RESUMO

Phyllodistomum pepirense n. sp. is described from the urinary bladder of Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794), sampled in the Jacaré-Pepira River in São Paulo state, Brazil. The isolates of the new species were recovered as a monophyletic group in the phylogenetic analysis of the 28S rRNA gene, which showed the new species as the sister taxa of Phyllodistomum virmantasi Pinacho-Pinacho, Sereno-Uribe, Hernández-Orts, García-Varela & Pérez-Ponce de León, 2021, a species sampled from an eleotrid fish in Southeastern Mexico. The new species differs morphologically from P. virmantasi by having a larger body size, slightly lobed testes and ovary, a mostly intercaecal uterus, slightly diverticulated caeca, and vitelline masses irregularly shaped. The new species is also readily distinguished from other species of Phyllodistomum Braun, 1899 reported from freshwater fishes in Brazil - namely, P. rhamdiae Amato & Amato, 1993 and P. spatula Odhner, 1902. The new species is herein described based on morphological characteristics, molecular data from D1-D3 domains of the 28S rRNA gene, host association, and geographical distribution.

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RESUMO

Eight species (four new) of Urocleidoides are reported from Characiformes and Gymnotiformes fishes of the coastal drainages of the Eastern Amazon. Urocleidoides vanini n. sp. is characterized by having a male copulatory organ (MCO) with three and a half counterclockwise rings, absence of vaginal sclerite, and a V-shaped ventral bar. Urocleidoides atilaiamarinoi n. sp. has MCO with two and a half counterclockwise rings, dumbbell-shaped accessory piece, similar anchors, open V-shaped ventral bar, and open U-shaped dorsal bar. Urocleidoides macrosoma n. sp. exhibits an elongate and robust body, MCO comprising one counterclockwise ring, similar anchors with wavy point, and dumbbell-shaped ventral and dorsal bars. Urocleidoides nataliapasternakae n. sp. has MCO comprising two and a half counterclockwise rings, vaginal canal convoluted, point of the dorsal anchor with ornamentation as sclerotized shredded filaments, elongate dumbbell-shaped ventral bar, and U-shaped dorsal bar. Urocleidoides naris and Urocleidoides brasiliensis from H. malabaricus (Characiformes) and the incertae sedis species, Urocleidoides gymnotus and Urocleidoides carapus, from Sternopygus macrurus (Gymnotiformes) are reported, and their molecular sequences are presented in this study. Phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data (28S rDNA and COI mtDNA) reveal that species of Urocleidoides lacking vaginal sclerite are closely related to species that possess vaginal sclerite, suggesting that the absence of vaginal sclerite in Urocleidoides may be the result of a secondary loss. The relationships between species of Urocleidoides and other Neotropical dactylogyrids are also addressed.

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RESUMO

On the basis of morphological and molecular analyses, a new myxozoan parasite is described from the gills of the fish Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, collected in the municipality of Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Plasmodia of Henneguya unitaeniata sp. nov. were oval and whitish and were found surrounded by collagen fibers forming plasmodia wall between gill filaments on the gill arch. The spores were ellipsoidal with two similar polar capsules. Morphometric analysis showed a total spore mean length of 23.8 ± 1.5 µm, spore body mean length of 14.5 ± 0.7 µm, caudal appendage mean length of 10.3 ± 1.4 µm, thickness mean length of 4.3 ± 0.3 µm, polar capsule mean length of 4.2 ± 0.5 µm, polar capsule mean width of 1.8 ± 0.3 µm, spore mean width of 4.8 ± 0.4 µm, and 4-5 polar filament coils. Phylogenetic analysis showed Henneguya unitaeniata sp. nov. as a basal species in a subclade formed by myxozoans that parasitize bryconid fishes.

