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Abstract Introduction Previous research suggests that African Americans are less likely than Caucasians to perceive tinnitus in sustained silence. Objective To evaluate the association between non-cutaneous melanin as indicated by eye color and the emergence of temporary tinnitus during a brief period of silence. Methods A cross-section of adults grouped according to their eye color were exposed to silence. A total of 62 adults, aged 18 to 35 years (10 males, 52 females) were required to sit in silence for 10 minutes, after which they filled out a questionnaire to report their eye color and any perception of sounds in the ears or head. Results In total, 63% of the participants perceived tinnitus while sitting in silence, and, of these 95% perceived the tinnitus sounds within 5 minutes of sitting in silence. Though African Americans were less likely to perceive tinnitus in silence, this difference was not significant (p = 0.6). After a period of silence, 69% of the subjects with light-colored eyes and 58% of the dark-eyed subjects perceived tinnitus. This difference was not statistically significant (χ2(1) = 0.77; p = 0.38). Conclusion When exposed to reduced auditory stimulation, 3 out of 5 normal-hearing people are likely to experience tinnitus. However, there was no relationship between eye color and the perception of tinnitus in silence. Although melanin has been shown to play a role in the protection of the ear against noise trauma and the effects of age-related hearing loss, its role in the emergence of tinnitus needs further investigation.
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Eye color prediction based on an individual's genetic information is of interest in the field of forensic genetics. In recent years, researchers have studied different genes and markers associated with this externally visible characteristic and have developed methods for its prediction. The IrisPlex represents a validated tool for homogeneous populations, though its applicability in populations of mixed ancestry is limited, mainly regarding the prediction of intermediate eye colors. With the aim of validating the applicability of this system in an admixed population from Argentina (n = 302), we analyzed the six single nucleotide variants used in that multiplex for eye color and four additional SNPs, and evaluated its prediction ability. We also performed a genotype-phenotype association analysis. This system proved to be useful when dealing with the extreme ends of the eye color spectrum (blue and brown) but presented difficulties in determining the intermediate phenotypes (green), which were found in a large proportion of our population. We concluded that these genetic tools should be used with caution in admixed populations and that more studies are required in order to improve the prediction of intermediate phenotypes.
Assuntos
DNA , Cor de Olho , Humanos , Cor de Olho/genética , Argentina , Genótipo , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Nucleotídeos , Genética PopulacionalRESUMO
Introduction Previous research suggests that African Americans are less likely than Caucasians to perceive tinnitus in sustained silence. Objective To evaluate the association between non-cutaneous melanin as indicated by eye color and the emergence of temporary tinnitus during a brief period of silence. Methods A cross-section of adults grouped according to their eye color were exposed to silence. A total of 62 adults, aged 18 to 35 years (10 males, 52 females) were required to sit in silence for 10 minutes, after which they filled out a questionnaire to report their eye color and any perception of sounds in the ears or head. Results In total, 63% of the participants perceived tinnitus while sitting in silence, and, of these 95% perceived the tinnitus sounds within 5 minutes of sitting in silence. Though African Americans were less likely to perceive tinnitus in silence, this difference was not significant ( p = 0.6). After a period of silence, 69% of the subjects with light-colored eyes and 58% of the dark-eyed subjects perceived tinnitus. This difference was not statistically significant (χ 2 (1) = 0.77; p = 0.38). Conclusion When exposed to reduced auditory stimulation, 3 out of 5 normal-hearing people are likely to experience tinnitus. However, there was no relationship between eye color and the perception of tinnitus in silence. Although melanin has been shown to play a role in the protection of the ear against noise trauma and the effects of age-related hearing loss, its role in the emergence of tinnitus needs further investigation.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Fitzpatrick skin phototype scale (FSPTS) is a widely used instrument to assess skin type. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey collected responses from 254 subjects from Quito regarding self-reported FSPTS, gender, age, education, and tobacco and alcohol consumption. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine if ethnicity, hair color, and eye color significantly predict FSPTS. In addition, we studied the correlation between FSPTS and the SCINEXA scale with Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Ethnicity, eye color, and hair color are significant independent predictors of FSPTS (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Patient self-reported race and pigmentary phenotypes are inaccurate predictors of sun sensitivity as defined by Fitzpatrick skin phototype. Our study does not fully represent the population of the country. There are limitations to using patient-reported race and appearance in predicting individual sunburn risk.
