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The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to evaluate the probability of entry of pests (likelihood of pest freedom at entry), including both, regulated and non-regulated pests, associated with unrooted cuttings of the genera Petunia and Calibrachoa produced under physical isolation in Guatemala. The relevance of any pest for this opinion was based on evidence following defined criteria, based on the methodology used for high-risk plants adapted for the specificity of this assessment. Nineteen EU regulated pests (Bemisia tabaci, pepper golden mosaic virus, pepper huasteco yellow vein virus, tomato severe leaf curl virus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus, tomato spotted wilt virus, Liriomyza huidobrensis, Liriomyza sativae, Liriomyza trifolii, Bactericera cockerelli, Eotetranichus lewisi, Epitrix subcrinita, Epitrix cucumeris, Helicoverpa zea, Chloridea virescens, Spodoptera ornithogalli, Ralstonia solanacearum, Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum, Xanthomonas vesicatoria) and one EU non-regulated (Phenacoccus solenopsis) pest fulfilled all relevant criteria and were selected for further evaluation. For these pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Guatemala were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors, and an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The limited and partially conflicting information provided in the dossier contributes to the wide estimates of pest freedom. The estimated degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with Ralstonia spp. (R. solanacearum and R. pseudosolanacearum) being the pest most frequently expected on the imported cuttings. The expert knowledge elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9916 and 10,000 bags containing unrooted cuttings per 10,000 would be free of Ralstonia spp.
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The paper analyzes the impact of trade relations between the European Union (EU) and Mercosur with its member states (Argentina, and Brazil, in particular), on the adoption of legislation on animal welfare inspired by the EU model. In the first part, the paper focuses on the historical roots of the European framework, which led "animal welfare" to become an EU value. Then, it briefly explores the EU legal instrument dedicated to breeding, transport and commercialization of animals, identified as core issues when dealing with international trade. Finally, it examines how Argentina and Brazil have adapted their national rules to the European model, thanks to a "mirroring" legislation strategy. In conclusion, the analysis shows how trade relations with the EU have an impact on the worldwide diffusion of European standards.
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Comércio , Internacionalidade , Animais , União Europeia , Brasil , Bem-Estar do AnimalRESUMO
RESUMEN Los estudios radiológicos son fundamentales en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de diversas patologías. Su calidad depende de múltiples variables, entre las que destacan, los parámetros de adquisición, interpretación, entre otros. Se propone una metodología estandarizada, sencilla, de fácil interpretación, permitiendo la evaluación regular de la calidad de las imágenes, dando indicios de la propiedad del trabajo en el centro de salud y poder realizar comparaciones entre centros y autores, a partir de los criterios anatómicos establecidos por la Unión Europea, definiendo el parámetro de calidad de la imagen (CI), representadas en una escala de Likert para el análisis de frecuencia, demostrando que puede ser una herramienta de utilidad para la evaluación reiterada de los centros de radiología. Evaluando 140 proyecciones postero anterior y 85 laterales de tórax, con una muestra de 225 estudios, realizados en un centro de salud, ubicado en la ciudad de Mérida, República Bolivariana de Venezuela, escogiendo estas proyecciones, ya que, representan el 32% de los estudios de radiología convencional. Permitiendo la comparación entre proyecciones y autores, obteniéndose para la proyección postero anterior un CI de 5,07 ± 1,53 criterios de los ocho establecidos, normalizado un CI de 0,62 ± 0,19; las imágenes excelentes solo representan el 22,78%. Comparado con un CI de 4,91 ± 1,17 criterios de los seis establecidos, normalizado un CI de 0,82 ± 0,19, e imágenes excelentes en un 64,71% para la proyección lateral. Se observa las notorias diferencias entre la calidad de las imágenes clínicas en hombres y mujeres para ambas proyecciones
