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Objective: Throughout microsurgical anastomosis, many surgeons use topical vasodilators in order to reduce pathological vasospasm. It was carried out an experimental study comparing the effectiveness of topical use of Nitroglycerin, Papaverine, Magnesium sulfate over a control group in the femoral artery and vein of rats, in reducing prolonged vasospasm. Methods: Randomized comparative experimental study in 15 rats, divided into four groups. The external diameter of the vases soaked in the randomized solution was measured. For statistical analysis, it was calculated the percentual increase in the external diameter of the vessels. Results: A statistically significant increase in arterial dilation was observed after 10 minutes of topical application of 10% magnesium sulfate compared to the control group, with p = 0.044 . No other drug showed a vasodilator effect superior to the control group. Magnesium sulfate at 10% is still not used in microsurgery and costs 15 times less than papaverine, the standard drug for topical vasodilation in clinical cases at our service. Conclusion: Magnesium sulfate had better vasodilating effects over the control group after 10 minutes of arterial microanastomosis. None of the tested drugs have presented superior vasodilating effects over each other nor the control group after venous microanastomosis. Level of evidence II, Experimental study, Randomized Trial.

Objetivo: Durante a anastomose microcirúrgica, muitos cirurgiões utilizam vasodilatadores tópicos para reduzir o vasoespasmo prolongado patológico, assim reduzindo o risco de complicações vasculares. Entretanto, ainda faltam dados experimentais para identificação da droga padrão-ouro para vasodilatadores tópicos em microcirurgia e sua avaliação de análise de custo, já que a droga geralmente utilizada para este objetivo é baseada, na maior parte dos casos, na experiência do cirurgião. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo experimental comparativo randomizado, avaliando a eficácia do uso tópico de Nitroglicerina, Papaverina e Sulfato de Magnésio em relação a um grupo controle, na redução do vasoespasmo na artéria e veia femoral de ratos. Foram avaliados o diâmetro externo dos vasos embebidos em solução randomizada dos fármacos para vasodilatação. Após cálculo do aumento percentual no diâmetro externo dos vasos, foi realizada análise estatística. Resultados: Observou-se aumento estatisticamente significativo da dilatação arterial após 10 minutos de aplicação tópica de sulfato de magnésio a 10% em relação ao grupo controle, com p = 0,044. Nenhuma outra droga apresentou efeito vasodilatador superior ao grupo controle. O sulfato de magnésio a 10% ainda não é utilizado em microcirurgia e apresenta custo até 15 vezes menor quando comparado com a papaverina, droga padrão para vasodilatação tópica em casos clínicos em nosso serviço. Conclusão: O sulfato de magnésio apresentou melhor efeito vasodilatador quando comparado ao grupo controle, após 10 minutos da microanastomose arterial. Nenhum dos fármacos testados apresentou efeito vasodilatador superior após a microanastomose venosa. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo experimental, Ensaio Randomizado.

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Abstract Bone regeneration is crucial for repairing bone tissue following various injuries. Research techniques that enable the study of metabolic changes in bone tissue under different conditions are important for understanding bone repair and remodeling. This study used bone scintigraphy to evaluate osteogenesis secondary to osteotomy in a preclinical model of New Zealand rabbits. For this purpose, we conducted a longitudinal, prospective, case-control study in which scintigraphic variables were measured in both the right forearm (case-operated) and the left forearm (control - non-operated). The study sample consisted of 10 rabbits subjected to osteotomy, followed by a 12-week postoperative evaluation period, divided into six imaging stages at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. We observed that the operated forearm showed significantly higher external radiation than the control side, using the pinhole collimator, denoting an increase in the biodistribution and tropism of the radiopharmaceutical to the operated forearm. Among the three evaluated time points, osteoblastic activity was highest in the second week and presented a significant decline in the 8th and 12th weeks, denoting regeneration and resolution of the surgical injury; the control forearm was also influenced by the inactivity imposed by the operated forearm. This fact was notably evidenced by the reduction in the metabolic activity of osteoblasts in the left forearm. Our study suggested that bone scintigraphy was sensitive enough to semi-quantitatively differentiate the metabolic activity of osteoblasts in the operated forearm in the three temporal landmarks evaluated in the study.

