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This article reports on effects of two earthquakes in Mexico on adolescents attending middle school. The earthquakes struck in close succession during the implementation of a school-based prevention program, providing an opportunity to assess emotional distress due to the earthquakes and whether the life skills taught in the program affected how students coped with the natural disaster. The objectives were to (1) evaluate the earthquakes' impact on students' distress; (2) assess if distress is associated with internalizing symptomology and externalizing behaviors; and (3) investigate if students receiving the original and adapted versions of the intervention coped better with the events. A Mexico-US research team culturally adapted keepin' it REAL to address connections between substance use among early adolescents in Mexico and exposure to violence. A random sample of public middle schools from three cities (Mexico City, Guadalajara, and Monterrey), stratified by whether they held morning or afternoon sessions, was selected. A total of 5522 7th grade students from 36 schools participated in the study. Students answered pretest and posttest questionnaires; the latter assessed earthquake-related distress and coping strategies. Earthquake-related distress was associated with all measures of undesired internalizing symptomology and externalizing behaviors. Compared to controls, students in the adapted intervention reported less aggressive and rule-breaking externalizing behavior and less violence perpetration. However, these intervention effects were not moderated by the level of earthquake-related distress, and they were not mediated by positive or negative coping. The findings have implications for prevention intervention research and policy as natural and human-made disasters occur more often.
Assuntos
Terremotos , Angústia Psicológica , Adolescente , Humanos , México , Capacidades de Enfrentamento , EstudantesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI) is a cost-free 75 question-questionnaire developed by an Italian group to collect information from parents on the behavior of children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years. It assesses different areas of children's behavior and psychopathology, including internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and can be used to identify children at risk of mental disorders both in clinical and epidemiological settings. In this study, the authors present a Brazilian-Portuguese adaptation of the CABI and its psychometric properties. METHODS: First, the authors conducted a rigorous transcultural adaptation of CABI's questions and instructions for the Brazilian context. In an online sample of 598 parents, the authors found high reliability (internal consistency) for the CABI's main subscales. RESULTS: Validity was supported by exploratory factor analysis (the authors found 6 factors representing several aspects of psychopathology both according to the DSM and HiTop models) and significant differences in most CABI's subscales between children with parent-reported psychopathology and typically developing ones. The present study suggests that the adapted version of CABI is a valid and reliable measure that can be used in Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: The CABI can be useful to the pediatrician to get fast but wide information from parents on the behavioral condition of their children or adolescents, and also to decide whether it is appropriate to consult a mental health professional.
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Comportamento do Adolescente , Transtornos Mentais , Adolescente , Humanos , Criança , Brasil , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Comparação Transcultural , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , PsicometriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To examine whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and physical punishment (ie, spanking) are unique risk factors for behavior problems in early childhood, and whether ACEs moderate the associations of spanking with child behavior problems. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted prospective, longitudinal analyses on 2380 families in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Mothers reported outcomes of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems at age 5 years; and the main predictors, ACEs and spanking, at age 3 years. ACEs included 9 items: physical abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, mother's exposure to intimate partner violence, parental mental health problem, parental substance use, parental incarceration, and parental death. Multilevel models examined the associations between ACEs, spanking, and behavior problems, and the moderating effect of ACEs in the associations of spanking with behavior problems. Analyses were adjusted for preexisting behavior problems, demographics, and neighborhood conditions. RESULTS: ACEs (ß = 0.028; P < .001) and spanking (ß = 0.041; P < .001) at 3 years were unique risk factors for increased externalizing behavior problems at 5 years, after controlling for covariates. The magnitude of the associations of ACEs and spanking with externalizing behavior were statistically indistinguishable. ACEs did not moderate the association between spanking and externalizing behavior. CONCLUSIONS: ACEs and spanking have similar associations in predicting child externalizing behavior. Results support calls to consider physical punishment as a form of ACE. Our findings also underscore the importance of assessing exposure to ACEs and physical punishment among young children and providing appropriate intervention to children at risk.