ABSTRACT Radiological studies are essential in the diagnosis and treatment of various pathologies. Their quality depends on multiple variables, among which the acquisition and interpretation parameters, among others, stand out. A standardized methodology is proposed, simple, of easy interpretation, allowing the regular evaluation of the quality of the images, giving indications of the property of the work in the health center and being able to make comparisons between centers and authors, from the anatomical criteria established by the European Union, defining the parameter of image quality (IQ), represented on a Likert scale for frequency analysis, demonstrating that it can be a useful tool for the repeated evaluation of radiology centers. Evaluating 140 postero anterior and 85 lateral projections of the thorax, with a sample of 225 studies, performed in a health center, located in the city of Merida, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, taking these projections, since they represent 32% of the conventional radiology studies. Allowing the comparison between projections and authors, obtaining for the postero anterior projection an IQ of 5.07 ± 1.53 criteria of the eight established, normalized an IQ of 0.62 ± 0.19; the excellent images only represent 22.78%. Compared with an IQ of 4.91 ± 1.17 criteria of the six established, normalized IQ of 0.82 ± 0.19, and excellent images in 64.71% for the lateral projection. It is observed the notorious differences between the quality of clinical images in men and women for both projections
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Doses de Radiação , Radiografia Torácica/métodos , Intensificação de Imagem Radiográfica/métodos , VenezuelaRESUMO
The European Union has identified the Textile and Clothing industry as one of the essential objectives towards carbon neutrality in 2050 in line with the "European Green Deal". There are no previous research papers focused on analysing the drivers and inhibitors of the past greenhouse gas emission changes of the textile and clothing industry in Europe. This paper aims to analyse the determinants of the changes in these emissions, and the disassociation level between emissions and economic growth, throughout the 27 Member States of the European Union, from 2008 to 2018. A Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index that explains the key drivers of the changes in greenhouse gas emissions of European Union Textile and Cloth industry and a Decoupling Index have been applied. The results generally conclude that the intensity and carbonisation effects are key factors that contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The lower relative weight of the textile and clothing industry throughout the EU-27 was noteworthy, and favours lower emissions, partially counteracted by the activity effect. Also, most Member States have been decoupling the industry's emissions from economic growth. Our policy recommendation shows that if further reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are to be achieved, energy efficiency improvements and cleaner use of energy sources would offset the potential increase in emissions of this industry as a result of a relative increase in its gross value added.
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Gases de Efeito Estufa , Gases de Efeito Estufa/análise , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Indústrias , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Carbono/análise , Vestuário , ChinaRESUMO
RESUMO O presente ensaio discute a Dupla Carreira (DC) em contexto europeu e a natureza simbiótica das habilidades adquiridas ao longo da vida, contribuindo para uma transição saudável ao mercado de trabalho no final da carreira esportiva. Nessa esteira evolutiva do suporte à DC fica evidente a produção conjunta do conhecimento em nível regional, nacional e internacional entre os Estados-Membros da União Europeia, assim como a proposição de políticas de amparo tanto aos atletas estudantes quanto aos atores que participam do processo de DC. A apresentação das Diretrizes para a DC em conjunto com os programas More Than Gold e EMPATIA ressaltam a importância do suprimento a nível micro, meso e macroestrutural, fornecendo experiências que induzem à ampliação do conceito de atleta estudante para sportsperson.
ABSTRACT This essay discusses the dual career (DC) in a European context and its symbiotic nature present in the skills acquired throughout life that contribute to a healthy transition to the job market at the end of the sports career. In this evolutionary path of DC support, the joint production of knowledge at a regional, national and international level, between the member states of the European Union, is evident, as well as the proposal of policies to support student athletes, and actors who participate in the DC process. The presentation of the Guidelines for DC and the More Than Gold and EMPATIA programs highlight the importance of supply at the micro, meso and macro structural level, experiences that induce the expansion of the concept of student athlete to sportsperson.
RESUMEN Este ensayo analiza la carrera dual (DC) en un contexto europeo y su naturaleza simbiótica presente en las habilidades adquiridas a lo largo de la vida que contribuyen a una transición saludable al mercado laboral al final de la carrera deportiva. Por lo tanto, el apoyo al DC destaca la producción conjunta de conocimiento a nivel regional, nacional e internacional, entre los estados miembros de la Unión Europea, así como la propuesta de políticas para apoyar a los estudiantes deportistas y actores que participan en el proceso de DC. La presentación de los Lineamientos para DC y los programas Más Than Gold y EMPATHY resaltan la importancia de ofrecer a nivel micro, meso y macro estructural, experiencias que induzcan a ampliar el concepto de estudiante deportista a sportsperson.
