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Abstract Introduction: Wildlife hematological patterns are fundamental for health monitoring, and allows elucidating variations both within and between populations. Among these, hematological parameters are particularly valuable to evaluate the health status of neotropical primate species in the wild. Objective: To define hematological reference values for two species of monkeys in Costa Rica. Methods: During 2014, we collected blood samples from free-ranging mantled howler monkeys, Alouatta palliata (17 females, 18 males) and white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus imitator (5 females, 7 males) in seven localities of the Costa Rican Pacific coast. Results: For both species, the hematological values were higher in males, and howler monkey populations differed significantly except for platelets. Conclusions: These hematological values, which differ by sex and locality, will help evaluate the health status of these neotropical primate populations.
Resumen Introducción: Los patrones hematológicos de la vida silvestre son fundamentales para el monitoreo de la salud y permiten dilucidar las variaciones tanto dentro como entre poblaciones. Entre estos, los parámetros hematológicos son particularmente valiosos para evaluar el estado de salud de las especies de primates neotropicales en la naturaleza. Objetivo: Definir valores de referencia hematológicos para dos especies de monos en Costa Rica. Métodos: Durante el 2014 recolectamos muestras de sangre de monos aulladores de manto, Alouatta palliata (17 hembras, 18 machos) y monos capuchinos cariblancos, Cebus imitador (5 hembras, 7 machos) en siete localidades de la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica. Resultados: Para ambas especies, los valores hematológicos fueron mayores en los machos, y las poblaciones de monos aulladores difirieron significativamente con excepción de las plaquetas. Conclusiones: Estos valores hematológicos, que difieren según el sexo y la localidad, ayudarán a evaluar el estado de salud de estas poblaciones de primates neotropicales.
Assuntos
Animais , Haplorrinos/microbiologia , Testes Hematológicos/veterinária , Costa RicaRESUMO
In this paper, I summarize the major facets of my 50-year career as a primatologist. I briefly describe the aspects of my upbringing and early education that led me to the study of primate behavior, first in captive settings and, later, in the wild. My research on the Arashiyama West Japanese macaques and my interactions with Japanese primatologists was a formative stage in my career, and I present the background of this international project and how it led to my growing focus on female life history studies. After a couple of failed attempts to establish a long-term study of primates in their native habitats, I began the Santa Rosa Primate Project in Costa Rica in 1983, which focuses mainly on white-faced capuchins, and to some extent on howlers and spider monkeys. The Santa Rosa project has expanded over the past four decades and continues to this day, with the participation of a large team of colleagues, local field assistants and students. I present some of the major findings of our Santa Rosa monkey research in the areas of female reproduction, sexual conflict and conservation of primates in a regenerating tropical dry forest. I also briefly describe how and why I came to develop a sideline of research on gender and science.
Assuntos
Cebus capucinus , Animais , Escolha da Profissão , Costa Rica , Ecossistema , Feminino , Florestas , PrimatasRESUMO
The Janus-faced ligand behavior of diiodine (I2) was evidenced after applying the dual descriptor (DD or second-order Fukui function), thus providing additional support to the work performed by Rogachev and Hoffmann in 2013. Along with its capacity to reveal sites susceptible to undergo attacks simultaneously of nucleophilic and electrophilic types, another advantage of DD lies in being an orbital-free descriptor. That means it is based only upon total electron densities when written in its most accurate operational formula. This quality is not exclusive of DD because when Fukui functions are written in terms of electron densities instead of densities of frontier molecular orbitals, they become orbital-free descriptors too. Furthermore, the present work is an application of the generalized operational formula of the dual descriptor published in 2016 that takes into account any possible degeneracy in frontier molecular orbitals. As a proof about capabilities of DD, the possible sites for a favorable interaction between I2 with two organometallic compounds [Rh2(O2CCF3)4] and [(C8H11N2)Pt (CH3)] were correctly revealed by overlapping the biggest lobe for receiving nucleophilic attacks of one molecule with the biggest lobe for receiving electrophilic attacks of the other molecule, so allowing to predict the same coordination modes as experimentally known: linear "end-on" for the [(C8H11N2)Pt (CH3)] I2, and bent "end-on" for the [Rh2(O2CCF3)4] I2 interactions.