Assuntos
Experiências Adversas da Infância , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil , Criança , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/etiologia , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Pais , Pediatras , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Background: Evidence for the effectiveness of parental training as a strategy for promotion of positive parental practices and prevention of child behavior problems in low and middle income countries is not conclusive. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a universal positive parental training program designed for this context, "Día a Día" UdeC © ("Day by Day" University of Concepción), in Chilean preschoolers' families (3-6 years old children). Methods: A cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT) was carried out in 19 preschool education centers. There were two treatment arms: 10 centers (including 178 families) were randomly assigned to the intervention group and nine centers (including 154 families) were assigned to the waiting list control condition. Intervention groups received Day by Day UdeC, a six group sessions program for parents, including two group sessions for preschool educators, focused in affective communication; daily and child-directed play; directed attention; routines and transitions; reinforcement and incentive programs; planned inattention-ignore and time out; and logical consequences. Parental practices, parental satisfaction, and presence of children behavioral problems were examined at two-time points: T1 (4 weeks before intervention) and T2 (5-6 weeks after intervention). Results: Intention-to-treat analysis shows a reduction in physical punishment and an increase in parental involvement, as well as a reduction in children behavioral problems. A per-protocol analysis revealed an additional effect: increase in observed parental practices. Conclusion: This cRCT provided evidence for the effectiveness of a parental training program for the promotion of positive parental practices in low and middle income countries. The observed effects of the program in decreasing physical punishment and children's behavioral problems make it a promising strategy for prevention purposes. Trial Registration: This study was registered under ISRCTN.com (ISRCTN90762146; https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN90762146).
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BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency (ID) in infancy is related to subsequent behavior problems. The effects of micronutrient status in middle childhood are uncertain. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine the associations of micronutrient status biomarkers in middle childhood with externalizing and internalizing behavior problems in adolescence. METHODS: We assessed whether ID (ferritin <15 µg/L), anemia (hemoglobin <12.7 g/dL), or blood concentrations of zinc, vitamins A and B-12, and folate at ages 5-12 y were associated with externalizing or internalizing behavior problems in adolescence in 1042 schoolchildren from Bogotá, Colombia. Behavior problems were assessed with the Youth Self-Report questionnaire after a median 6.2 y of follow-up. Mean problem score differences with 95% CIs were estimated between categories of micronutrient status biomarkers with the use of multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: Mean ± SD externalizing and internalizing problems scores were 52.6 ± 9.6 and 53.8 ± 9.9, respectively. Among boys, middle-childhood ID, anemia, and low plasma vitamin B-12 were associated with 5.9 (95% CI: 1.0, 10.7), 6.6 (95% CI: 1.9, 11.3), and 2.7 (95% CI: 0.4, 4.9) units higher mean externalizing problems scores in adolescence, respectively-after adjustment for baseline age, time spent watching television or playing video games, mother's height, and socioeconomic status. Also in boys, ID was related to an adjusted 6.4 (95% CI: 1.2, 11.6) units higher mean internalizing problems score. There were no associations among girls. Other micronutrient status biomarkers were not associated with behavior problems. CONCLUSIONS: ID, anemia, and low vitamin B-12 in middle childhood are related to behavior problems in adolescent boys.This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03297970.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/fisiologia , Anemia/psicologia , Deficiências de Ferro , Transtornos Mentais/sangue , Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/psicologia , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Anemia/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Criança , Colômbia , Feminino , Ferritinas/sangue , Ácido Fólico/sangue , Humanos , Ferro/sangue , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Micronutrientes/sangue , Estado Nutricional , Autorrelato , Estudantes/psicologia , Vitamina A/sangue , Vitamina B 12/sangue , Zinco/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess whether infants with colic that resolved before 6 months of age have poorer medium-term outcomes than infants without colic. STUDY DESIGN: Comparative study of 2 prospective, community-based cohorts of children aged 2-3 years in Melbourne, Australia: children from the Baby Biotics study, with previously diagnosed Wessel criteria of colic without problem crying at 6 months (True Colic Cohort), vs children from the Baby Business trial, without problem crying at 1, 4, and 6 months (No Colic Cohort). Caregiver report of child internalizing and externalizing behaviors (primary outcome), temperament, regulatory (crying/sleeping/feeding) problems, and family functioning at child age 2-3 years was collected. We conducted regression analyses of mean differences/ORs adjusted for child sex, age, social disadvantage, parental education, and maternal mental health. RESULTS: In total, 74% of the original Baby Biotics (n = 124) sample and 75% of the Baby Business (n = 503) sample completed questionnaires. In adjusted analyses, there were no significant differences between the True Colic Cohort (n = 99) and No Colic Cohort (n = 182) in internalizing behavior problems (adjusted mean difference 0.73; 95% CI -3.96 to 5.43, P = .76) or externalizing behavior problems (adjusted mean difference -1.53; 95% CI -6.02 to 2.97, P = .51). There were no statistically significant differences between groups in temperament, parental perception of regulatory problems, or family functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with colic whose crying self-resolves do not experience adverse effects regarding child behavior, regulatory abilities, temperament, or family functioning in the medium term. Parents and clinicians can be reassured that infant crying as the result of colic, and related stress, is short-lived and will likely resolve.