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ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the contributions of the Bologna Process to academic-professional mobility of Nursing. Method: a descriptive exploratory qualitative research. Open interviews were conducted with six PhD nurses, nursing professors, with more than 20 years of experience and who experienced the changes that occurred in higher education in post-Bologna nursing. The interviews took place in the Health or Nursing Schools of the north, center and south regions of Portugal, between January and March 2019, until saturation occurred by repetition. Content analysis was performed. Results: three perspectives are presented: 1) Mobility and internationalization as presuppositions to the strengthening of the economic bloc; 2) Mobility and internationalization contribute to the consolidation of a European identity; and 3) Diploma Supplement: fundamental aspect of academic-professional mobility. Conclusion: education proved to be a valid instrument for the construction of a common professional identity, considered indispensable for the strengthening of the block, with regard to the production of knowledge. The guidelines for the harmonization of university systems and the Diploma Supplement promoted scientific and cultural exchange through academic-professional mobility and intensified the dialogue between nations, which reverberate in social practices.
RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender las contribuciones del Proceso de Bolonia a la movilidad académico-profesional de Enfermería. Método: investigación cualitativa exploratoria descriptiva. Se realizaron entrevistas abiertas a seis enfermeros doctores, docentes de enfermería, con más de 20 años de experiencia y que vivieron los cambios que ocurrieron en la educación superior en la enfermería post Bolonia. Las entrevistas se realizaron en las Escuelas de Salud o Enfermería de las regiones norte, centro y sur de Portugal, entre enero y marzo de 2019, hasta que se produjo la saturación por repetición. Se realizó análisis de contenido. Resultados: se presentan tres perspectivas: 1) Movilidad e internacionalización como presupuestos para el fortalecimiento del bloque económico; 2) La movilidad y la internacionalización contribuyen a la consolidación de una identidad europea; y 3) Suplemento al Título: aspecto fundamental de la movilidad académico-profesional. Conclusión: la educación demostró ser un instrumento válido para la construcción de una identidad profesional común, considerada indispensable para el fortalecimiento del bloque, en lo que respecta a la producción de conocimiento. Los lineamientos para la armonización de los sistemas universitarios y el Suplemento al Título promovieron el intercambio científico y cultural a través de la movilidad académico-profesional e intensificaron el diálogo entre las naciones, que repercute en las prácticas sociales.
RESUMO Objetivo: compreender as contribuições do Processo de Bolonha para a mobilidade acadêmico-profissional de Enfermagem. Método: pesquisa descritiva, exploratória e de natureza qualitativa. Realizou-se entrevistas abertas com seis enfermeiros doutores, docentes de Enfermagem, com mais de 20 anos de atuação e que vivenciaram as mudanças ocorridas na formação superior em Enfermagem pós-Bolonha. As entrevistas ocorreram nas Escolas de Saúde ou de Enfermagem das regiões norte, centro e sul de Portugal, entre janeiro e março de 2019, até a saturação por repetição. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo. Resultados: apresentam-se três perspectivas: 1) A mobilidade e a internacionalização como pressupostos ao fortalecimento do bloco econômico; 2) A mobilidade e a internacionalização colaboram para a consolidação de uma identidade europeia; e 3) Suplemento ao Diploma: aspecto fundamental à mobilidade acadêmico-profissional. Conclusão: a educação provou ser um instrumento válido para a construção de uma identidade profissional comum, considerada indispensável para o fortalecimento do bloco, no que tange a produção de conhecimentos. As diretrizes para a harmonização dos sistemas universitários e o Suplemento ao Diploma promoveram o intercâmbio científico-cultural por meio da mobilidade acadêmico-profissional e intensificaram o diálogo entre as nações, que reverberam em práticas sociais.
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A proteção de dados pessoais e a segurança informática são matérias sensíveis no setor da saúde. Este texto passa em revista o papel do responsável pelo tratamento de dados (data controller) segundo o Regulamento Geral de Proteção de Dados (RGPD). Estão em causa os princípios relativos ao tratamento e os direitos dos titulares de dados pessoais, os deveres de aplicar medidas técnicas e organizativas adequadas, de registar os tratamentos, de avaliar o impacto dos tratamentos ou, consoante os casos, de designar um encarregado de proteção de dados. São ainda analisadas as obrigações em matéria de segurança informática à luz do quadro legal aplicável, com destaque para a Diretiva europeia da cibersegurança.
Personal data protection and computer security are sensitive issues in the health sector. This work reviews the role of data controllers according to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). At stake are the principles of data processing and the rights of holders of personal data, the duty to apply organized technical and organizational measures, to register treatments, to assess the impact of treatments or, as the case may be, to designate a data protection officer. Computer security obligations are also analysed under the applicable legal framework, in particular the EU Directiveon Cybersecurity.