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ABSTRACT Objective: Throughout microsurgical anastomosis, many surgeons use topical vasodilators in order to reduce pathological vasospasm. It was carried out an experimental study comparing the effectiveness of topical use of Nitroglycerin, Papaverine, Magnesium sulfate over a control group in the femoral artery and vein of rats, in reducing prolonged vasospasm. Methods: Randomized comparative experimental study in 15 rats, divided into four groups. The external diameter of the vases soaked in the randomized solution was measured. For statistical analysis, it was calculated the percentual increase in the external diameter of the vessels. Results: A statistically significant increase in arterial dilation was observed after 10 minutes of topical application of 10% magnesium sulfate compared to the control group, with p = 0.044 . No other drug showed a vasodilator effect superior to the control group. Magnesium sulfate at 10% is still not used in microsurgery and costs 15 times less than papaverine, the standard drug for topical vasodilation in clinical cases at our service. Conclusion: Magnesium sulfate had better vasodilating effects over the control group after 10 minutes of arterial microanastomosis. None of the tested drugs have presented superior vasodilating effects over each other nor the control group after venous microanastomosis. Level of evidence II, Experimental study, Randomized Trial.

RESUMO Objetivo: Durante a anastomose microcirúrgica, muitos cirurgiões utilizam vasodilatadores tópicos para reduzir o vasoespasmo prolongado patológico, assim reduzindo o risco de complicações vasculares. Entretanto, ainda faltam dados experimentais para identificação da droga padrão-ouro para vasodilatadores tópicos em microcirurgia e sua avaliação de análise de custo, já que a droga geralmente utilizada para este objetivo é baseada, na maior parte dos casos, na experiência do cirurgião. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo experimental comparativo randomizado, avaliando a eficácia do uso tópico de Nitroglicerina, Papaverina e Sulfato de Magnésio em relação a um grupo controle, na redução do vasoespasmo na artéria e veia femoral de ratos. Foram avaliados o diâmetro externo dos vasos embebidos em solução randomizada dos fármacos para vasodilatação. Após cálculo do aumento percentual no diâmetro externo dos vasos, foi realizada análise estatística. Resultados: Observou-se aumento estatisticamente significativo da dilatação arterial após 10 minutos de aplicação tópica de sulfato de magnésio a 10% em relação ao grupo controle, com p = 0,044. Nenhuma outra droga apresentou efeito vasodilatador superior ao grupo controle. O sulfato de magnésio a 10% ainda não é utilizado em microcirurgia e apresenta custo até 15 vezes menor quando comparado com a papaverina, droga padrão para vasodilatação tópica em casos clínicos em nosso serviço. Conclusão: O sulfato de magnésio apresentou melhor efeito vasodilatador quando comparado ao grupo controle, após 10 minutos da microanastomose arterial. Nenhum dos fármacos testados apresentou efeito vasodilatador superior após a microanastomose venosa. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo experimental, Ensaio Randomizado.

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PURPOSE: This quasi-experimental study investigates the impact of enhancing metacognition in learning inferential reading skills in English as a second language. PROCEDURES: Six Grade 4 classes were randomly assigned to two groups. The "Control group" received an instructional unit on inferential reading skills. The "Metacognition group" received the same unit, including metacognitive activities. Students were assessed in metacognitive and inferential reading skills before (pre-test), immediately after (post-test) and four weeks after the intervention (deferred test). FINDINGS: Metacognitive strategy instruction enhanced student learning of inferential reading skills and its sustainability in time. The Metacognition group attained a significantly higher average score in deploying metacognitive skills both in the post and deferred tests, indicating that the intervention was effective, as intended, to this end. While both groups significantly improved their proficiency in inferential reading skills after working with the provided instructional unit, there was a significant difference in the Metacognition group, which outperformed the Control one, even more strongly in the deferred test. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the importance of deliberately promoting metacognition as it positively impacts learning outcomes and sustainability.

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BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that occurs in locations with inadequate sanitation conditions. The geographic distribution of Schistosoma mansoni trematode depends directly on the presence of its intermediate host, Biomphalaria mollusks. Studies involving recently isolated and laboratory strains are not common due to the difficulty in cycle maintenance. This study evaluated the susceptibility and infectivity responses in intermediate and definitive hosts with strains of S. mansoni, one isolated and kept in laboratory environment for 34 years (BE) and the other recently collected (BE-I) METHODS: For experimental infection, a total of 400 B. glabrata mollusks were divided in four infection groups. Thirty mice were divided in two groups for infection with the two strains. RESULTS: It was possible to notice differences about S. mansoni infection in both strains. The laboratory strain was more harmful to freshly collected mollusks. Differences in the patterns of infection in mice could be observed. CONCLUSION: Particularities occurred in each group of infection by S. mansoni strains, despite having the same geographic origin. Effects from the parasite-host interaction are visible in terms of infection in definitive and intermediate hosts.