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Cólica/psicologia , Choro/psicologia , Comportamento do Lactente , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Sono/fisiologia , Pré-Escolar , Cólica/dietoterapia , Cólica/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Here we analyze the simultaneous relationships among five variables. Two refer to childhood (episodes of various forms of maltreatment and externalizing behaviors), whereas three refer to early adulthood (intelligence, personality, and socialization difficulties). The 120 individuals considered for the present report were invited from the 650 schoolchildren participating in the Longitudinal Study of Intelligence and Personality (Minas Gerais, Brazil). The complete sample was recruited in 2002 (T1; mean age = 10.0; standard deviation (SD) = 2.2) and 120 were tested again in 2014-17 (T2; mean age = 23.5; SD = 2.2). Externalizing behaviors were registered at T1, whereas the remaining variables were obtained at T2. These were the main results: (1) externalizing behaviors predict future social effectiveness (as estimated by the general factor of personality derived from the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R) and socialization difficulties computed from the socialization scale (SOC)) and future intelligence performance (as assessed by a set of fluid and crystallized tests); (2) episodes of self-reported childhood maltreatment predict social effectiveness, but not intelligence; (3) maltreatment and externalizing behaviors are unrelated; and (4) social effectiveness (personality) and intelligence are unrelated. Therefore, the findings support the dissociation between adult intelligence and personality with respect to maltreatment episodes and externalizing behaviors occurring in childhood. Implications of these findings for social policies aimed at preventing adult socially ineffective personalities are underscored.
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Most studies tend to characterize peer influences as either positive or negative. In a sample of 1815 youth from 14 different schools in Caracas, Venezuela, we explored how two types of peer affiliations (i.e., deviant and drug-using peers) differentially mediated the paths from positive parenting to youth's externalizing behavior and licit and illicit drug use. We used Zero Inflated Poisson models to test the probability of use and the extent of use during the past 12 months. Results suggested that peer influences are domain specific among Venezuelan youth. That is, deviant peer affiliations mediated the path from positive parenting to youth externalizing behaviors, and peer drug-using affiliations mediated the paths to the drug use outcomes. Mediation effects were partial, suggesting that parenting explained unique variance in the outcomes after accounting for both peer variables, gender, and age. We discuss implications for the development of screening tools and for prevention interventions targeting adolescents from different cultures.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Poder Familiar , Influência dos Pares , Assunção de Riscos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Relações Pais-Filho , Comportamento Social , Inquéritos e Questionários , VenezuelaRESUMO
Problemas de sono são frequentes na infância e podem causar prejuízos à criança. Há uma associação possível entre distúrbios de sono infantil e problemas de comportamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as relações entre problemas internalizantes e externalizantes e problemas de sono em crianças da faixa pré-escolar, avaliadas por suas mães pelo Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL1½-5 anos), quando estas buscaram atendimento em uma clínica-escola de psicologia. Participaram do estudo 83 mães de crianças (sendo seus filhos: 58 meninos e 25 meninas) cujas idades variaram entre 2 e 5 anos. Análises indicaram que 29% das crianças apresentavam problemas com o sono, entre os quais, os mais frequentes foram "não querer dormir sozinho" e "resistir a ir para a cama". Os dados sugeriram ainda uma associação entre problemas de sono e comportamentos internalizantes (RP = 1,4; p < 0,05) e externalizantes (RP = 1,4; p < 0,05).
Sleep problems are common in childhood and can cause damage in children. There is a possible association between childhood sleep disorders and behavioral problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between internalizing and externalizing problems and sleep problems in children of pre-school age, assessed by their mothers through the Child Behavior Checklist ( CBCL1 ½ -5 years) when seeking care at a clinic school psychology . The study included 83 mothers of children (and their children were: 58 boys and 25 girls) whose ages ranged between 2 and 5 years. Analysis indicated that 29 % of children had sleep problems among which the most frequent were "not wanting to sleep alone" and "resist the bed". The data also suggested an association between sleep problems and internalizing (PR = 1,4; p < 0,05) and externalizing (PR = 1,4; p < 0,05) behaviors.