La protección de los datos personales y la seguridad informática son cuestiones delicadas en el sector sanitario. Este trabajo revisa el rol del controlador de datos de acuerdo con el Reglamento General de Protección de Datos (RGPD). Em causa estão os princípios relativos ao tratamento e os direitos dos titulares de dados pessoais, os deveres de aplicar medidas técnicas e organizativas adequadas, de registar os tratamentos, de avaliar o impacto dos tratamentos ou, consoante os casos, de designar um encarregado de proteção de dados. Las obligaciones y materias de seguridad informática también se analizan a la luz del marco legal aplicable, en particular la Directiva de Ciberseguridad de la Unión Europea.
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The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by tubers of Ullucus tuberosus imported from Peru, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by Peru. The relevance of an EU quarantine pest for this opinion was based on evidence that: (i) the pest is present in Peru, (ii) U. tuberosus is a host of the pest and (iii) the pest can be associated with the commodity. The relevance of any other pest, not regulated in the EU, was based on evidence that: (i) the pest is present in Peru (ii) the pest is absent in the EU; (iii) U. tuberosus is a host of the pest; (iv) the pest can be associated with the commodity and (v) the pest may have an impact and can pose a potential risk for the EU territory. There are five pests i.e. one insect (Amathynetoides nitidiventris), two nematodes (Atalodera andina and Nacobbus aberrans) and two viruses (the Andean potato latent virus (APLV) and the potato virus T (PVT)) that fulfilled all relevant criteria were selected for further evaluation. For the five pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Peru were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For each of the five pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with PVT being the pest most frequently expected on the imported commodities. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,157 and 10,000 tubers out of 10,000 would be free of PVT.
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The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. Momordica fruits originating from countries where Thrips palmi is known to occur qualify as high risk plants. This Scientific Opinion covers the introduction risk for T. palmi posed by fruits of Momordica charantia L. imported from Honduras, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the National Service of Agrifood Health and Safety (SENASA) of Honduras. The risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Honduras were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. An expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the potential pest pressure in the field, the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest in the field and in the packinghouse, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. For T. palmi on M. charantia fruits from Honduras, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom following the evaluation of the risk mitigation measures acting on T. palmi, including any uncertainties. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty that between 9,406 and 10,000 M. charantia fruits per 10,000 will be free from T. palmi.
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The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. M. charantia fruits originating from countries where Thrips palmi is known to occur qualify as high-risk plants. This Scientific Opinion covers the introduction risk for T. palmi posed by fruits of Momordica charantia L. imported from Suriname, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the National Plant Protection Organization of Suriname. The risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Suriname were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. An expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the potential pest pressure in the field, the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest in the field and in the packinghouse, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. For T. palmi on M. charantia fruits from Suriname, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom following the evaluation of the risk mitigation measures acting on T. palmi, including any uncertainties. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty that between 8,652 and 10,000 M. charantia fruits per 10,000 will be free from T. palmi.
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The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. Momordica fruits originating from countries where Thrips palmi is known to occur qualify as high risk plants. This Scientific Opinion covers the introduction risk for T. palmi posed by fruits of Momordica charantia L. imported from Mexico, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the National Service of Health, Safety and Agrifood Quality (Senasica) of Mexico. The risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Mexico were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. An expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the potential pest pressure in the field, the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest in the field and in the packinghouse, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. For T. palmi on M. charantia fruits from Mexico, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom following the evaluation of the risk mitigation measures acting on T. palmi, including any uncertainties. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty that between 9,492 and 10,000 M. charantia fruits per 10,000 will be free from T. palmi.
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stroke is the second largest single cause of death in Europe, responsible for 9% and 13% of all deaths in men and women, respectively. There have been large overall declines in stroke mortality rates in the majority of European countries in recent decades. The aim of this study was to analyse trends in mortality caused by stroke in the 28 member countries of the European Union (EU) over the last two decades. METHODS: We extracted data for age-standardized stroke mortality rates per 100 000 in the EU for the period 1996-2015 from the World Health Organization database. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to analyse the trends and compute the annual percent change (APC) in the EU as a whole and by country. Analyses were conducted by gender and by European region. RESULTS: Mortality from stroke has decreased in the EU over the study period by an average APC of 4.2%. All countries showed downward trends, with the sharpest decreases in Estonia, Portugal and Austria. We recorded statistically significant decreases of 4.2% and 4.3% in mortality rates in men and women, respectively, in the whole EU. Southern and western countries showed the steepest decreases, whereas mortality has increased in northern countries in recent years. CONCLUSIONS: Stroke mortality has decreased in the EU, in both sexes, especially in southern and western European countries. Our results could be a reference for the development of primary prevention and acute management of stroke policies focused on countries with higher mortality.