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The Western diet can negatively affect the gut microbiota and is associated with metabolic disorders. Kombucha, a tea fermented by a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY), is known for its bioactive properties and has become popular in the last years. In this study, we evaluated the effects of regular kombucha consumption on the gut microbiota and on outcomes related to the intestinal health of Wistar rats fed a high-fat high-fructose diet. After eight weeks receiving a standard diet (AIN-93M) (n = 10) or a high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFHF) (n = 30) to induce metabolic disorders, the animals were subdivided into four groups: AIN-93M (n = 10); HFHF (n = 10); GTK (HFHF + green tea kombucha (n = 10); and BTK (HFHF + black tea kombucha; n = 10) for 10 weeks. Although body composition did not differ among the groups, the HFHF diet was associated with metabolic alterations, and stimulated the growth of gram-negative bacteria such as Proteobacteria and Bacteroides. Kombucha ingestion could somewhat modulate the gut microbiota, attenuating the effects of a Western diet by increasing propionate production and favoring the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as Adlercreutzia in the GTK group. Our results suggest that regular kombucha consumption may be beneficial to intestinal health, which can be mostly attributed to its high content and diversity of phenolic compounds.

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(1) Background: Exhaustive exercise can induce muscle damage. The consumption of nutritional compounds with the ability to positively influence the oxidative balance and an exacerbated inflammatory process has been previously studied. However, little is known about the nutritional value of curcumin (CCM) when mixed with whey protein concentrate (WPC). This study was developed to evaluate the effect of CCM-added WPC on inflammatory and oxidative process control and histopathological consequences in muscle tissue submitted to an exhaustive swimming test (ET). (2) Methods: 48 animals were randomly allocated to six groups (n = 8). An ET was performed 4 weeks after the start of the diet and animals were euthanized 24 h post ET. (3) Results: WPC + CCM and CCM groups reduced IL-6 and increased IL-10 expression in muscle tissue. CCM reduced carbonyl protein after ET compared to standard AIN-93M ET and WPC + CCM ET diets. Higher nitric oxide concentrations were observed in animals that consumed WPC + CCM and CCM. Consumption of WPC + CCM or isolated CCM reduced areas of inflammatory infiltrate and fibrotic tissue in the muscle. (4) Conclusions: WPC + CCM and isolated CCM contribute to the reduction in inflammation and oxidative damage caused by the exhaustive swimming test.

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Aerobic physical training reduces arterial pressure in patients with hypertension owing to integrative systemic adaptations. One of the key factors is the decrease in cardiac sympathetic influence. Thus, we hypothesized that among other causes, cardiac sympathetic influence reduction might be associated with intrinsic cardiac adaptations that provide greater efficiency. Therefore, 14 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR group) and 14 normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY group) were used in this study. Half of the rats in each group were trained to swim for 12 weeks. All animals underwent the following experimental protocols: double blockade of cardiac autonomic receptors with atropine and propranolol; echocardiography; and analysis of coronary bed reactivity and left ventricle contractility using the Langendorff technique. The untrained SHR group had a higher sympathetic tone, cardiac hypertrophy, and reduced ejection fraction compared with the untrained WKY group. In addition, reduced coronary bed reactivity due to increased flow, and less ventricular contractile response to dobutamine and salbutamol administration were observed. The trained SHR group showed fewer differences in echocardiographic parameters as the untrained SHR group. However, the trained SHR group showed a reduction in the cardiac sympathetic influence, greater coronary bed reactivity, and increased left intraventricular pressure. In conclusion, aerobic physical training seems to reduce cardiac sympathetic influence and increase contractile strength in SHR rats, besides the minimal effects on cardiac morphology. This reduction suggests intrinsic cardiac adaptations resulting in beneficial adjustments of coronary bed reactivity associated with greater left ventricular contraction.

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Introducción: En Colombia mueren anualmente alrededor de 7000 personas por accidentes de tránsito y otras resultan gravemente heridas, con más de 30 000 lesionados en 2018. Estas cifras reflejan un problema de salud pública, lo que hace necesario generar un proceso de concienciación para lograr un cambio de actitud en todos los actores viales, así como incrementar el conocimiento de las personas respecto a la movilización y las señales de tránsito. Objetivo: Determinar el impacto de un programa educativo en conocimiento vial en la adopción de actitudes seguras hacia el tránsito y la movilidad en escolares de 11 a 14 años de Barranquilla, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: La investigación está estructurada en un diseño de preprueba, posprueba con grupo de comparación con mediciones a través de dos escalas: una escala de actitudes de los estudiantes en relación con la seguridad vial y un segundo instrumento que evalúa conocimientos respecto a las normas de tránsito y la movilidad. Resultados: Se encontró que existen diferencias significativas entre los niños que tuvieron la experiencia educativa en relación con las normas y señales de tránsito. Conclusiones: La educación vial se muestra como una estrategia positiva en la formación de actitudes seguras en relación con la normativa de tránsito y movilidad.

