RESUMO
Aquatic environments are considered a reservoir for the dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, principally Escherichia coli, with the consequent spread of acquired antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Widespread high-risk clones of MDR E. coli are responsible for human infections worldwide. This study aimed to characterise, through whole-genome sequencing (WGS), isolates of MDR E. coli harbouring ARGs obtained from public aquatic environments in Brazil. MDR E. coli isolates were obtained from rivers, streams and lakes that presented different Water Quality Index records and were submitted to WGS. The resistome, mobilome and virulome showed a great diversity of ARGs, plasmids and virulence genes, respectively. In addition, mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of GyrA, ParC and ParE as well as several metal resistance genes (MRGs) and antibacterial biocide resistance genes (ABGs) were detected. Typing and subtyping of MDR E. coli revealed different lineages, with two belonging to widespread high-risk clones (i.e. B2-ST131-fimH30 and F-ST648-fimH27), which are grouped by core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) in clusters with E. coli lineages obtained from different sources distributed worldwide. MDR bacteria carrying MRGs and ABGs have emerged as a global human and environmental health problem. Detection of widespread high-risk clones calls for attention to the dissemination of fluoroquinolone-resistant QnrS1- and CTX-M-producing E. coli lineages associated with human infections in public aquatic environments.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Organismos Aquáticos/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/genética , Organismos Aquáticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Genoma Bacteriano/genética , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Plasmídeos/genética , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
Microtia is a congenital deformity of the outer ear with phenotypes varying from a small auricle to total absence (anotia). The genetic basis is still poorly understood, and very few studies have been performed in sheep. Valle del Belice sheep is a breed showing microtia. The aim of this study was to identify the potential genomic regions involved in microtia in sheep. A total of 40 individuals, 20 with microtia and 20 normal, were genotyped with the Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChip. The comparison among the results from a genome-wide association study, Fisher's exact test and FST analysis revealed a single strong association signal: rs419889303 on chromosome 1, located within intron 3 of the CLRN1 gene. Our study suggests for the first time that this novel candidate gene is responsible for microtia in sheep. Additional analysis based on the sequencing would help confirm our findings and allow for the proposal of a precise genetic basis for microtia in sheep.
Assuntos
Microtia Congênita/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Doenças dos Ovinos/genética , Carneiro Doméstico/genética , Animais , Cruzamento , Estudos de Associação Genética/veterinária , Genótipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , OvinosRESUMO
The genetic diversity of the specimens of four natural populations of Arapaima from Araguaia-Tocantins basin was assessed within and among these stocks, using five primers for ISSR. COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) partial sequences confirmed that the specimens belongs to Arapaima gigas. The ISSR provided 168 loci, of which 165 were polymorphic. However, the number of loci for each population and expected heterozygosity values were low. AMOVA showed 52.63% intra-population variation and 47.37% inter-population variation. The F ST was high among all populations (F ST ≥ 0.25), however, the cluster analysis (PCoA) and Bayesian inference showed three major groups: Araguaiana-MT + São Félix do Araguaia-MT, Novo Santo Antônio-MT and Itupiranga-PA. The genetic distance was not correlated with geographical distance. The ISSR marker revealed that the populations of the Araguaia-Tocantins are structured and have a low genetic diversity. These are the first data from a population analysis using molecular markers for A. gigas of Araguaia-Tocantins basins and may be used to define the best management strategies and conservation projects for this species.(AU)