Assuntos
Transtornos de Fotossensibilidade/classificação , Transtornos de Fotossensibilidade/epidemiologia , Pigmentação da Pele , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Equador/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtornos de Fotossensibilidade/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Fotossensibilidade/fisiopatologia , Grupos Raciais , Fatores de Risco , Autorrelato , Pigmentação da Pele/fisiologia , Queimadura Solar/diagnóstico , Queimadura Solar/epidemiologia , Queimadura Solar/etnologia , Queimadura Solar/fisiopatologia , Bronzeado/fisiologiaRESUMO
Infections with gastrointestinal nematodes can impair both the animal health and performance. Thereby, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of targeted selective treatments as the FAMACHA© system and faecal egg count on controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in different sheep categories under grazing system. Thirty Santa Inês sheep, six in each category (six weaning, six weaned lambs, six non-pregnant ewes, six pregnant ewes and six lactating ewes were used. Sheep were weighed, and blood and faecal samples were collected on day 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 for determination of faecal egg count (FEC), packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma protein (PPT) and the mucosa colour by FAMACHA© system in the morning (1) and afternoon (2). The faecal egg count was higher (p=0.0039) in weaning and weaned lambs compared to the non-pregnant, pregnant and lactating ewes. Also, FEC differed between ewes with higher counts in lactating ewes. The observation of eye mucosae showed a frequency of 100% of FAMACHA© scores ranged of 2.45 to 2.91 in the morning, differing (p=0.0494) among the categories, where weaned lambs showed better score. The animal categories and period interaction had a significant (p=0.0148) effect on FAMACHA© score 1 with better score in weaned lambs compared to the pregnant ewes at day 0, 15 and 75. In addition, weaned lambs were presented better FAMACHA© score compared with weaning lambs and lactating ewes at day 45 than weaning lambs at day 60 and 75. Packed cell volume in the morning and in the afternoon was influenced by days of collection with lower percentage at 30 days of experiment. The FAMACHA© system seems to be a suitable method to detect parasite infections. However, use of all available methods increases the accuracy of the diagnosis and promotes better control of gastrointestinal nematodes in grazing sheep.(AU)
Infecções por nematóides gastrointestinais podem prejudicar tanto a saúde como o desempenho animal. Diante disso, objetivou avaliar o uso de tratamentos seletivos como o sistema FAMACHA© e a contagem de ovos por grama de fezes no controle de nematóides gastrointestinais em diferentes categorias de ovinos sob sistema de pastejo. Trinta ovelhas Santa Inês, seis em cada categoria (seis cordeiros lactentes, seis cordeiros desmamados, seis ovelhas não-prenhes, seis ovelhas prenhes e seis ovelhas lactantes) foram utilizadas. Os ovinos foram pesados, amostras de sangue e fezes foram coletadas nos dias 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 para determinação de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), volume globular (VG), proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT) e avaliação da mucosa ocular pelo sistema FAMACHA© pela manhã (1) e pela tarde (2). A contagem de ovos por grama de fezes foi maior (p=0,0039) nos cordeiros lactentes e desmamados comparado às ovelhas não prenhes, prenhes e lactantes. Também o OPG diferiu entre ovelhas com maior contagem em ovelhas lactantes. A observação da mucosa ocular mostrou que a frequência do escore FAMACHA© variou de 2,45 a 2,91 pela manhã, diferindo (p=0,0494) entre categorias, aonde cordeiros desmamados mostraram melhor escore. A interação categoria animal e período teve um efeito significante no escore FAMACHA© 1 com melhor escore em cordeiros desmamados comparado às ovelhas prenhes nos dias 0, 15 e 75. Além disso, cordeiros desmamados apresentaram melhor escore FAMACHA© comparado com os cordeiros lactentes e ovelhas lactantes aos 45 dias e com cordeiros lactentes nos dias 60 e 75. O volume globular pela manhã e pela tarde foi influenciado pelos dias de coleta com menor porcentagem aos 30 dias de experimento. O Sistema FAMACHA© mostrou ser um método eficaz para detectar infecções parasitárias. Contudo, o uso de todos os métodos disponíveis aumenta a acurácia do diagnóstico e promove melhor controle de nematóides gastrointestinais em sistemas de pastejo.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ovinos/parasitologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Gastroenteropatias/parasitologia , Pastagens/análiseRESUMO