Introduction: In Colombia, 7,000 people, in average, die every year from traffic accidents and others are seriously injured, with more than 30,000 injured in 2018. These figures reflect a public health problem, which makes it necessary to generate an awareness process to achieve change in attitude in all road actors, as well as increasing people's knowledge regarding mobilization and traffic signs. Objective: To determine the impact of an educational program on road knowledge in the adoption of safe attitudes towards traffic and mobility in schoolchildren aged 11 to 14 years from Barranquilla, Colombia. Materials and methods: This research is structured in a pre-test and post-test design with a comparison group with measurements through two scales: a scale of students' attitudes in relation to road safety, and a second instrument that assesses knowledge regarding traffic regulations and mobility. Results: It was found that there are significant differences between the children who had the educational experience in relation to traffic rules and signs. Conclusions: Road safety education is shown as a positive strategy in the formation of safe attitudes in relation to traffic and mobility regulations.

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INTRODUCTION: Hallux valgus is a high frequency disorder, affecting the first ray. Operative correction techniques have grown popularity lately. One of them is the Reverdin-Isham technique (first metatarsal medial incomplete osteotomy). Recently, a protection and osteotomy cutting guide has been developed: the BARU system. OBJECTIVE: To test the usefulness of the BARU system as a protective factor for soft structures adjacent to the surgical site and guidance for osteotomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Experimental cadaveric study. Six cadaveric feet (two fresh-frozen and four in formaldehyde solution), unapproached. Feet were numbered and intervened with RI technique, three of them with BARU system and three without it. Afterwards, dissection by two dissectors who did not know whether the BARU system had been used or not, establishing a single-blinded model. 13 structures were evaluated in each foot. Data was recovered into Microsoft Office Excel and processed with SPSS. 2 test (significative if p value < 0.05) and relative risk were calculated. RESULTS: Approach using BARU system was satisfactory, with usual-size operation-ports. BARU system colocation was simple and radiological control showed adequate spatial location. The device contributed as reference for cutting direction and depth. 65 out of the 78 searched structures were found (83.3%). Six injuries were found among the assessed structures: plantar medial nerve (one injury), plantar medial artery (one injury), flexor brevis muscle (three injuries), abductor muscle (one injury). Five of these injuries occurred in non-utilizing BARU system feet. CONCLUSION: Promising results in terms of protection of nearby structures, cutting guide, and ease of intervention. Avoids X-rays exposure. Not significant statistical calculations, the sample should be enlarged.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El hallux valgus es una patología con alta prevalencia en la población. Técnicas de corrección quirúrgica han crecido en popularidad últimamente. Una de ellas es la de Reverdin-Isham (RI: osteotomía incompleta medial en primer metatarsiano), se desarrolló un dispositivo de protección y guía de corte para dicho procedimiento: el sistema BARU. OBJETIVO: Probar la utilidad del sistema BARU como factor protector de estructuras blandas adyacentes al sitio de abordaje y guía para osteotomía. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cadavérico; seis pies (dos frescos y cuatro formolados) sin abordajes previos. Tres con el sistema BARU y tres sin éste. Posteriormente disección por dos disectores con enmascaramiento simple ciego. Se evaluaron 13 estructuras en cada pie. Los datos fueron recabados con Microsoft Office Excel y procesados en SPSS. Se realizó test de 2 (valor p < 0.05 significativo) y se calculó el riesgo relativo. RESULTADOS: El sistema BARU fue satisfactorio. Su colocación fue sencilla y el control radiológico mostró adecuada ubicación espacial. Ayudó como referencia para la dirección y profundidad del corte. Se encontraron 65 de las 78 estructuras buscadas (83.3%). En las estructuras evaluadas hubo seis lesiones: nervio plantar medial (uno dañado), arteria plantar medial (uno dañado), músculo flexor corto (tres dañados), músculo abductor (uno dañado). Cinco de estas lesiones ocurrieron en pies donde no se utilizó el sistema BARU. CONCLUSIÓN: Resultados prometedores en cuanto a protección de estructuras cercanas, guía de corte y facilidad para la intervención. Cálculos estadísticos no significativos, la muestra debería ampliarse.