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INTRODUCTION: Bronchiectasis is a growing global health problem. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: To evaluate the functional status of stable bronchiectasis patients recruited from a terciary hospital in Fortaleza, Brazil.The patients were submitted to spirometry, six minute walking test (6MWT), step test (6MST), measurement of fibrinogen,E-FACED scores(incorporates FEV1 ,age,colonisation by Pseudomonas,radiological extension, dyspnoea and exarcebation) and Duke Activity Status Index(DASI) test.Each item of DASI scored proportionally to the metabolic equivalentes(METs). The sum of DASI scores was applied for an estimation of oxygen consumption(VO2). RESULTS: The sample comprised 101 patients.Patients with post-tuberculosis bronchiectsis had the lowest level of functional parameters than those with others etiologies[DASI(19.9 ±10.9 vs 31.2±14.4 p<0.001); VO2 (18.1 ± 4.7 vs 23.1 ± 6.1 p< 0.001 respectively)]. DASI scores and estimated VO2 correlated with E-FACED(r= -0.44 p=0.001; and r= -0.44 p=0.001 respectively) and 6MST r= 0.37 p<0.001 and r=0.40 p<0.001 respectively). CONCLUSION: After multivariate analysis , bronchiectasis post-TB , E-FACED and 6MWT explained the impact on performance in bronchiectasis patients.
Assuntos
Bronquiectasia , Estado Funcional , Bronquiectasia/diagnóstico , Teste de Esforço , Tolerância ao Exercício , Humanos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Teste de CaminhadaRESUMO
Avipoxvirus is the etiological agent of the avian pox, a well-known disease of captive and wild birds, and it has been associated with tumor-like lesions in some avian species. A white-faced whistling duck (Dendrocygna viduata) raised in captivity was referred to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Northeast due to cutaneous nodules present in both wings. A few days after the clinical examination, the animal died naturally. Once submitted to necropsy, histopathological evaluation of the lesions revealed clusters of proliferating epithelial cells expanding toward the dermis. Some of these cells had round, well-defined, intracytoplasmic eosinophilic material suggestive of poxvirus inclusion (Bollinger bodies). PCR performed on the DNA extracted from tissue samples amplified a fragment of the 4b core protein gene (fpv167), which was purified and sequenced. This fragment of Avipoxvirus DNA present in these tumor-like lesions showed high genetic homology (100.0%) with other poxviruses detected in different avian species in several countries, but none of them were related to tumor-like lesions or squamous cell carcinoma. This is the first report of Avipoxvirus detected in tumor-like lesions of a white-faced whistling duck with phylogenetic analysis of the virus.(AU)
Avipoxvirus é o agente etiológico da varíola (bouba) aviária, uma doença bem descrita em aves de cativeiro e selvagens, tendo sido associada a lesões semelhantes a tumores em algumas dessas espécies. Uma marreca piadeira (Dendrocygna viduata), criada em cativeiro, foi atendida em um Hospital Veterinário na região nordeste devido à presença de nódulos cutâneos em ambas as asas. Alguns dias após o exame clínico, o animal veio a óbito naturalmente. A ave foi submetida à necropsia e coletados fragmentos das lesões para análise histopatológica, que revelou proliferação de células epiteliais expandindo para a derme. Algumas dessas células possuíam material eosinofílico intracitoplasmático e bem definido, sugestivo de inclusão de poxvírus (corpúsculos de Bollinger). A PCR realizada a partir do DNA extraído de amostras das lesões amplificou um fragmento do gene da proteína do núcleo 4b (fpv 167), que foi purificado e sequenciado. Esse fragmento de DNA de Avipoxvirus presente nas lesões relevou alta homologia genética (100,0%) com outros poxvírus detectados em diferentes espécies de aves em vários países, mas nenhum deles estava relacionado a lesões tumorais ou carcinoma espinocelular. Este é o primeiro relato de Avipoxvirus detectado em lesões semelhantes a tumores em uma marreca piadeira com caracterização molecular do vírus.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Neoplasias Cutâneas/veterinária , Avipoxvirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Poxviridae/veterinária , Anseriformes/virologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/veterinária , Dermatopatias Virais/veterináriaRESUMO