Infections with gastrointestinal nematodes can impair both the animal health and performance. Thereby, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of targeted selective treatments as the FAMACHA© system and faecal egg count on controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in different sheep categories under grazing system. Thirty Santa Inês sheep, six in each category (six weaning, six weaned lambs, six non-pregnant ewes, six pregnant ewes and six lactating ewes were used. Sheep were weighed, and blood and faecal samples were collected on day 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 for determination of faecal egg count (FEC), packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma protein (PPT) and the mucosa colour by FAMACHA© system in the morning (1) and afternoon (2). The faecal egg count was higher (p=0.0039) in weaning and weaned lambs compared to the non-pregnant, pregnant and lactating ewes. Also, FEC differed between ewes with higher counts in lactating ewes. The observation of eye mucosae showed a frequency of 100% of FAMACHA© scores ranged of 2.45 to 2.91 in the morning, differing (p=0.0494) among the categories, where weaned lambs showed better score. The animal categories and period interaction had a significant (p=0.0148) effect on FAMACHA© score 1 with better score in weaned lambs compared to the pregnant ewes at day 0, 15 and 75. In addition, weaned lambs were presented better FAMACHA© score compared with weaning lambs and lactating ewes at day 45 than weaning lambs at day 60 and 75. Packed cell volume in the morning and in the afternoon was influenced by days of collection with lower percentage at 30 days of experiment. The FAMACHA© system seems to be a suitable method to detect parasite infections. However, use of all available methods increases the accuracy of the diagnosis and promotes better control of gastrointestinal nematodes in grazing sheep.(AU)
Infecções por nematóides gastrointestinais podem prejudicar tanto a saúde como o desempenho animal. Diante disso, objetivou avaliar o uso de tratamentos seletivos como o sistema FAMACHA© e a contagem de ovos por grama de fezes no controle de nematóides gastrointestinais em diferentes categorias de ovinos sob sistema de pastejo. Trinta ovelhas Santa Inês, seis em cada categoria (seis cordeiros lactentes, seis cordeiros desmamados, seis ovelhas não-prenhes, seis ovelhas prenhes e seis ovelhas lactantes) foram utilizadas. Os ovinos foram pesados, amostras de sangue e fezes foram coletadas nos dias 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 para determinação de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), volume globular (VG), proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT) e avaliação da mucosa ocular pelo sistema FAMACHA© pela manhã (1) e pela tarde (2). A contagem de ovos por grama de fezes foi maior (p=0,0039) nos cordeiros lactentes e desmamados comparado às ovelhas não prenhes, prenhes e lactantes. Também o OPG diferiu entre ovelhas com maior contagem em ovelhas lactantes. A observação da mucosa ocular mostrou que a frequência do escore FAMACHA© variou de 2,45 a 2,91 pela manhã, diferindo (p=0,0494) entre categorias, aonde cordeiros desmamados mostraram melhor escore. A interação categoria animal e período teve um efeito significante no escore FAMACHA© 1 com melhor escore em cordeiros desmamados comparado às ovelhas prenhes nos dias 0, 15 e 75. Além disso, cordeiros desmamados apresentaram melhor escore FAMACHA© comparado com os cordeiros lactentes e ovelhas lactantes aos 45 dias e com cordeiros lactentes nos dias 60 e 75. O volume globular pela manhã e pela tarde foi influenciado pelos dias de coleta com menor porcentagem aos 30 dias de experimento. O Sistema FAMACHA© mostrou ser um método eficaz para detectar infecções parasitárias. Contudo, o uso de todos os métodos disponíveis aumenta a acurácia do diagnóstico e promove melhor controle de nematóides gastrointestinais em sistemas de pastejo.(AU)
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Animais , Ovinos/parasitologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Gastroenteropatias/parasitologia , Infecções por Nematoides/tratamento farmacológico , Pastagens/análiseRESUMO
ABSTRACT Bilateral acute depigmentation of the iris (BADI) is a new clinical entity of unknown etiology and is characterized by bilateral, symmetrical, and simultaneous depigmentation of the iris with focal or diffuse stromal atrophy; this condition generally has a good prognosis. We present a case of a 26-year-old woman who noted a spontaneous change in the iris color in both eyes in the last 2 months. The ophthalmological findings were atrophy of the iris stroma and pigmentation of the trabecular meshwork, without affecting the pigmented epithelium of the iris. Her intraocular pressure was normal and the visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes.