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Resumen El suicidio es una de las principales causas de muerte en el mundo, problema que en los últimos años ha venido en aumento sostenido para la población adolescente. En particular, la ideación suicida se ha relacionado fuertemente con el intento suicida, un predictor directo del suicidio; sin embargo, se encuentran escasas estrategias para disminuir la ideación suicida diseñadas principalmente para la depresión. Considerando las posibilidades terapéuticas de la teoría de Zimbardo sobre la perspectiva temporal equilibrada, en el presente estudio se diseñó una intervención breve basada en la perspectiva del tiempo para adolescentes con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de una intervención de perspectiva temporal en la modificación de indicadores de ideación y conducta suicida en adolescentes. De este modo, se realizó un estudio experimental, donde 82 participantes de 15 a 19 años fueron asignados a una intervención experimental o a un grupo control. Los participantes del grupo experimental (n = 43) participaron durante 8 sesiones del programa de intervención de perspectiva del tiempo denominado "Serenamente". Las mediciones pre-post se realizaron sobre las variables de ideación suicida (Okasha), el perfil temporal (ZTPI) y la calidad de vida (SF-36). Como resultados, se encontró que la intervención reduce la ideación suicida en un 41 %; y que, posiblemente, mejora la salud física de quienes reciben este tipo de tratamiento. Los resultados son un avance promisorio con fines preventivos en contextos educativos y de salud.

Abstract Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the world, a problem that has been steadily increasing in recent years for the adolescent population. In particular, suicidal ideation has been strongly associated with suicide attempt, a direct predictor of suicide; however, few strategies to decrease suicidal ideation designed primarily for depression are found. Considering the therapeutic possibilities of Zimbardo's theory on balanced time perspective, in the present study a brief intervention for adolescents based on that theory was designed with the aim of evaluating the effect of a time perspective intervention on the modification of indicators of suicidal ideation and behavior in adolescents. Thus, an experimental study was conducted, where 82 participants aged 15 to 19 were assigned to either an experimental intervention or a control group. The participants of the experimental group (n = 43) engaged in eight sessions of the time perspective intervention program called "Serenity". Pre-post measurements were made on the variables of suicidal ideation (Okasha), time profile (ZTPI) and quality of life (SF-36). Results show that the intervention reduces suicidal ideation by 41%; and that, possibly, it improves the physical health of those who receive this type of treatment. The results are a promising advance for preventive purposes in educational and health contexts.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine the accuracy between functional swallowing (FS) and the Knebelman craniometric method (KCM) to measure occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) in total denture wearers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental, prospective study was conducted considering the KCM diagnostic method as the gold standard compared to FS. All the totally edentulous patients attended at the School of Dentistry of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (n = 32) in 2018-2019 were evaluated. Previous informed consent was obtained from all patients. A Knebelman's Craniometer was used to obtain longitudinal measurements measured in millimeters. The measurement was made with the Knebelman Craniometer by placing the tip into the external auditory canal inside the right meatus. On the other hand, for the FS method, the patients were seated comfortably with their back supported and their head in a natural position. Both upper and lower rollers were inserted into the mouth and the patient was instructed to swallow saliva for a period of 5min. RESULTS: When comparing the measurement of the OVD of KCM versus FS according to sex, men presented an OVD of 68.1 ± 3.9 mm, being 64.1 ± 3.8 mm in women. Accuracy was evaluated with an analysis of concordance between FS and the KCM in the determination of OVD in totally edentulous patients with a value of 0.97 (confidence interval = 0.31-0.99) (P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: There is a good concordance between the FS method and the KCM at the time of determining the OVD of edentulous patients using total prostheses.

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To determine the effect of patient immigrant status on physician trainees' diabetes treatment decisions. Participants were 140 physician trainees ('providers'). Providers viewed videos and vignettes of virtual patients differing in immigrant status (born in Mexico or U.S.; other characteristics held constant). Analyses were completed at the group and individual levels. Providers were less likely to refer foreign-born (vs. U.S.-born) patients to endocrinology. Individual-level results showed an almost even split between treatment ratings for foreign-born vs. U.S.-born patients for three decisions (take no action, add oral hypoglycemic agent, add/switch to insulin), explaining why group-level differences for these ratings did not emerge (i.e., they were cancelled out). Physician trainees are less likely to refer foreign-born patients to endocrinology. Half of individual-level decisions were influenced by patient immigrant status, but group-level analyses mask these differences. Systematic treatment differences based on non-relevant factors could lead to adverse outcomes for immigrants.