Avipoxvirus is the etiological agent of the avian pox, a well-known disease of captive and wild birds, and it has been associated with tumor-like lesions in some avian species. A white-faced whistling duck (Dendrocygna viduata) raised in captivity was referred to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Northeast due to cutaneous nodules present in both wings. A few days after the clinical examination, the animal died naturally. Once submitted to necropsy, histopathological evaluation of the lesions revealed clusters of proliferating epithelial cells expanding toward the dermis. Some of these cells had round, well-defined, intracytoplasmic eosinophilic material suggestive of poxvirus inclusion (Bollinger bodies). PCR performed on the DNA extracted from tissue samples amplified a fragment of the 4b core protein gene (fpv167), which was purified and sequenced. This fragment of Avipoxvirus DNA present in these tumor-like lesions showed high genetic homology (100.0%) with other poxviruses detected in different avian species in several countries, but none of them were related to tumor-like lesions or squamous cell carcinoma. This is the first report of Avipoxvirus detected in tumor-like lesions of a white-faced whistling duck with phylogenetic analysis of the virus.(AU)
Avipoxvirus é o agente etiológico da varíola (bouba) aviária, uma doença bem descrita em aves de cativeiro e selvagens, tendo sido associada a lesões semelhantes a tumores em algumas dessas espécies. Uma marreca piadeira (Dendrocygna viduata), criada em cativeiro, foi atendida em um Hospital Veterinário na região nordeste devido à presença de nódulos cutâneos em ambas as asas. Alguns dias após o exame clínico, o animal veio a óbito naturalmente. A ave foi submetida à necropsia e coletados fragmentos das lesões para análise histopatológica, que revelou proliferação de células epiteliais expandindo para a derme. Algumas dessas células possuíam material eosinofílico intracitoplasmático e bem definido, sugestivo de inclusão de poxvírus (corpúsculos de Bollinger). A PCR realizada a partir do DNA extraído de amostras das lesões amplificou um fragmento do gene da proteína do núcleo 4b (fpv 167), que foi purificado e sequenciado. Esse fragmento de DNA de Avipoxvirus presente nas lesões relevou alta homologia genética (100,0%) com outros poxvírus detectados em diferentes espécies de aves em vários países, mas nenhum deles estava relacionado a lesões tumorais ou carcinoma espinocelular. Este é o primeiro relato de Avipoxvirus detectado em lesões semelhantes a tumores em uma marreca piadeira com caracterização molecular do vírus.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Neoplasias Cutâneas/veterinária , Avipoxvirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Poxviridae/veterinária , Anseriformes/virologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/veterinária , Dermatopatias Virais/veterináriaRESUMO
An arboreal lifestyle is thought to be central to primate origins, and most extant primate species still live in the trees. Nonetheless, terrestrial locomotion is a widespread adaptation that has arisen repeatedly within the primate lineage. The absence of terrestriality among the New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) is thus notable and raises questions about the ecological pressures that constrain the expansion of platyrrhines into terrestrial niches. Here, we report the results of a natural experiment, comparing patterns of terrestrial behavior in white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus imitator) living on two islands off the Pacific coast of Panama that lack mammalian predators (island sites) with the behavior of capuchins at three sites in central Panama with more intact predator communities (mainland sites). Surveys with camera traps revealed increased terrestriality in island vs. mainland sites. Capuchin detection rates were higher, the range of party sizes observed was larger, and individuals engaged in a wider range of terrestrial behaviors on the islands lacking mammalian predators. Furthermore, females carrying infants were frequently photographed on the ground at the island sites, but never at the mainland sites. These findings support the long-standing hypothesis that predators constrain the exploitation of terrestrial niches by primates. These results are also consistent with the hypothesis that arboreal locomotion imposes costs that primates will avoid by walking on the ground when predation risk is low.
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Cebus/fisiologia , Meio Ambiente , Cadeia Alimentar , Locomoção , Animais , Cebus capucinus , Feminino , Ilhas , Masculino , Panamá , Comportamento PredatórioRESUMO
Resumen Se documentan los registros de las observaciones de campo de Forpus xanthops. Entre 2013 y 2018, ocho observaciones muestran a F. xanthops alimentándose en diversos lugares del bosque tropical estacionalmente seco del Marañón (BTES-Marañón) en Cajamarca y Amazonas. Estos registros muestran que algunos ítems en su dieta son especies de cactus, como Espostoa lanata (Kunth) Britton & Rose, Espostoa mirabilis F. Ritte, Armatocereus rauhii Backeb siendo estas dos últimas especies endémicas de Perú; también se presentan registros de alimentación en Parkinsonia praecox (Ruiz & Pav.) Hawkins, Eriotheca discolor (Kunth) A. Robyns, Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urb. y las especies frutales Spondias purpurea L. y Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck.