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Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Distribuição por Idade , Bases de Dados Factuais , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , União Europeia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , MortalidadeRESUMO
Autochthonous outbreaks of chikungunya have occurred in the European Union (EU) after virus introduction by infected travelers. We reviewed the surveillance data of travel-related cases reported in the EU during 2012-2018 to document factors associated with increased infection rates among travelers and to assess how surveillance data could support preparedness against secondary transmission and timely control of outbreaks. Thirteen EU countries reported 2,616 travel-related chikungunya cases. We observed 3 successive epidemiologic periods; the highest number of cases (75%) occurred during 2014-2015, when most cases were associated with the Caribbean and South America. The highest infection rates among travelers were observed during the same phase. Although surveillance of travel-related cases is relevant for estimating the infection risk for travelers, we could not identify a relationship between the number of infected travelers and a higher likelihood of secondary transmission in the EU.
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Febre de Chikungunya , Vírus Chikungunya , Região do Caribe , Febre de Chikungunya/epidemiologia , União Europeia , Humanos , América do Sul , Viagem , Doença Relacionada a ViagensRESUMO
Abstract This article aims to analyze the school days in European Union countries, systematizing similarities and differences between education systems. The compared analysis involved fifteen member countries and focused on the descriptive and comparative phases of the classical comparative method. School days are socio-historical and cultural constructions, which result in sometimes convergent, sometimes divergent policies in the region. In general, the compulsory school day in European countries is from 5 to 6 hours per day. However, there are many features, including investment in policies that integrate curricular and extracurricular activities, as supervised socio-educational times. Through compared analysis, it was possible to identify perspectives and alternatives to the school day configuration to better answer to the demands and needs of the subjects of education.
Résumé Cet article vise à analyser la durée de la journée scolaire des pays de l'Union européenne et systematiser les similitudes et les différences entre les systèmes éducatifs. L'analyse comparée a porté sur quinze pays membres et s'est concentrée sur les phases descriptive et comparative de la méthode comparative classique. Les journées scolaires sont des constructions socio-historiques et culturelles, qui entrainent des politiques tantot convergentes, tantot divergentes dans la région. En général, la journée scolaire obligatoire dans les pays européens est de 5 à 6 heures par jour. Cependant, il existe de nombreuses spécificités, notamment l'investissement dans des politiques intégrant les programmes d'études, les activités parascolaires et les périodes socio-éducatives supervisées. Grâce à une analyse comparative, il a été possible d'identifier des perspectives et des alternatives à la configuration de la journée scolaire afin de mieux répondre aux demandes et aux besoins des sujets de l'éducation.
Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las jornadas escolares de países de la Unión Europea, sistematizando similitudes y diferencias entre los sistemas educativos. El análisis comparado involucró a quince países miembros y se centró en las fases descriptiva y comparativa del método comparativo clásico. Las jornadas escolares son construcciones sociohistóricas y culturales, que resultan en políticas a veces convergentes y otras veces divergentes en la región. En general, la jornada escolar obligatoria en los países europeos es de 5 a 6 horas al día. Sin embargo, hay muchas especificidades, entre ellas la inversión en políticas que integran actividades curriculares, extracurriculares y tiempos socioeducativos supervisados. A través del análisis comparado fue posible identificar perspectivas y alternativas a la configuración de la jornada escolar para responder mejor a las demandas y necesidades de los sujetos de la educación.
Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as jornadas escolares de países da União Europeia, sistematizando semelhanças e diferenças entre os sistemas educativos. A análise comparada envolveu quinze países-membros e focalizou as fases descritiva e comparativa do método comparativo clássico. As jornadas escolares são construções sócio-históricas e culturais, o que resulta em políticas ora convergentes, ora divergentes na região. De forma geral, a jornada escolar compulsória dos países europeus é de 5 a 6 horas diárias. No entanto existem muitas especificidades, entre as quais o investimento em políticas que integram atividades curriculares, extracurriculares e tempos socioeducativos supervisionados. Por meio da análise comparada foi possível identificar perspectivas e alternativas à configuração da jornada escolar para melhor responder às demandas e necessidades dos sujeitos da educação.