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Resumen: Introducción: El hallux valgus es una patología con alta prevalencia en la población. Técnicas de corrección quirúrgica han crecido en popularidad últimamente. Una de ellas es la de Reverdin-Isham (RI: osteotomía incompleta medial en primer metatarsiano), se desarrolló un dispositivo de protección y guía de corte para dicho procedimiento: el sistema BARU. Objetivo: Probar la utilidad del sistema BARU como factor protector de estructuras blandas adyacentes al sitio de abordaje y guía para osteotomía. Material y métodos: Estudio cadavérico; seis pies (dos frescos y cuatro formolados) sin abordajes previos. Tres con el sistema BARU y tres sin éste. Posteriormente disección por dos disectores con enmascaramiento simple ciego. Se evaluaron 13 estructuras en cada pie. Los datos fueron recabados con Microsoft Office Excel y procesados en SPSS. Se realizó test de χ2 (valor p < 0.05 significativo) y se calculó el riesgo relativo. Resultados: El sistema BARU fue satisfactorio. Su colocación fue sencilla y el control radiológico mostró adecuada ubicación espacial. Ayudó como referencia para la dirección y profundidad del corte. Se encontraron 65 de las 78 estructuras buscadas (83.3%). En las estructuras evaluadas hubo seis lesiones: nervio plantar medial (uno dañado), arteria plantar medial (uno dañado), músculo flexor corto (tres dañados), músculo abductor (uno dañado). Cinco de estas lesiones ocurrieron en pies donde no se utilizó el sistema BARU. Conclusión: Resultados prometedores en cuanto a protección de estructuras cercanas, guía de corte y facilidad para la intervención. Cálculos estadísticos no significativos, la muestra debería ampliarse.

Abstract: Introduction: Hallux valgus is a high frequency disorder, affecting the first ray. Operative correction techniques have grown popularity lately. One of them is the Reverdin-Isham technique (first metatarsal medial incomplete osteotomy). Recently, a protection and osteotomy cutting guide has been developed: the BARU system. Objective: To test the usefulness of the BARU system as a protective factor for soft structures adjacent to the surgical site and guidance for osteotomy. Material and methods: Experimental cadaveric study. Six cadaveric feet (two fresh-frozen and four in formaldehyde solution), unapproached. Feet were numbered and intervened with RI technique, three of them with BARU system and three without it. Afterwards, dissection by two dissectors who did not know whether the BARU system had been used or not, establishing a single-blinded model. 13 structures were evaluated in each foot. Data was recovered into Microsoft Office Excel and processed with SPSS. χ2 test (significative if p value < 0.05) and relative risk were calculated. Results: Approach using BARU system was satisfactory, with usual-size operation-ports. BARU system colocation was simple and radiological control showed adequate spatial location. The device contributed as reference for cutting direction and depth. 65 out of the 78 searched structures were found (83.3%). Six injuries were found among the assessed structures: plantar medial nerve (one injury), plantar medial artery (one injury), flexor brevis muscle (three injuries), abductor muscle (one injury). Five of these injuries occurred in non-utilizing BARU system feet. Conclusion: Promising results in terms of protection of nearby structures, cutting guide, and ease of intervention. Avoids X-rays exposure. Not significant statistical calculations, the sample should be enlarged.

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A promising alternative to improve the ultra-gas-wet alteration process by the addition of nanoparticles was developed. This study is focused on studying the functionalization process of nanoparticles of γ-alumina (γ-Al2O3) and magnesia (MgO) using a commercial fluorocarbon surfactant (SYLNYL-FSJ), from an experimental and theoretical approach. Different fluorocarbon surfactant concentrations were used in the functionalization process of the nanoparticles, and the materials obtained were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The experimental setup of the interaction between the surfactant and nanoparticles was reproduced by molecular simulations in order to obtain physical insights into the adsorption process. Experimental results show a suitable functionalization for both nanoparticles with the fluorocarbon surfactant. The γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles showed better behavior based on the obtained nonfrictional conditions, which lead the water and n-decane droplets to slide on the rock surface coated with the functionalized nanoparticles. The experimental contact angles on the functionalized γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles were reproduced by molecular dynamics simulations. From the interaction energies' evaluation, it was also determined that alumina nanoparticles could reduce the adhesive energy to 0.01 kcal mol-1, regarding magnesia nanoparticles. Also, a significant difference was obtained for the surfactant-liquid interactions between the two nanoparticles evaluated, with changes of 17% for surfactant-water interactions and 28% for the surfactant-n-decane. The obtained results explain the pronounced increase for the contact angles of n-decane on the functionalized γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles.