A diversidade genética dos espécimes de quatro populações naturais de Arapaima coletados na bacia do Araguaia-Tocantins foi avaliada com base em cinco primers para marcadores moleculares ISSR. A sequência parcial do COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) confirmou que os espécimes pertencem à espécie Arapaima gigas. Os ISSR forneceram 168 loci, dos quais 165 polimórficos. No entanto, para cada população, os valores de heterozigosidade esperada foram baixos. A AMOVA mostrou 52,63% de variação intrapopulacional e 47,37% interpopulacional. O F ST foi alto entre todas as populações (F ST ≥ 0,25); entretanto, a análise de agrupamento e a inferência Bayesiana mostraram três grandes grupos: Araguaiana-MT + São Félix do Araguaia-MT, Novo Santo Antônio-MT e Itupiranga-PA. A distância genética não teve correlação com a distância geográfica. Os ISSRs se mostraram eficientes para determinar a diversidade genética para a A. gigas, revelando que as populações da bacia Araguaia-Tocantins estão estruturadas e com baixa diversidade genética. Estes são os primeiros dados de análise populacional utilizando ISSR para A. gigas da bacia Araguaia-Tocantins e poderão ser utilizados para definir as melhores estratégias de manejo e projetos de conservação dessa espécie.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Caraciformes/genética , Variação Genética/fisiologiaRESUMO
The genetic diversity of the specimens of four natural populations of Arapaima from Araguaia-Tocantins basin was assessed within and among these stocks, using five primers for ISSR. COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) partial sequences confirmed that the specimens belongs to Arapaima gigas. The ISSR provided 168 loci, of which 165 were polymorphic. However, the number of loci for each population and expected heterozygosity values were low. AMOVA showed 52.63% intra-population variation and 47.37% inter-population variation. The F ST was high among all populations (F ST ≥ 0.25), however, the cluster analysis (PCoA) and Bayesian inference showed three major groups: Araguaiana-MT + São Félix do Araguaia-MT, Novo Santo Antônio-MT and Itupiranga-PA. The genetic distance was not correlated with geographical distance. The ISSR marker revealed that the populations of the Araguaia-Tocantins are structured and have a low genetic diversity. These are the first data from a population analysis using molecular markers for A. gigas of Araguaia-Tocantins basins and may be used to define the best management strategies and conservation projects for this species.
A diversidade genética dos espécimes de quatro populações naturais de Arapaima coletados na bacia do Araguaia-Tocantins foi avaliada com base em cinco primers para marcadores moleculares ISSR. A sequência parcial do COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) confirmou que os espécimes pertencem à espécie Arapaima gigas. Os ISSR forneceram 168 loci, dos quais 165 polimórficos. No entanto, para cada população, os valores de heterozigosidade esperada foram baixos. A AMOVA mostrou 52,63% de variação intrapopulacional e 47,37% interpopulacional. O F ST foi alto entre todas as populações (F ST ≥ 0,25); entretanto, a análise de agrupamento e a inferência Bayesiana mostraram três grandes grupos: Araguaiana-MT + São Félix do Araguaia-MT, Novo Santo Antônio-MT e Itupiranga-PA. A distância genética não teve correlação com a distância geográfica. Os ISSRs se mostraram eficientes para determinar a diversidade genética para a A. gigas, revelando que as populações da bacia Araguaia-Tocantins estão estruturadas e com baixa diversidade genética. Estes são os primeiros dados de análise populacional utilizando ISSR para A. gigas da bacia Araguaia-Tocantins e poderão ser utilizados para definir as melhores estratégias de manejo e projetos de conservação dessa espécie.
Assuntos
Animais , Caraciformes/genética , Variação Genética/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although dietary treatments can successfully reduce blood lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects, individual variation in that response has on occasion been linked to allelic differences. SNP rs12449157 has shown association with HDL-C concentrations in GWAS and falls in the glucose-fructose oxidoreductase domain containing 2 (GFOD2) locus. Of interest, previous data suggest that this SNP may be under environmentally driven selection. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess if rs12449157 may mediate the response of lipid traits to a dietary supplementation (DS) with soy protein and soluble fiber in a Mexican population with hypercholesterolemia. METHODS: Forty-one subjects with hypercholesterolemia were given a low saturated fat diet (LSFD) for 1 month, followed by a LSFD+DS that included 25 g of soy protein and 15 g of soluble fiber (S/SF) daily for 2 months. Anthropometric, clinical, biochemical and dietary variables were determined. We analyzed the gene-diet interaction between the GFOD2 genotype, with the minor allele frequency of 0.24, and the DS on total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C concentrations. RESULTS: Hypercholesterolemic subjects with GFOD2 rs12449157 G allele had higher serum TC and LDL-C at the baseline and showed a greater response to the LSCD+S/SF (-83.9 and -57.5mg/dl, respectively) than those with GFOD2 AA genotype (-40.1 and -21.8 mg/dl, respectively) (P=0.006 for TC, 0.025 for LDL-C, respectively). CONCLUSION: The observed differences in allele-driven, diet-induced changes in blood lipids may be the result of a recent environmentally driven selection on the rs12449157 minor allele. Variation in the GFOD2 gene contributes to the genetic basis for a differential response to a cholesterol- or lipid-lowering diet.