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INTRODUCTION: Prior epidemiology studies on erectile dysfunction (ED) have varied in geography/place, time period, and methodology. Due to this variability, comparisons of data across studies are greatly limited. Additionally, little is known about the rates of comorbid ED and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). AIM: To update the prevalence of ED and patient characteristics using a single methodology in 8 countries: Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included men (≥18 years) who self-reported experiencing difficulty in achieving or maintaing an erection in the past 6 months in the 2015 and 2016 National Health and Wellness Surveys (N = 97,159). Pairwise comparisons between the United States and each of the other countries were performed among respondents with ED and no BPH, aged ≥18 years, and within the subset of men aged 40-70 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ED prevalence (with BPH, with no BPH, and overall), health characteristics, and ED risk factors were assessed. RESULTS: ED with BPH was found to be < 6.0% in all countries. ED prevalence overall varied from 37.2% (Brazil) to 48.6% (Italy). Similar patterns were observed for the subset of men aged 40-70 years. Patients in Brazil were younger (aged ≥18: 43.85 vs. 52.35; aged 40-70: 52.94 vs. 56.76 years; for both, P < .05) than those in the United States. ED-related comorbidities were more common in European countries, comparatively. CONCLUSION: This study provides an important update and outlook to ED epidemiology in Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Overall, ED prevalence is high, relative to some previous estimates. Findings from this study highlight the continued burden ED plays in the lives of men in these countries. Goldstein I, Goren A, Li VW, et al. Epidemiology Update of Erectile Dysfunction in Eight Countries with High Burden. Sex Med Rev 2020;8:48-58.
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Disfunção Erétil/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , China/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Disfunção Erétil/etiologia , França/epidemiologia , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Itália/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Hiperplasia Prostática/complicações , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Espanha/epidemiologia , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
O objetivo doestudo é apresentar a situação atual da de Odontologia na União Europeia, no que tange à formação, ao trânsito de cirurgiões-dentistas,àregulação profissional e às especialidadesodontológicas. Para tanto, pautou-se em uma análise documental e revisão bibliográfica da literatura. Foram incluídos apenas artigos científicos publicados na íntegra, em português ou inglês, no período de 2009 a 2018, que estivessem relacionados ao tema da pesquisa. A busca dos artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados SciELO, LILACSe PubMed, por meio da combinação dos descritores: "Trabalho/Work", "Odontologia/Odontology", "Educação Superior/Education, Higher", "União Europeia/European Union". O estudo demonstrou que a União Europeiadetém em uma só legislação normas que regulam o trânsito dos cirurgiões-dentistas, embora o domínio da língua pareça ser um entrave à circulação. Ademais, a harmonização da formação da Odontologiafoi pactuada no bloco. Nesse sentido, a União Europeiamanda recados para o MERCOSUL, do qual o Brasilfaz parte.Interessante e necessária é a absorção pelo MERCOSUL das experiências exitosas e desfechos já encontrados pela União Europeia, nesse desafio de planificar a educação superior e o trânsito decirurgiões-dentistas, considerando as peculiaridades que o compõem (AU).
The aim of the study is to present the current situation of Dentistry in the European Union, with regard to the training, international mobility of dentists, professional regulation and dental specialties. In order to do so, a documental analysis and review of the literature was carried out. Only scientific articles published in full, in Portuguese or English, from 2009 to 2018, that were related to the research topic were included. The search for the articles was carried out in the SciELO, LILACS and PubMed databases, through the combination of the descriptors: "Work", "Dentistry", "Higher Education", "European Union". The study showed that the European Union has in one legislation rules that regulate the mobility of dentists, although the issue of the language seems to be an obstacle to such circulation. Furthermore, the harmonization of the formation of Dentistry was agreed among members of the bloc. In this sense, the European Union sends messages to MERCOSUL, group in which Brazil is a member. The absorption by MERCOSUL of the successful experiences and outcomes already found by the European Union is somehow interesting and necessary, in a matter of higher education and the mobility of dentists, considering the peculiarities that compose it (AU).