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AIM: The aim was to evaluate and compare the therapeutic effect of sodium hyaluronate (SH) and corticosteroids (CS) on pain and temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with TMD [characterized by painful symptoms, affectations, and limitations of the mandibular movement and noises or clicks in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)] were selected and divided into two equal groups nonrandomized. The clinical questionnaire was applied to each patient before performing the clinical procedures and included a visual analog scale with progressive values from 0 to 10 for the measurement of pain and clinical examination: maximum oral aperture (MOA), mandibular laterotrusive movement (MLM), and maximum protrusion (MP), before and after infiltration intra-articular with SH and CS up to 2 months. RESULTS: Both groups described benefits from treatment at the 1st and 2nd weeks, and at 1 and 2 months of follow-up, presenting a reduction in TMJ pain, and improvement in mandibular mobility with an increase of the MOA, lateralities, and protrusion. No statistically significant difference was found among these variables between the two drugs. However, SH showed a greater therapeutic effect in relation to a reduction in joint noises compared to CS. CONCLUSION: Intra-articular infiltration with SH and CS in TMD is effective for the relief of TMJ pain and also reduces joint noises and improves mandibular mobility. Both drugs can be used with similar optimal results in the treatment of TMD. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This research allows to know what is the therapeutic impact of injectable CS on the TMJ.

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: To test the effectiveness of an 8-week before-school physical activity program to reduce bullying victimization among a group of socially disadvantaged children in the Active-Start study. METHOD: A non-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted in three public schools classified as highly vulnerable and located in a deprived area of Santiago (Chile). A total of 5 classes participated, totaling 170 fourth grade children. The intervention was delivered before starting the first school-class (8:00-8:30 a.m.). The program lasted for 8 weeks. Primary outcome measurement on bullying victimization was assessed by the CUBE questionnaire at baseline and post-intervention. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant reduction in the probability of suffering physical bullying (OR= 0.18, 95% CI, 0.04-0.82; p= .027) and verbal bullying (OR=0.13, 95% CI, 0.02-0.97; p= .046) after the 8-week program. CONCLUSIONS: Participation in an 8-week before-school physical activity intervention implemented in schools located in a disadvantaged district in Santiago (Chile) resulted in lower levels of bullying victimization among study participants. The Active-Start program may be a feasible and potentially scalable intervention option to improve the climate and pro-sociality environment at schools.

ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: Evaluar la efectividad de un programa de actividad física antes de la escuela de ocho semanas para reducir el bullying en niños en desventaja social del estudio Active-Start. MÉTODO: Se realizó un ensayo controlado aleatorio no ciego en tres escuelas públicas vulnerables y ubicadas en Santiago (Chile), con un total de cinco clases e incluyendo 170 niños de Cuarto Grado. La intervención de ocho semanas se realizó cinco veces por semana antes de comenzar la primera clase (8:00­8:30 a.m.). La medida de resultado primaria fue la victimización por bullying evaluado a través del cuestionario CUBE al inicio y después de la intervención. RESULTADOS: Hubo una reducción estadísticamente significativa en la probabilidad de sufrir bullying físico (OR= 0,18, IC 95%, 0,04-0,82; p= 0,027) y verbal (OR= 0,13, IC 95%, 0,02-0,97; p= 0,046) después del programa de ocho semanas. CONCLUSIONES: La participación en una intervención de actividad física antes de la escuela de ocho semanas implementada en escuelas ubicadas en una comuna desfavorecida en Santiago (Chile) dio lugar a niveles más bajos de victimización por bullying entre sus participantes. El programa Active-Start puede ser una opción de intervención viable y potencialmente escalable para mejorar el clima y el ambiente escolar.

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Resumo Objetivo: Este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a efetividade do estágio prático internacional de enfermagem quanto à autoeficácia, competência cultural e competência global. Foi utilizada a análise fatorial para avaliar a confiabilidade das medidas do estudo. Métodos: Um método de amostragem intencional foi usado para coletar os dados: os participantes eram estudantes de enfermagem (n=66) do segundo semestre do terceiro ano do curso de graduação. Para a análise fatorial, foram agrupados os resultados obtidos dos grupos controle e experimental (n=132) por meio de um questionário. A pesquisa foi realizada antes e após o estágio prático nacional e internacional de enfermagem para os grupos controle e experimental, respectivamente. O teste t foi utilizado para comparar os dois grupos, e Diferença em Diferenças (DD) foi utilizado para determinar a verdadeira alteração entre antes e depois do estágio. A análise do DD também mostrou que o nível de mudança antes e depois de cada estágio de enfermagem foi significativa entre os grupos controle e experimental. Resultados: A análise fatorial demonstrou que o questionário da pesquisa mensurou com confiabilidade os subconceitos. As diferenças na autoeficácia e na competência cultural entre os dois grupos foram estatisticamente significativas antes e depois do tratamento, mas os resultados de DD não foram significativos. Para a competência global, no entanto, tanto o DD quanto a diferença antes e depois do tratamento entre os dois grupos foram estatisticamente significativos. Conclusão: Apesar de algumas limitações do estudo, o desenho inovador gerou resultados que ajudam a preencher uma grande lacuna no conhecimento de enfermagem. Estudos futuros devem incluir um ensaio clínico randomizado para superar as limitações de viés de amostragem e generalização dos resultados do estudo.