Abstract Field observation records of Forpus xanthops are documented. Between 2013 and 2018, eight observations show F. xanthops feeding in various places in the seasonally dry tropical forest of the Marañón (BTES-Marañón) in Cajamarca and Amazonas. These records show that some items in their diet are cactus species, such as Espostoa lanata (Kunth) Britton & Rose, Espostoa mirabilis F. Ritte, Armatocereus rauhii Backeb, the latter two species being endemic to Peru. Feeding records include also Parkinsonia praecox (Ruiz & Pav.) Hawkins, Eriotheca discolor (Kunth) A. Robyns, Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urb. and the fruit species Spondias purpurea L. and Citrus sinensis (L .) Osbeck.
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Fur rubbing or anointing is a well known behavior in capuchin monkeys (Cebus and Sapajus), and may have medicinal and/or social functions. Observations of anointing in capuchins have recorded the application of substances derived from both plants (orange, onion, garlic, citronella, and lemongrass) and animals (ants and millipedes). The present study reports on anointing behavior in free-ranging white-headed capuchins, Cebus capucinus, which involved a commercial insect repellent. After looting a bottle of repellent from the bag of a visitor to the Manuel Antonio National Park in Costa Rica, an adult male bit open the bottle and rubbed the leaking liquid over its entire body, focusing mainly on its belly. Other members of the group rubbed themselves against the male's body and were eventually able to retrieve the bottle of repellent and anoint themselves. The repellent is composed mainly of extracts of eucalyptus and citronella. The capuchins may have been attracted by the strong citric scent of the citronella, which is known to stimulate fur-rubbing behavior in these monkeys. This is reinforced by the fact that the sequence of events was quite distinct from that associated with an earlier event, in which a juvenile male looted, tasted, and then discarded a stick of lip gloss and a tube of sunblock. Overall, the observations indicate that the citric scent of the repellent was attractive to the capuchins, especially in comparison with other man-made substances. As the animals partially ingested all the substances, there is clearly a need for more effective regulation of the contact between animals and visitors in the park.
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Cebus capucinus/fisiologia , Repelentes de Insetos , Comportamento Social , Animais , Costa Rica , Asseio Animal , Parques RecreativosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Bronchiectasis is a very heterogeneous disease but some homogeneous groups with similar clinical characteristics and prognosis have been identified. Exacerbations have been shown to have a negative impact on the natural history of bronchiectasis. The objective of this study was to identify the definition and characteristics of the "frequent exacerbator patient" with the best prognostic value and its relationship with the severity of bronchiectasis. METHODS: A historical cohort of 651 patients diagnosed with bronchiectasis was included. They had all received 5 years of follow-up since their radiological diagnosis. Exacerbation was defined as a worsening of the symptoms derived from bronchiectasis that required antibiotic treatment. The main outcome was all-cause mortality at the end of follow-up. RESULTS: The mean age was 48.2 (16) years (32.9% males). 39.8% had chronic infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mean BSI, FACED, and E-FACED were 7 (4.12), 2.36 (1.68), and 2.89 (2.03), respectively. There were 95 deaths during follow-up. The definition of the "frequent exacerbator patient" that presented the greatest predictive power for mortality was based on at least two exacerbations/year or one hospitalization/year (23.3% of patients; AUC-ROC: 0.75 [95% CI: 0.69-0.81]). Its predictive power was independent of the patient's initial severity. The clinical characteristics of the frequent exacerbator patient according to this definition varied according to the initial severity of bronchiectasis, presence of systemic inflammation, and treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of two exacerbations or one hospitalization per year is the definition of frequent exacerbator patient that has the best predictive value of mortality independent of the initial severity of bronchiectasis.