Los problemas del sueño son comunes en la infancia y pueden causar daños en los niños. Existe una posible asociación entre los trastornos del sueño de la infancia y los problemas de comportamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre los problemas de internalización y externalización y los trastornos del sueño en niños en edad preescolar, evaluados por sus madres por medio del Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL1 ½ -5 años) cuando buscaban tratamiento en una clínica-escuela de psicología. El estudio incluyó a 83 madres y sus hijos (y sus niños: 58 niños y 25 niñas), con edades comprendidas entre los 2 y 5 años. El análisis indicó que 29% de los hijos tenían problemas de sueño entre los cuales los más frecuentes fueron "no querer dormir solo" y "resistir a la cama". Los datos también sugieren una asociación entre los trastornos del sueño y comportamientos de internalización (PR = 1,4; p < 0,05) y de externalización (PR = 1,4; p < 0,05).
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono , Comportamento InfantilRESUMO
El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar un análisis bibliométrico de los trabajos de investigación de pregrado y posgrado que sobre los problemas de comportamiento externalizado en niños y adolescentes se llevaron a cabo en universidades y fundaciones universitarias de Bogotá (Colombia) entre los años 2003 y 2013. Para ello se diseñó y validó por parte de cinco jueces expertos una ficha de análisis, que incluyó las siguientes variables: título, año, autores, directores, universidad, nivel de formación, palabras clave, tipo de problemática, diseño de investigación, edad y población. En total se analizaron veintiún trabajos de grado correspondientes a ocho instituciones de educación superior de la ciudad de Bogotá, entre las cuales se pudo identificar que con relación al nivel de formación se evidenció que pregrado y maestría fueron las que más abordaron este tema. Entre los años 2010-2013 se realizó un mayor número de investigaciones sobre esta problemática y finalmente se encontró que la población que más se caracterizó en los trabajos de grado fueron los adolescentes
The objective of this research was to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the undergraduate and graduate research projects about problems of externalizing behavior in children and adolescents. This information was gathered in universities and colleges from Bogota (Colombia) from 2003 to 2013. Five expert judges validated an analysis index card that we designed which included the following variables: title, year, authors, directors, university, level of training, keywords, type of problem, type of research, age, and population. Altogether, twenty-one papers were analyzed corresponding to eight institutions in Bogota, where it was evidenced that in regard the level of training; undergraduate and master levels were those who mostly discussed this topic. Along 2010 and 2013, a large number of investigations on this issue were made and finally it was found that the population that was mentioned the most in the research projects was the adolescents
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La adolescencia es un periodo de cambios rápidos en todos los aspectos del desarrollo humano. Es en esta etapa en la que se suelen presentar dificultades y manifestaciones de problemas de salud mental. El objetivo del estudio es conocer las conductas internalizantes y externalizantes reportadas por adolescentes estudiantes de secundaria. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 298 estudiantes entre 12 a 18 años (M = 14.98, DE = 1.28) de ambos sexos (54.4 % mujeres) de dos instituciones educativas públicas donde la mayoría se encontraba cursando el 4.o año de secundaria (33.6 %). La muestra se seleccionó de manera no probabilística, por conveniencia, y se informó a todos los participantes del objetivo y actividades del estudio, del carácter voluntario de su participación, y del cuidado en mantener el anonimato y la confidencialidad de todos los datos recogidos. Se utilizó el autorreporte de jóvenes entre 11 y 18 años (YSR 11-18, Achenbach y Rescorla, 2001) para identificar las conductas internalizantes y externalizantes y sus respectivas dimensiones. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas por sexo. Las mujeres puntuaron más alto que los hombres en ansiedaddepresión, quejas somáticas, problemas de atención, y conductas internalizantes, mientras que los hombres puntuaron más alto en rompimiento de reglas y conductas externalizantes.