RESUMO A despigmentação aguda bilateral da íris (DABI) é uma nova entidade clínica caracterizada pela despigmentação bilateral, simétrica e simultânea da íris, com atrofia focal ou difusa do seu estroma, geralmente com bom prognóstico. Apresentamos o caso de uma mulher de 26 anos de idade que procurou atendimento médico em nosso serviço com queixa de mudança espontânea na cor da íris de ambos os olhos nos últimos dois meses. Os achados oftalmológicos observados durante o exame clínico foram atrofia do estroma da íris e pigmentação da malha trabecular, sem afetar o epitélio pigmentado da íris. A pressão intraocular era normal e acuidade visual de 20/20 em ambos os olhos.
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Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Epitélio Pigmentado Ocular/patologia , Transtornos da Pigmentação/diagnóstico , Iris/patologia , Atrofia/diagnóstico , Malha Trabecular/patologia , Doença Aguda , Diagnóstico DiferencialRESUMO
We expand the use of eye darkening (ED) to indicate non-social stress in the fish Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.). ED is easily estimated, not requiring any sophisticated equipment, and is non-invasive, facilitating the collection of several measures of stress over time. In the current study, we showed the following: (i) high- and low-ED occur spontaneously, indicating different fish reactions to adjustments to a novel environment; (ii) fish confinement or air exposure clearly increases ED (air exposure is a stronger stressor than confinement), and the time to restore basal values indicates the severity of the impact of the stressor on the fish (this response is not affected by period of the day, e.g., morning or afternoon); and (iii) in adults, females were more responsive (slower recovery) to 2-min air exposure than to 30-min confinement.
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Ciclídeos/fisiologia , Olho/patologia , Pesqueiros/métodos , Estresse Fisiológico/fisiologia , Animais , Meio Ambiente , Feminino , Pesqueiros/economia , Manobra Psicológica , Masculino , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to assess color alteration of the paints used for iris painting in artificial eyes. Five disks of heat cured acrylic resin were confectioned by microwave energy for each paint analyzed, in a total of 40 specimens. Each specimen consisted of a colorless acrylic resin disk and another of equal size, of scleral white colored acrylic resin, with the painting interposed between the two disks. The specimens were submitted to an accelerated aging process in a chamber under ultraviolet radiation for 1,008 hours. To assess color variation, a reflective spectrophotometer was used. The results were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and the Tukey test (p < 0.05). All the paints underwent chromatic alteration. The oil paint presented the highest resistance to accelerated aging.
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Resinas Acrílicas/química , Olho Artificial , Iris , Pigmentação em Prótese , Cor , Corantes/efeitos da radiação , Teste de Materiais , Micro-Ondas , Pintura/efeitos da radiação , Pigmentação em Prótese/métodos , Espectrofotometria , Fatores de Tempo , Raios UltravioletaRESUMO
The pigmentation of black (wild) and red (mutant) eyes of Triatoma infestans was studied spectrophotometrically and compared with red-eyed (wild) and white-eyed (mutant) forms of Drosophila melanogaster. The spectral absorption profiles of the black and red eye pigments of T. infestans were similar to each other and to that of the wild-type eyes of D. melanogaster. The similarity to the wild form of D. melanogaster indicated that both eye forms of T. infestans contained ommochromes of the xanthommatin type, a finding confirmed by ascending paper chromatography. Pteridines, melanins, and ommins were not detected as eye pigments in T. infestans. The eye color difference in T. infestans was assumed to be a function of the xanthommatin concentration, with a smaller content of ommochrome in red eyes, although this probably did not affect the insect's visual acuity. These data support other findings regarding the similarities between black- and red-eyed specimens of T. infestans for other characteristics.
A pigmentação de olhos pretos (forma selvagem) e vermelhos (forma mutante) de Triatoma infestans foi estudada por espectrofotometria e comparada à de olhos vermelhos (selvagem) e brancos (mutante) de Drosophila melanogaster. Os perfis do espectro de absorção dos pigmentos de olho preto e vermelho de T. infestans foram semelhantes entre si e ao dos olhos de tipo selvagem de D. melanogaster. A similaridade com a forma selvagem de D. melanogaster indicou que ambos os tipos de olho de T. infestans continham omocromos do tipo xantomatina, o que foi confirmado por cromatografia ascendente em papel. Não foram detectadas pteridinas, melaninas e ominas como pigmentos de olho em T. infestans. A diferença na cor de olho em T. infestans foi considerada uma função da concentração de xantomatina, sendo menor o conteúdo de omocromo nos olhos vermelhos, embora isso provavelmente não afete a acuidade visual do inseto. Esses resultados estão de acordo com dados de outros autores quanto a semelhanças envolvendo outras características entre espécimes de olho preto e vermelho de T. infestans.