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Bronquiectasia/mortalidade , Progressão da Doença , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Área Sob a Curva , Argentina , Brasil , Bronquiectasia/classificação , Bronquiectasia/microbiologia , Chile , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Prognóstico , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Curva ROCRESUMO
Changes in reproductive status influence energy and nutrient requirements in female primates. The gut microbiota may buffer changes in energy demands, with shifts in community composition increasing the energy production potential of the gut during pregnancy and lactation. In this study, we examine changes in the gut microbiome of wild, female white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) across different reproductive states. Fecal samples (n = 39) were collected from five adult females over the course of a year. Gut microbial community composition was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequences, and PICRUSt was used to make metagenomic functional predictions. We found a significant relationship between reproductive state and both the structure and predicted function of the gut microbiome, neither of which were associated with host diet. For example, the relative abundance of Firmicutes was significantly lower in lactating females compared with cycling females; the relative abundance of Actinobacteria was significantly higher in pregnant females compared with lactating females, and there was a trend toward higher relative abundances of Proteobacteria in pregnant females compared with cycling females. The results of this study suggest that, in addition to behavioral and dietary adaptions, the gut microbiota may play a role in allowing female primates to meet their changing energetic needs during reproduction. Further studies of the "microbial reproductive ecology" of primates will help advance our understanding of gut microbial contributions to primate energetics.
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Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Cebus/microbiologia , Cebus/fisiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Reprodução , Animais , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Costa Rica , Feminino , Metagenoma , RNA Bacteriano/análise , RNA Ribossômico 16S/análiseRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Invertebrate consumption is thought to be an integral part of early hominin diets, and many modern human populations regularly consume insects and other arthropods. This study examines the response of gut microbial community structure and function to changes in diet in wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus), a primate that incorporates a large proportion of invertebrates in its diet. The goal of the study is to better understand the role of both fruit and invertebrate prey consumption on shaping primate gut microbiomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fecal samples (n = 169) and dietary data were collected over 12 months. The V3-V5 region of microbial 16S rRNA genes was amplified and sequenced. The IM-TORNADO pipeline was used to analyze sequences. RESULTS: White-faced capuchin gut bacterial communities were characterized primarily by Firmicutes (41.6%) and Proteobacteria (39.2%). There was a significant relationship between the invertebrate diet composition of individual capuchins and their gut microbiome composition. However, there was no relationship between the fruit diet composition of individual capuchins and their gut microbiome composition, even when examining multiple timescales. DISCUSSION: The results of our study indicate that there is a stronger relationship between gut microbial community structure and invertebrate diet composition than between gut microbial community structure and fruit consumption. As invertebrates and other animal prey play an important role in the diet of many primates, these results give important insight into the role of faunivory in shaping the evolution of host-microbe interactions in primates.
Assuntos
Cebus/microbiologia , Cebus/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Animais , Antropologia Física , Costa Rica , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Frutas , Insetos , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The FACED score is an easy-to-use multidimensional grading system that has demonstrated an excellent prognostic value for mortality in patients with bronchiectasis. A Spanish group developed the score but no multicenter international validation has yet been published. METHODS: Retrospective and multicenter study conducted in six historical cohorts of patients from Latin America including 651 patients with bronchiectasis. Clinical, microbiological, functional, and radiological variables were collected, following the same criteria used in the original FACED score study. The vital status of all patients was determined in the fifth year of follow-up. The area under ROC curve (AUC-ROC) was used to calculate the predictive power of the FACED score for all-cause and respiratory deaths and both number and severity of exacerbations. The discriminatory power to divide patients into three groups of increasing severity was also analyzed. RESULTS: Mean (SD) age of 48.2 (16), 32.9% of males. The mean FACED score was 2.35 (1.68). During the follow up, 95 patients (14.6%) died (66% from respiratory causes). The AUC ROC to predict all-cause and respiratory mortality were 0.81 (95% CI: 0.77 to 0.85) 0.84 (95% CI: 0.80 to 0.88) respectively, and 0.82 (95% CI: 078-0.87) for at least one hospitalization per year. The division into three score groups separated bronchiectasis into distinct mortality groups (mild: 3.7%; moderate: 20.7% and severe: 48.5% mortality; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The FACED score was confirmed as an excellent predictor of all-cause and respiratory mortality and severe exacerbations, as well as having excellent discriminative capacity for different degrees of severity in various bronchiectasis populations.