Adolescence is a period of rapid changes in all aspects of human development. It is at this stage that difficulties and mental health problems occur more often. The purpose of the study was to identify both internalizing and externalizing behavior reported by adolescent in high school. The sample was composed by 298 participants between 12 and 18 years old (M = 14.98, SD = 1.28), of both sexes, (54.4 % women) from two public educational institutions where the majority was enrolled in the 4th year of high school (33.6 %). The sample was selected in a non-probabilistic manner for convenience, and all the participants were informed of the purpose and activities of the study, of the voluntary nature of their participation, and of the care to preserve the anonymity and confidentiality of all data collected. We used the self-report of young people between 11 and 18 years old (YSR 11-18, Achenbach and Rescorla, 2001) to identify the internalizing and externalizing behavior and their respective dimensions. The results show significant differences according to sex. Women scored higher than men in anxiety-depression, somatic complaints, attention problems, and internalizing behavior; while men scored higher in breaking the rules, and externalizing behavior.
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Comportamento do AdolescenteRESUMO
The coordination of physiological processes between parents and infants is thought to support behaviors critical for infant adaptation, but we know little about parent-child physiological coregulation during the preschool years. The present study examined whether time-varying changes in parent and child respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) exhibited coregulation (across-person dynamics) accounting for individual differences in parent and child RSA, and whether there were differences in these parasympathetic processes by children's externalizing problems. Mother-child dyads (N = 47; Child age M = 3½ years) engaged in three laboratory tasks (free play, clean up, puzzle task) for 18 min, during which RSA data were collected. Multilevel coupled autoregressive models revealed that mothers and preschoolers showed positive coregulation of RSA such that changes in mother RSA predicted changes in the same direction in child RSA and vice versa, controlling for the stability of within-person RSA over time and individual differences in overall mean RSA. However, when children's externalizing behaviors were higher, coregulation was negative such that changes in real-time mother and child RSA showed divergence rather than positive concordance. Results suggest that mothers and preschoolers do coregulate RSA during real-time interactions, but that children's higher externalizing behavior problems are related to disruptions in these processes.
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Comportamento Infantil/fisiologia , Relações Mãe-Filho , Arritmia Sinusal Respiratória/fisiologia , Adulto , Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si hay diferencias entre grupos de adolescentes de grado 7° de la ciudad de Bogotá, con diferentes tiempos de uso de las redes sociales en problemáticas de tipo internalizante, externalizante, la soledad percibida, el funcionamiento familiar y el sexo. El estudio con diseño ex post facto valoró el efecto del tiempo de uso de redes sociales a tres niveles (bajo, medio y alto) a través de un cuestionario socio demográfico diseñado para tal fin: el LSRQ, el FACES III, CDI y el YSR. Participaron 96 estudiantes con un rango de edades entre los 11 y 15 años. Se encontró que entre los participantes con un elevado tiempo de uso de las redes sociales, eran mayores los problemas de tipo externalizante (conducta agresiva, ruptura de reglas y problemas de atención). Se discute la necesidad de que en futuras investigaciones se enfaticen los factores positivos que para el desarrollo de los adolescentes puede tener el uso de las redes sociales a través de Internet.
The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the amount of time spent in social networking and the presence of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in adolescents. Participants were 96 seventh grade students aged between 11 and 15 years who were attending schools in Bogotá, Colombia. An ex-post facto design was used and the amount of time spent in social networking was divided into three categories: high, medium and low. The instruments included a sociodemographic questionnaire especially designed for this purpose, the Loneliness and Social Dissatisfaction Questionnaire by Cassidy & Asher (LSDQ for its English acronym), the Youth Self- Report by Achenbach (YSR, for its English acronym), the Child Depression Inventory by Kovacs (CDI, for its English acronym) and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales by Olson, Portner & Lavee (FACES III, for its English acronym). Findings showed that participants with a greater amount of time spent on social networking had more externalyzing disorders (aggressive behavior, rule breaking and attention deficits) than students in the other two categories. The need for future research that stresses the positive factors that the use of Internet social networking can have on adolescents' development is discussed.
El objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar se existem diferenças entre grupos de adolescentes da 7° série da cidade de Bogotá, com diferentes tempos de uso das redes sociais em problemáticas de tipo internalizante, externalizante, a solidão percebida, o funcionamento familiar e o sexo. O estudo com desenho ex pós fato avaliou o efeito do tempo de uso de redes sociais em três níveis (baixo, médio e alto) através de um questionário sóciodemográfico desenhado para esse fim: o LSRQ, o FACES III, CDI e o YSR. Participaram 96 estudantes da faixa etária de 11 a 15 anos. Encontrou-se que entre os participantes com um elevado tempo de uso das redes sociais, eram maiores os problemas de tipo externalizante (conduta agressiva, ruptura de regras e problemas de atenção). Discute-se a necessidade de que em pesquisas futuras sejam enfatizados os fatores positivos que para o desenvolvimento dos adolescentes pode ter o uso das redes sociais através de Internet.
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Humanos , Adolescente , Adolescente , Internet , Rede SocialRESUMO
This study explored how peer deviant behavior and peer drug use differentially mediated the paths from unsupportive parenting to youth externalizing behavior and both the probability and extent of current drug use in a sample of Venezuelan youth. Models were further extended to test for group differences by gender and age. Results suggested that peer influences are domain specific among Venezuelan youth. That is, deviant peer behavior mediated the path from unsupportive parenting to youth externalizing behaviors, and peer drug use mediated the path to the drug use outcome. Mediation effects were partial, suggesting that parenting influenced the outcomes beyond its impact on affiliations with negative peers. Notable exceptions to the models were found when moderated by either gender or age. Implications for the development of screening tools and for formulating intervention programs targeting this age group are discussed.
Este estudio explora cómo la conducta anómica de los pares y el uso de drogas de los pares moderan diferencialmente las trayectorias de parentalidad desapegada hacia conductas externalizadas y cómo ambas moderan la probabilidad y alcance del consumo de sustancias en una muestra de jóvenes venezolanos. Los resultados sugieren que la influencia de los pares es sobre algunos dominios específicos entre los jóvenes. Esto es, conductas desviadas de los pares moderan el camino entre padres desapegados hacia las conductas de los jóvenes, y el consumo de drogas de los pares delinean la trayectoria hacia el consumo de sustancias. Los efectos mediadores fueron parciales, lo que sugiere que los padres influyen las consecuencias más allá del impacto sobre las afiliaciones con pares negativos. Se hallaron excepciones a los modelos cuando se controló por sexo y edad. Se discuten las implicaciones de desarrollar herramientas y programas de intervención para este grupo de edad.
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Este estudo investigou relações entre as práticas educativas maternas e os problemas de externalização na infância. Participaram 64 díades mãe-criança, selecionadas em escolas públicas (68,8%) e particulares (31,3%) de Salvador, Bahia, por meio de amostragem por acessibilidade e também por indicações feitas pelas participantes. Os dados foram coletados em visitas domiciliares ou nas escolas. As mães responderam a uma ficha de dados sociodemográficos, a uma entrevista estruturada sobre as práticas educativas maternas e ao Inventário de Comportamentos da Infância e Adolescência 4-18 anos. A análise de regressão linear múltipla revelou que o modelo que incluiu como variáveis preditoras dos problemas de externalização a escolaridade materna, a renda familiar e as práticas negociação e troca e punição física explicou 15,8% da variância nos problemas de externalização. Discute-se o impacto da punição física no desenvolvimento dos problemas de externalização e o poder preditivo do nível de instrução e da renda familiar em relação às práticas educativas parentais.(AU)
This study investigated the relationship between maternal upbringing and externalizing behavior problems in childhood. Participants in the study included 64 mother-child dyads recruited from public (68.8%) and private (31.3%) schools in Salvador, in the Brazilian state of Bahia, via a convenience sampling method and through referral by other participants. The data were collected during home visits or in school. Mothers completed a socio-demographic data form, underwent a structured interview about the practice of maternal upbringing and the Child Behavior Checklist 4-18. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the model that included mother's schooling, family income, negotiation and corporal punishment as predictor variables of externalizing behavior problems, accounted for 15.8% of the variance in externalizing behavior problems. The impact of corporal punishment on the development of externalizing behaviors and the predictive power of the level of instruction and family income in relation to the child's upbringing, are discussed.(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Adolescente , Relações Mãe-Filho , Punição , Pré-EscolarRESUMO
Este estudo investigou relações entre as práticas educativas maternas e os problemas de externalização na infância. Participaram 64 díades mãe-criança, selecionadas em escolas públicas (68,8%) e particulares (31,3%) de Salvador, Bahia, por meio de amostragem por acessibilidade e também por indicações feitas pelas participantes. Os dados foram coletados em visitas domiciliares ou nas escolas. As mães responderam a uma ficha de dados sociodemográficos, a uma entrevista estruturada sobre as práticas educativas maternas e ao Inventário de Comportamentos da Infância e Adolescência 4-18 anos. A análise de regressão linear múltipla revelou que o modelo que incluiu como variáveis preditoras dos problemas de externalização a escolaridade materna, a renda familiar e as práticas negociação e troca e punição física explicou 15,8% da variância nos problemas de externalização. Discute-se o impacto da punição física no desenvolvimento dos problemas de externalização e o poder preditivo do nível de instrução e da renda familiar em relação às práticas educativas parentais.