Assuntos
Especialidades Odontológicas , Trabalho , Odontólogos , Capacitação de Recursos Humanos em Saúde , União Europeia , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Bases de Dados Bibliográficas , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Documentação/métodos , Legislação OdontológicaRESUMO
Abstract: This article is about a case study based on the participation and contact with dynamized activities through action plans for the circular economy in Europe, specifically in Portugal. It aims to identify the main in-progress actions and the challenges for the diffusion of the circular economy in the Portuguese nation and draw a panorama for Brazil, transiting through different data sources, economic sectors and stakeholders. Through data triangulation, the investigative plan contemplated participatory observations in workshops, interviews with experts, documental analyses and means of communication. After going through data cross checking for validation, the content was aggregated to a strategic analysis matrix. As a result, it was possible to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges associated with the growth of the circular economy in Portugal, as well as to indicate directions and possibilities in the Brazilian context. It is possible to realize, for both countries, the importance of the international benchmarking for the recognition and promotion of circular economy actions, besides the necessity to revise laws aligned with the internal e external market rules, by increasing the offer of circular products and services.
Assuntos
Humanos , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Política Ambiental/economia , Governança em Saúde , Portugal , Planejamento Estratégico , Brasil , Benchmarking , Países em Desenvolvimento/economiaRESUMO
AIM: To evaluate the association of erectile dysfunction (ED) with work productivity loss, activity impairment and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) across Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and the US. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study used data from adult men (40-70 years old; N = 52 697) from the 2015 and 2016 National Health and Wellness Surveys. ED assessment was based on self-reported difficulty in achieving or maintaining an erection in the past 6 months. Impairment to work and non-work activities and HRQoL were assessed for each country and compared against the US. Multivariable models tested interactions between ED status and country for each outcome. RESULTS: Overall ED prevalence was reported as 49.7%, with Italy reporting the highest rate (54.7%). Men with ED reported significantly higher absenteeism (7.1% vs 3.2%), presenteeism (22.5% vs 10.1%), overall work productivity impairment (24.8% vs 11.2%), activity impairment (28.6% vs 14.5%) and significantly lower Mental Component Summary scores (MCS; 46.7 vs 51.2), Physical Component Summary scores (PCS; 48.3 vs 53.0), and health state utilities (SF-6D: 0.693 vs 0.778; all, P < 0.001) than men with no ED. After adjusting for covariates, compared with the US, the association of ED status with overall work productivity impairment was greatest in the UK (26% higher; P < 0.05), and with MCS, PCS and SF-6D scores was greatest in China (-2.67, -1.58, and -0.043 points, respectively; all, P < 0.001). Greater ED severity was significantly associated with higher impairment to work and non-work activities and lower HRQoL, with China reporting the highest burden, compared with the US (most P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: ED poses a significant burden with respect to work productivity and HRQoL, with greater severity associated with worse outcomes. Better management and earlier detection may help reduce this burden, especially in countries reporting a strong association between ED and poor economic and health outcomes.
Assuntos
Absenteísmo , Disfunção Erétil/epidemiologia , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , China/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , França/epidemiologia , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Itália/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Presenteísmo , Autorrelato , Espanha/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The most frequently notified pathogenic microorganisms in the RASFF in 1980â»2017 were Salmonella sp., Listeria, Escherichia and Vibrio, whereas, among the notified non-pathogenic microorganisms were unspecified microorganisms, Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella sp. and Coliforms. Microorganisms were reported mainly in poultry meat, meat, fish, molluscs, crustaceans, fruits, vegetables, herbs, spices, nuts, milk, cereals (in food) and in feed materials and pet food (in feed). The number of notifications decreased at the turn of 2005 and 2006, but has steadily increased since then. The notification basis were official controls, border controls and company's checks. Products were notified mainly by Italy, France, United Kingdom, Germany and Netherlands. The reported products originated from Brazil, European Union countries and India, Thailand and Vietnam. The notification types were alerts, information and border rejections. The distribution status was often not specified or distribution on the market was possible. The risk decision was usually not made. Products were re-dispatched, import was not authorised or products were withdrawn from the market, destroyed and recalled from the market. Proper cooperation within the framework of the RASFF can contribute to shaping public health law and reducing outbreaks associated with microorganisms.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/microbiologia , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Microbiologia de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Inocuidade dos Alimentos/métodos , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/microbiologia , Medição de Risco/estatística & dados numéricos , Animais , Ásia , Monitoramento Ambiental , Europa (Continente) , União Europeia , Frutas/microbiologia , Humanos , Carne/microbiologia , Alimentos Marinhos/microbiologia , América do Sul , Verduras/microbiologiaRESUMO
O autor acompanha o amor na obra de Freud, desde uma carta a Jung, de 1906, em que Freud defende com convicção que o amor é o fator essencial na cura psicanalítica. Green diz que todas as correntes concordam com isso até hoje. Do amor individual passamos ao amor da psicologia das massas e, daí, vislumbramos a diminuição da violência e também das guerras no mundo, que se expressa com a longa paz entre as grandes nações, de 1945 até hoje. Para que isso seja possível, o amor tem que estar presente, embora saibamos que os perigos da bomba estejam muito vivos e sejam ameaçadores. Os pontos de vista divergentes de Steven Pinker e John Gray também são considerados. Os europeus criaram uma utopia que se tornou realidade: a União Europeia. Ela se constituiu através de um extraordinário perdão desses povos, fator que permitiu ao Ocidente viver o melhor dos mundos, em termos relativos, até hoje. Habermas defende ardorosamente a universalização dos direitos humanos, mas reconhece que, para realizar tal objetivo, esses direitos dependem de sua incorporação institucional numa sociedade mundial constituída politicamente.