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Bronquiectasia/mortalidade , Bronquiectasia/fisiopatologia , Progressão da Doença , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Área Sob a Curva , Causas de Morte , Comorbidade , Feminino , Volume Expiratório Forçado , Mortalidade Hospitalar/tendências , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , América Latina/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Curva ROC , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although the FACED score has demonstrated a great prognostic capacity in bronchiectasis, it does not include the number or severity of exacerbations as a separate variable, which is important in the natural history of these patients. OBJECTIVE: Construction and external validation of a new index, the E-FACED, to evaluate the predictive capacity of exacerbations and mortality. METHODS: The new score was constructed on the basis of the complete cohort for the construction of the original FACED score, while the external validation was undertaken with six cohorts from three countries (Brazil, Argentina, and Chile). The main outcome was the number of annual exacerbations/hospitalizations, with all-cause and respiratory-related deaths as the secondary outcomes. A statistical evaluation comprised the relative weight and ideal cut-off point for the number or severity of the exacerbations and was incorporated into the FACED score (E-FACED). The results obtained after the application of FACED and E-FACED were compared in both the cohorts. RESULTS: A total of 1,470 patients with bronchiectasis (819 from the construction cohorts and 651 from the external validation cohorts) were followed up for 5 years after diagnosis. The best cut-off point was at least two exacerbations in the previous year (two additional points), meaning that the E-FACED has nine points of growing severity. E-FACED presented an excellent prognostic capacity for exacerbations (areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.82 for at least two exacerbations in 1 year and 0.87 for at least one hospitalization in 1 year) that was statistically better than that of the FACED score (0.72 and 0.78, P<0.05, respectively). The predictive capacities for all-cause and respiratory mortality were 0.87 and 0.86, respectively, with both being similar to those of the FACED. CONCLUSION: E-FACED score significantly increases the FACED capacity to predict future yearly exacerbations while maintaining the score's simplicity and prognostic capacity for death.
Assuntos
Bronquiectasia/diagnóstico , Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Nível de Saúde , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Área Sob a Curva , Argentina , Brasil , Bronquiectasia/mortalidade , Bronquiectasia/fisiopatologia , Bronquiectasia/terapia , Causas de Morte , Chile , Progressão da Doença , Dispneia/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Volume Expiratório Forçado , Hospitalização , Humanos , Pulmão/microbiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Infecções por Pseudomonas/diagnóstico , Infecções por Pseudomonas/microbiologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolamento & purificação , Curva ROC , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Infecções Respiratórias/diagnóstico , Infecções Respiratórias/microbiologia , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Historical records of Ateles chamek (black-faced black spider monkey) suggest that the species range extends further south of the known species distribution, within an ecotonal region between the Amazonia, Cerrado and Pantanal biomes in Brazil. Ecotones are zones of habitat transition with high species richness that remain undersampled as conservationists often prioritize biodiversity hotspots. Thus, distribution ranges may be inaccurately measured when species occur in ecotonal zones. We report the first precise records of A. chamek in 24 new localities surveyed in the ecotonal zone of the Upper Paraguay River Basin, and we present subgroup encounter rates in the 11 largest patches (>70 ha) along 207 km of the line transects surveyed. The new records represent an expansion of the distribution of A. chamek approximately 200 km to the south, increasing the known extent of its occurrence by 10.8%. Local tributaries may not be barriers for spider monkeys, which are able to swim and cross slow-moving rivers. However, the dry forests of the Cerrado and the flooded areas of the Pantanal, formed by grassland and scarce trees, may be habitat barriers for A. chamek. The populations living in this ecotonal zone are relatively abundant (1.1-6.67 subgroup sightings/10 km) compared to the heavily hunted continuous forests of northern Amazonia. Furthermore, these values are similar to those for other Ateles spp. inhabiting forests with low or no hunting pressure. We highlight the need for specific conservation action to protect the spider monkeys living in these landscapes, which are threatened by agriculture expansion.