This study investigated the relationship between maternal upbringing and externalizing behavior problems in childhood. Participants in the study included 64 mother-child dyads recruited from public (68.8%) and private (31.3%) schools in Salvador, in the Brazilian state of Bahia, via a convenience sampling method and through referral by other participants. The data were collected during home visits or in school. Mothers completed a socio-demographic data form, underwent a structured interview about the practice of maternal upbringing and the Child Behavior Checklist 4-18. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the model that included mother's schooling, family income, negotiation and corporal punishment as predictor variables of externalizing behavior problems, accounted for 15.8% of the variance in externalizing behavior problems. The impact of corporal punishment on the development of externalizing behaviors and the predictive power of the level of instruction and family income in relation to the child's upbringing, are discussed.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Adolescente , Pré-Escolar , Relações Mãe-Filho , PuniçãoRESUMO
Foi feito um levantamento na literatura de estudos prospectivos e longitudinais investigando a associação entre problemas de comportamento externalizantes e baixo desempenho escolar no ensino fundamental, no período de 1990 a 2006. Por meio dos sistemas PsycInfo, Medline, Lilacs, Scielo e Web of Science, foram selecionados e adquiridos 18 artigos, classificados em quatro categorias: estudos com amostras clínicas; estudos comparando grupos com ou sem comorbidade; estudos que buscam testar modelos de trajetória de desenvolvimento; estudos sobre precursores da associação entre problemas de comportamento e baixo desempenho escolar. A análise dos artigos evidencia que a co-ocorrência de baixo desempenho escolar e problemas externalizantes sugere a influência de variáveis antecedentes, como condições adversas na família e baixo nível socioeconômico. Indica, ainda, que a associação traz mau prognóstico às crianças, como comorbidades com transtornos psiquiátricos, posteriores problemas acadêmicos e de comportamento anti-social, evidenciando a situação de risco psicossocial em que se encontram.
A survey in the literature of prospective and longitudinal studies was made investigating the association between externalizing behavior and underachievement in the period of 1990-2006. It was used PsycInfo, Medline, Lilacs, Scielo and Web of Science systems and it was selected and acquired 18 articles, classified in four categories: studies with clinical samples; studies comparing groups with or without comorbidity; studies that try to establish or to test models of developmental trajectory; studies of precursors of the association between behavior problems and underachievement. The analysis of articles evidences that the co-occurrence of underachievement and externalizing behavior suggests the influence of antecedent variables, such as adverse conditions in the family and low socio-economic level. It indicates that the association brings bad prognostic to the children, such as comorbidity with psychiatric disorders, later academic problems, and antisocial behavior, evidencing the psychosocial risk situation in that they are.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Transtorno da Conduta , Baixo Rendimento Escolar , Ensino Fundamental e Médio , EstudantesRESUMO
Foi feito um levantamento na literatura de estudos prospectivos e longitudinais investigando a associação entre problemas de comportamento externalizantes e baixo desempenho escolar no ensino fundamental, no período de 1990 a 2006. Por meio dos sistemas PsycInfo, Medline, Lilacs, Scielo e Web of Science, foram selecionados e adquiridos 18 artigos, classificados em quatro categorias: estudos com amostras clínicas; estudos comparando grupos com ou sem comorbidade; estudos que buscam testar modelos de trajetória de desenvolvimento; estudos sobre precursores da associação entre problemas de comportamento e baixo desempenho escolar. A análise dos artigos evidencia que a co-ocorrência de baixo desempenho escolar e problemas externalizantes sugere a influência de variáveis antecedentes, como condições adversas na família e baixo nível socioeconômico. Indica, ainda, que a associação traz mau prognóstico às crianças, como comorbidades com transtornos psiquiátricos, posteriores problemas acadêmicos e de comportamento anti-social, evidenciando a situação de risco psicossocial em que se encontram.(AU)