The author has followed Love in Freud's work since the letter to Jung (1906) in which Freud defended with conviction that Love was the essential factor of psychoanalytic healing. To this day, all theories agree, Green says. From individual love, we go through the love of the Psychology of the Masses and, then, we may observe the decrease of violence and wars in the world, which has been expressed by the Long Peace between the Great Nations since 1945. It will only be possible if Love is present, even though we are aware of the dangers of the BOMB, still very alive and threatening. The divergent views of S. Pinker and John Gray are considered in this work. Europeans have created a Utopia that has come true - the European Union. It was constituted through an extraordinary pardon by these people, a factor that so far has enabled the Western world to live The Best of the Worlds, in relative terms. Although Habermas ardently defends the universalization of human rights, he recognizes that, to achieve this goal, these rights depend on their institutional incorporation into a politically constituted world society.
El autor acompaña el Amor en la obra de Freud desde la carta a Jung de 1906, cuando Freud defendía con convicción que el Amor era el factor esencial en la cura psicoanalítica. Green dice que todas las corrientes concuerdan con esto hasta hoy. Del amor individual pasamos al amor de la psicología de las masas y, de ahí, podemos vislumbrar la disminución de la violencia y también de las guerras en el mundo, que se expresan en la Larga Paz entre las Grandes Naciones desde 1945 hasta hoy. Para que esto sea posible el Amor tendrá que estar presente aunque seamos conscientes de que los peligros de la BOMBA están muy vivos y amenazadores. Los puntos de vista divergentes, de S. Pinker y de John Gray, también son considerados. Los europeos crearon una Utopía que se hizo realidad - la Unión Europea. Ella se constituyó a través de un extraordinario perdón de estos pueblos, perdón que permitió al mundo occidental vivir Lo Mejor de los Mundos, en términos relativos, hasta hoy. Habermas defiende ardorosamente la universalización de los derechos humanos, pero reconoce que para lograr tal objetivo estos derechos dependen de su incorporación institucional en una sociedad mundial constituida políticamente.
L'auteur suit l´amour dans l'ouvrage de Freud depuis la lettre à Jung en 1906, où Freud défendait avec conviction que l'amour était le facteur essentiel pour la guérison psychanalytique. Green dit que tous les courants sont d'accord avec Freud jusqu'à aujourd'hui. De l'amour individuelle, on passe par l'amour de la psychologie des masses et, ainsi, on peut apercevoir la diminution de la violence, aussi bien que celle des guerres dans le monde, ce qui est exprimé avec La Longue PaIX entre les Grands Pays depuis 1945 jusqu'aujourd'hui. Pour que ceci soit possible l'amour devrait être présent, même si nous savons que les dangers issus d'une Bombe sont encore très présents et terrifiants. Les points de vue divergents de S. Pinker et de John Gray sont aussi considérés. Les Européens ont créé une utopie qui est devenue réalité: l'Union Européenne. Celle-ci s'est constitué au moyen d'un extraordinaire pardon de ces peuples, pardon qui a permis au monde occidental de vivre le meilleur des mondes, en termes relatifs, jusqu'à présent. Habermas défend avec ardeur l'universalisation des droits de l´homme, mais il reconnait que, pour mener à bien un tel objectif, ces droits dépendent de son incorporation institutionnelle dans une société mondiale constituée politiquement.