Resumen Objetivo: Este estudio fue llevado a cabo para analizar la efectividad de la práctica profesional internacional de enfermería en cuanto a la autoeficacia, competencia cultural y competencia global. Se utilizó el análisis factorial para evaluar la confiabilidad de las medidas del estudio. Métodos: Fue utilizado un método de muestreo intencional para recopilar los datos: los participantes eran estudiantes de enfermería (n=66) del segundo semestre de tercer año de la carrera de grado. Para el análisis factorial, se agruparon los resultados obtenidos de los grupos de control y experimental (n=132) a través de un cuestionario. La investigación fue realizada antes y después de la práctica profesional nacional e internacional de enfermería en grupos de control y experimental, respectivamente. Se utilizó el test-T para comparar los dos grupos y la técnica Diferencia en Diferencias (DD) para determinar la verdadera modificación entre antes y después de la práctica. El análisis de DD también demostró que el nivel de cambio antes y después de cada práctica de enfermería fue significativo entre los grupos de control y experimental. Resultados: El análisis factorial demostró que el cuestionario de la investigación midió los subconceptos con confiabilidad. Las diferencias de autoeficacia y competencia cultural entre los dos grupos fueron estadísticamente significativas antes y después del tratamiento, pero los resultados de DD no fueron significativos. Sin embargo, en la competencia global, tanto la DD como la diferencia antes y después del tratamiento entre los dos grupos fueron estadísticamente significativas. Conclusión: A pesar de algunas limitaciones del estudio, el diseño innovador generó resultados que ayudan a llenar un gran vacío en el conocimiento de enfermería. Estudios futuros deben incluir un ensayo clínico aleatorizado para superar las limitaciones de perspectiva de muestreo y generalización de los resultados del estudio.

Abstract Objective: This study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of international nursing practicum on self-efficacy, cultural competency, and global competency. Methods: A purposive sampling method was used to collect the data: the participants were nursing students (n=66) who had advanced into the 2nd semester of junior level. For the factor analysis, the results of a questionnaire survey were pooled from the control and experimental groups (n=132). The survey was administered before and after the national and international nursing practicum for the control and experimental groups, respectively. The t-test was used to compare the two groups, and Difference in Difference (DID) was used to determine the true change between before and after the practicum. But if you are describing international nursing practicums and domestic nursing practicums, i.e., many different courses in different countries, and here in Korea in different universities. DID analysis also showed that the level of change before and after each nursing practicum differed significantly between the control and experimental groups. Results: Factor analysis confirmed that the survey questionnaire reliably measured the sub-concepts. The differences in self-efficacy and cultural competency between the two groups were statistically significant before and after the treatment, but DID results were not significant. For global competency, however, both DID and the difference before and after treatment between the two groups were statistically significant. Conclusion: Despite a few study limitations, the innovative study design generated findings that help to fill a large gap in nursing knowledge. Future studies should include a randomized clinical trial to overcome the limitations of sampling bias and generalization of study results.

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OBJECTIVE: This PUBA study aimed to assess the efficacy of fractional CO2 laser in the treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). METHODS: GSM symptoms were assessed before, 1 month after the first session and 1 month after the third session of laser (3 sessions with a 30 days interval between them) in 60 women (median, interquartile range: 55, 49-69). Subjective (visual analog scale) and objective (Vaginal Health Index, VHIS; Vaginal Maturity Index/Frost Index; Spanish Overactive Bladder Questionnaire-Short Form, USMEX Spanish OAB-qSF and Female Sexual Function Index, FSFI) measures were used during the study period to assess CO2 fractionated laser treatment outcomes compared to baseline. RESULTS: Fractional CO2 laser treatment was effective to improve GSM symptoms (vaginal dryness, vaginal itching, vaginal burning, dyspaurenia, dysuria, urinary urgency; P < 0.001) after three sessions, as well as VHIS (median, interquartile range: 13, 10-15 at baseline vs. 21, 20-23 at the fourth month follow up; P < 0.001), Frost Index (median, interquartile range: 28, 24-31 at baseline vs. 8, 6-10 at the fourth month follow up; P < 0.001), USMEX (median, interquartile range: 56, 46-68 at baseline vs 14, 13-16 at the fourth month follow up: P < 0,001) and FSFI (median, interquartile range: 5, 2-14 at baseline vs 30, 28-32). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample, the data suggests that fractionated CO2 laser is an effective alternative for GSM treatment with positive outcomes that persists over time. Lasers Surg. Med. 51:509-515, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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