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Atelinae , Ecossistema , Animais , Brasil , Paraguai , RiosRESUMO
The infection by S. falcatula is commonly associated with respiratory disease in captive psittacine birds, with a few case reports of this protozoan causing encephalitis in wild birds. We describe the clinical, pathological, and molecular aspects of an infection by S. falcatula in a bare-faced ibis (Phimosus infuscatus). Clinically, wing paralysis and mild motor incoordination were observed. At necropsy, the telencephalic cortex showed multifocal to coalescing yellowish soft areas. Histologically, multifocal to coalescent nonsuppurative necrotizing meningoencephalitis of telencephalic cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem was observed. Necrotic areas showed multiple protozoan organism characteristics of Sarcocystis sp. schizonts in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells or lying free in the neuropil. Partial genetic sequences of the gene encoding cytochrome b (CYTB), the gene encoding the beta subunit of RNA polymerase (RPOB) and the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) from Sarcocystis sp. schizonts revealed that the parasite had ITS-1 sequences that were 100% identical to the homologous alleles from Sarcocystis sp. shed by Didelphis albiventris in Brazil. RPOB and CYTB sequences were 100% identical to homologous of S. falcatula available in Genbank. Thus, this is the first report of necrotizing meningoencephalitis caused by S. falcatula in bare-faced ibis (P. infuscatus).
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Meningoencefalite/veterinária , Sarcocystis/isolamento & purificação , Sarcocistose/veterinária , Alelos , Animais , Doenças das Aves/diagnóstico , Doenças das Aves/patologia , Aves , Encéfalo/parasitologia , Encéfalo/patologia , Brasil , Citocromos b/genética , Masculino , Meningoencefalite/diagnóstico , Meningoencefalite/parasitologia , Meningoencefalite/patologia , Transtornos Necrobióticos , Sarcocystis/genética , Sarcocistose/diagnóstico , Sarcocistose/parasitologia , Sarcocistose/patologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA/veterináriaRESUMO
Os autores relatam a ocorrência de Acidoproctus rostratus (Rudow, 1866), Holomenopon leucoxanthum (Burmeister, 1838), Trinoton aculeatum (Piaget, 1885), Trinoton querquedulae (Linnaeus, 1758) e Anatoecus dentatus (Scopoli, 1763) em Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816) e Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766); Anatoecus icterodes (Nitzsch, 1818) em D. bicolor e Anaticola chaetodens (Eichler, 1954) em D. viduata . Diferenças significativas na prevalência foram encontradas entre T. aculeatum e T. querquedulae , tanto em D. bicolor quanto em D. viduata , sendo esse achado caracterizado como um evento potencial de colonização. Outras diferenças também foram encontradas para a prevalência e a abundância média de Anatoecus spp. entre D. bicolor e D. viduata. A ocorrência de Trinoton querquedulae em D. bicolor e D. viduata , de Anatoecus dentatus em D. bicolor e de Anaticola chaetodens em D. viduata ¸caracteriza novos hospedeiros para essas espécies de piolhos.(AU)
The authors report the occurrence of Acidoproctus rostratus (Rudow, 1866), Holomenopon leucoxanthum (Burmeister, 1838), Trinoton aculeatum (Piaget, 1885), Trinoton querquedulae (Linnaeus, 1758) and Anatoecus dentatus (Scopoli, 1763) in Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816) and Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766); Anatoecus icterodes (Nitzsch, 1818) in D. bicolor and Anaticola chaetodens (Eichler, 1954) in D. viduata . Significant differences in the prevalence were found between T. aculeatum and T. querquedulae in D. bicolor as well as D. viduata , which is characterized as a potential event of colonization. Significant differences were also found for the prevalence and mean abundance of Anatoecus spp. between D. bicolor and D. viduata. The occurrence of Trinoton querquedulae in D. bicolor and D. viduata , of Anatoecus dentatus in D. bicolor and Anaticola chaetodens in D. viduata characterize new hosts species to these species of lice.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Parasitos , Anseriformes/parasitologia , Ftirápteros , Infestações por PiolhosRESUMO