A survey in the literature of prospective and longitudinal studies was made investigating the association between externalizing behavior and underachievement in the period of 1990-2006. It was used PsycInfo, Medline, Lilacs, Scielo and Web of Science systems and it was selected and acquired 18 articles, classified in four categories: studies with clinical samples; studies comparing groups with or without comorbidity; studies that try to establish or to test models of developmental trajectory; studies of precursors of the association between behavior problems and underachievement. The analysis of articles evidences that the co-occurrence of underachievement and externalizing behavior suggests the influence of antecedent variables, such as adverse conditions in the family and low socio-economic level. It indicates that the association brings bad prognostic to the children, such as comorbidity with psychiatric disorders, later academic problems, and antisocial behavior, evidencing the psychosocial risk situation in that they are.(AU)
Assuntos
Baixo Rendimento Escolar , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Transtorno da Conduta , Estudantes , Ensino Fundamental e MédioRESUMO
O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as relações entre as práticas educativas maternas e indicadores dos problemas de externalização e da competência social em crianças aos 30 meses de vida. Participaram do estudo 23 díades mãe-criança. No 30º mês de vida da criança foi realizada uma observação da interação mãe-criança para a avaliação das práticas educativas maternas, dos problemas de externalização e da competência social das crianças. Os resultados apóiam a literatura que relaciona práticas de orientação, controle assertivo e envolvimento parental positivo à competência social, e práticas coercitivas e permissivas aos problemas de externalização. Discute-se a relevância das práticas educativas parentais para a compreensão do desenvolvimento social, enfatizando a importância de práticas menos referidas na literatura, como a autorização de autonomia, a intrusividade e o controle ambíguo.
The present work aimed at investigating relations between maternal child-rearing practices, externalizing behavior problems and social competence indicators of thirty-month-old children. The study involved 23 child-mother dyads. In the child's thirtieth month after birth, an observation of mother-child interaction was performed in order to evaluate maternal child-rearing practices, externalizing behavior problems and child social competence. The results support the literature about social development that relates child-rearing practices such as guidance, assertive control and positive parental involvement to social competence, and coercive and permissive practices to externalizing behavior problems. The work discusses the relevance of parental child-rearing practices for the comprehension of the social development, emphasizing the importance of child-rearing practices, such as autonomy authorization, intrusiveness and ambiguous control.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Adulto , Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Educação Infantil/psicologia , Relações Pais-Filho , Desenvolvimento InfantilRESUMO
A literatura sobre crianças com problemas de comportamento exteriorizado tem enfatizado a necessidade de descrever a origem e a evolução desses comportamentos. Este estudo visa comparar as continuidades e mudanças no perfil cognitivo, no estresse parental e na qualidade das relações familiares de crianças com problemas de comportamento exteriorizado. Participaram da coleta de dados sete crianças pré-escolares morando com ambos os pais biológicos, com a mãe e o padrasto ou com apenas um genitor. Foram aplicados testes de avaliação cognitiva às crianças e, aos genitores/padrastos, questionário, entrevista semi-estruturada e escala de estresse parental, em dois momentos, ao longo de um ano. Os resultados mostram que houve uma melhora no perfil cognitivo das crianças; alterações na percepção dos genitores/padrastos quanto às características das crianças, ao modo de vida e relacionamento familiar; e estabilidade nos índices de estresse parental. Para compreender melhor a evolução dos comportamentos exteriorizados é preciso implementar pesquisas longitudinais.
The literature on children's externalizing behavior problems has emphasized the necessity of describing the origin and evolution of this kind of behavior. This study aims to compare continuities and changes in children with externalizing behavior problems and their families emphasizing the child cognitive profile, parental stress, quality of family relationships. Seven preschool children who were living with biological parents, or the mother and stepfather, or just one parent were selected to participate. The data about cognitive evaluation was collected with children and a questionnaire, a semi-structured interview, a parental stress scale were administered to their parents, in two times in a year. The results show an improvement on the children's cognitive profile; changes in the parents'/stepfather's perception about children's personal characteristics, ways of life, and the quality of family relationships; and stabilities in the parental stress index. It is necessary to implement longitudinal research to better understanding the evolution of externalizing behaviors.