was not observed in any visit (P>0.05). The epg variation was similar in the G-EsNano and G-Lev groups on visits (P>0.05), except the second and fifth evaluation in the epg groups were significantly different (P<0.05). Haemonchus spp. was the most prevalent nematode. There was no significant weight gain in any of the treated groups (P<0.05). The combination of phytotherapy and FAMACHA can be an alternative to minimize the use of synthetic anthelmintics to control resistant GIN populations of small ruminants.(AU)
O controle sustentável de nematoides gastrintestinais (NGI) em pequenos ruminantes tem sido baseado na utilização de métodos alternativos, incluindo o tratamento alvo-seletivo, tal como o FAMACHA. Outra alternativa de controle de NGI é o uso de plantas medicinais, embora, em muitos casos, a sua utilização seja baseada no conhecimento empírico. Nanoformulações biopoliméricas tem sido investigadas para maximizar os efeitos de óleos essenciais sobre nematoides gastrointestinais em ovinos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi combinar a nanoemulsão do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus staigeriana (EsNano) com o método FAMACHA como uma alternativa para o controle da hemoncose em ovinos. Este estudo foi realizado ao longo de seis meses em uma fazenda comercial de ovinos localizada em uma região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil. Inicialmente, um teste de redução da contagem de ovos nas fezes (FECRT) em ovinos com levamisol, ivermectina e oxfendazole foi realizado para determinar o anti-helmíntico mais eficaz, para posterior uso como controle positivo. Levamisol foi selecionado porque mostrou eficácia superior a 95%. EsNano foi obtido e, em seguida, as suas propriedades físico-químicas foram caracterizadas. O tamanho médio (±SE) das partículas na nanoemulsão foi 276,8 (±12,3) nm, com distribuição bimodal e polidispersividade. Foram realizadas nove visitas, de abril a setembro de 2013, com um intervalo de 17 dias. Cento e sessenta e dois ovinos machos e fêmeas foram divididos em três grupos (n=54 cada) e foram tratados quando o FAMACHA foi 3, 4 ou 5: G-EsNano 250 mg kg-1 EsNano; G-Lev 7,5mg kg-1 de levamisol (controlo positivo), e G-Neg não foi tratado (controle negativo). As fezes dos ovinos foram coletadas para quantificar o número de ovos por grama de fezes (opg) e identificar os gêneros de nematóides. O ganho de peso de ovinos foi monitorado. Os dados do opg de cada grupo e os ganhos de peso médio dos ovinos foram analisados por análise de variância e comparadas com o teste de Tukey (P<0,05). Diferença significativa entre o número de animais tratados com EsNano e levamisol não foi observada em nenhuma visita (P>0,05). A variação opg foi semelhante para os grupos G-EsNano e G-Lev nas vistas (P>0,05), excetuando a segunda e quinta avaliação em que os opg dos grupos foram significativamente diferentes (P>0,05). O nematoide Haemonchus spp. foi o mais prevalente. Não houve aumento significativo de peso em qualquer um dos grupos tratados (P>0,05). Assim, a combinação de fitoterapia e FAMACHA pode ser uma alternativa para minimizar o uso anti-helmínticos sintéticos para controlar populações resistentes NGI em pequenos ruminantes.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Eucalyptus/química , Hemoncose/tratamento farmacológico , Óleos Voláteis/uso terapêutico , Ovinos/parasitologia , Quitosana , Emulsões/uso terapêutico , Haemonchus , Plantas Medicinais/químicaRESUMO
The present study had the primary objective of evaluating clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as observing anatomical and histopathological characteristics of abomasums, from calves prime-infected with Haemonchus contortus or H. placei. Ten male Holstein newborns were subdivided in three groups (GI placebo; GII infected with H. contortus; GIII inoculated with H. placei). Eye mucosa staining was evaluated. Hematological and biochemical tests were performed on animals. The euthanasia of all ten experimental calves was performed on the 42nd day post-inoculation. Fragments were collected from each of all 10 abomasums for histopathological analysis. Discrete submandibular edema was diagnosed in animals from both infected groups (H. contortus or H. placei). However, there were no significant changes (P > 0.05) in the color of the ocular mucosa of calves from all three experimental groups across the entire experimental period. Hematological and biochemical changes diagnosed on animals could not be linked to infections by species of Haemonchus spp. Regarding histopathological exams, it was possible to diagnose hypertrophy, hyperplasia, binucleated cells, inflammatory infiltrate, multifocal hemorrhage and edema in abomasums from calves of both groups infected with H. placei and H. contortus. It can, thus, be concluded that not only are calves susceptible to infections by both Haemonchus species, but they can also present clinical changes and similar anatomic histopathological lesions independent of being infected by Haemonchus placei or Haemonchus contortus. These results reflect a negative effect on helminth control by mixed grazing between sheep and cattle, especially when using calves.