Os autores relatam a ocorrência do ácaro nasal Rhinonyssus rhinolethrum (Trouessart, 1895) (Acarina: Rhinonyssidae) em marreca caneleira Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816) e marreca piadeira Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766) de vida livre na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Para a prevalência e intensidade média foram observados 35,5% e 2,27 ácaros para D. bicolor e 13% e 9,33 ácaros para D. viduatta . A intensidade de parasitismo observada variou de 1 a 6 ácaros em D. bicolor e 1 a 22 ácaros em D. viduatta . O parasitismo caracteriza o primeiro relato da ocorrência de R. rhinolethrum sobre Dendrocygna bicolor e sobre Dendrocygna viduata no Rio Grande do Sul, ampliando a listagem dos anatídeos parasitados por essa espécie neste Estado.(AU)
The authors report the occurrence of the nasal mite Rhinonyssus rhinolethrum (Trouessart, 1895) (Acarina: Rhinonyssidae) in free-living fulvous whistling duck Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816) and white-faced whistling-duck Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766) in the Rio Grande do Sul region, Southern Brazil. Prevalence and mean intensity showed values of 35.5% and 2.27 mites to D. bicolor and 13% and 9.33 mites for D. viduatta . The intensity of parasitism ranged from 1 to 6 mites in D. bicolor , and 1 to 22 mites in D. viduatta . This is the first report of R. rhinolethrum on D. bicolor and D. viduata in Rio Grande do Sul, expanding the list of anatids parasitized by this species in this State.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Parasitos , Anseriformes , Ácaros , AvesRESUMO
The authors report the occurrence of the nasal mite Rhinonyssus rhinolethrum (Trouessart, 1895) (Acarina: Rhinonyssidae) in free-living fulvous whistling duck Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816) and white-faced whistling-duck Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766) in the Rio Grande do Sul region, Southern Brazil. Prevalence and mean intensity showed values of 35.5% and 2.27 mites to D. bicolor and 13% and 9.33 mites for D. viduatta. The intensity of parasitism ranged from 1 to 6 mites in D. bicolor, and 1 to 22 mites in D. viduatta. This is the first report of R. rhinolethrum on D. bicolor and D. viduata in Rio Grande do Sul, expanding the list of anatids parasitized by this species in this State.
Os autores relatam a ocorrência do ácaro nasal Rhinonyssus rhinolethrum (Trouessart, 1895) (Acarina: Rhinonyssidae) em marreca caneleira Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816) e marreca piadeira Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766) de vida livre na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Para a prevalência e intensidade média foram observados 35,5% e 2,27 ácaros para D. bicolor e 13% e 9,33 ácaros para D. viduatta. A intensidade de parasitismo observada variou de 1 a 6 ácaros em D. bicolor e 1 a 22 ácaros em D. viduatta. O parasitismo caracteriza o primeiro relato da ocorrência de R. rhinolethrum sobre Dendrocygna bicolor e sobre Dendrocygna viduata no Rio Grande do Sul, ampliando a listagem dos anatídeos parasitados por essa espécie neste Estado.
Assuntos
Animais , Anseriformes , Parasitos , Ácaros , AvesRESUMO
The authors report the occurrence of the nasal mite Rhinonyssus rhinolethrum (Trouessart, 1895) (Acarina: Rhinonyssidae) in free-living fulvous whistling duck Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816) and white-faced whistling-duck Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766) in the Rio Grande do Sul region, Southern Brazil. Prevalence and mean intensity showed values of 35.5% and 2.27 mites to D. bicolor and 13% and 9.33 mites for D. viduatta. The intensity of parasitism ranged from 1 to 6 mites in D. bicolor, and 1 to 22 mites in D. viduatta. This is the first report of R. rhinolethrum on D. bicolor and D. viduata in Rio Grande do Sul, expanding the list of anatids parasitized by this species in this State.(AU)
Os autores relatam a ocorrência do ácaro nasal Rhinonyssus rhinolethrum (Trouessart, 1895) (Acarina: Rhinonyssidae) em marreca caneleira Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816) e marreca piadeira Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766) de vida livre na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Para a prevalência e intensidade média foram observados 35,5% e 2,27 ácaros para D. bicolor e 13% e 9,33 ácaros para D. viduatta. A intensidade de parasitismo observada variou de 1 a 6 ácaros em D. bicolor e 1 a 22 ácaros em D. viduatta. O parasitismo caracteriza o primeiro relato da ocorrência de R. rhinolethrum sobre Dendrocygna bicolor e sobre Dendrocygna viduata no Rio Grande do Sul, ampliando a listagem dos anatídeos parasitados por essa espécie neste Estado.(AU)