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RESUMO

Species of Anacanthorus are described from the gills of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and Erythrinus erythrinus of drainage systems in the Northeastern Pará State, Brazil. Anacanthorus scyphophallus sp. n. has a male copulatory organ (MCO) with two small flaps in the distal portion; hooks with proximal shank dilatation comprising ½ of the shank length. Anacanthorus ataidei sp. n. has an elongated MCO, with ribbon-like ornaments; hooks without proximal shank dilatation. Anacanthorus siphonocommus sp. n. has an MCO with aculeiform ornaments in the distal portion; hooks with proximal dilatation in the shank comprising ½ of the shank length. Anacanthorus maratininguensis sp. n. has an MCO with a small projection in the form of a hook in the distal region; hooks with proximal dilatation comprising ½ of the shank length. Anacanthorus lacinimentulatus sp. n. has an MCO with extrovert flap skirting its distal region; shank of hooks with proximal dilatation comprising ½ of the total shank length. Anacanthorus cururutuiensis sp. n. presents an MCO with flexed lateral flap in the distal region; hooks with proximal dilatation in the shank comprising » of the shank length. Anacanthorus circumspatulatus sp. n. has an MCO with ornaments in the form of pointed and interleaved blades; hooks with proximal shank dilatation comprising approximately ½ of the shank length. Anacanthorus acrophallus sp. n. has MCO with a small pointed sinistral flap; hooks with proximal dilatation in the shank comprising 1/3 of the shank length. The host-parasite diversity scenario and specificity of Anacanthorus species regarding their characiform hosts are also discussed in this study.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Hoplias malabaricus and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus are Erythrinidae family widely distributed in the Amazon River system of great value to both commercial and subsistence fishing for riverine populations. As such, the objective of the present study was to investigate the endoparasite communities of H. malabaricus and H. unitaeniatus of a tributary of the Amazon River in the north of Brazil. The endoparasite communities of H. unitaeniatus and H. malabaricus were taxonomically similar (85%) and consisted of Clinostomum marginatum, Contracaecum sp., Guyanema seriei seriei, Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus, Pseudoproleptus sp. and Gorytocephalus spectabilis, although the dominant endoparasite was C. marginatum, which was the most prevalent and abundant. All the specimens of both H. malabaricus and H. unitaeniatus were parasitized, with a total of 1237 helminths collected in the former host and 1151 helminths collected in the latter. Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus possessed greater parasite species richness. Both hosts had an aggregate dispersion of parasites, and the abundance of C. marginatum, Contracaecum sp. and G. spectabilis correlated positively with the weight and length of the hosts. The condition factor was not affected by parasitism, but the abundance of C. marginatum and Contracaecum sp. increased when the condition factor of the hosts decreased. This is the first report of G. seriei seriei for H. malabaricus and Pseudoproleptus sp. for H. unitaeniatus.

RESUMO

This study compared the parasite communities of Hoplias malabaricus and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus from Amazon river system. Hoplias malabaricus were infected by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Piscinoodinium pillulare, Tetrahymena sp., Urocleidoides eremitus, Braga patagonica, metacercariae of Clinostomum marginatum, Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus, larvae of Contracaecum sp. and larvae of Nomimoscolex matogrossensis. Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus were also infected by these same species of protozoans, nematodes, digeneans and cestodes, except for Tetrahymena sp. and B. patagonica, which were replaced by Argulus pestifer, Urocleidoides sp., Whittingtonocotyle caetei, Whittingtonocotyle jeju and Gorytocephalus spectabilis. For both hosts, I. multifiliis and P. pillulare were the predominant parasites. Most of the parasites presented an overdispersion. Parasite species richness, Brillouin diversity, evenness and Berger-Parker dominance were similar for the two hosts. The length and weight of H. malabaricus showed a positive correlation with the abundance of U. eremitus and Contracaecum sp., while the weight of H. unitaeniatus showed a positive correlation with the abundance of I. multifiliis. The diversity of ectoparasites seemed to be influenced by the behavior of these two hosts. This was shown by the similar parasite communities and was characterized by low species diversity, low evenness and low richness, and by a high prevalence of ectoparasites.

Este estudo comparou a comunidade parasitária de Hoplias malabaricus e Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus do sistema do Rio Amazonas. Hoplias malabaricus estavam infectados por Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Piscinoodinium pillulare, Tetrahymena sp., Urocleidoides eremitus, Braga patagonica, metacercarias de Clinostomum marginatum, Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus, larvas de Contracaecum sp. e larvas de Nomimoscolex matogrossensis. Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus estavam também infectados por essas mesmas espécies de protozoários, nematoides, digeneas e cestóide, exceto Tetrahymena sp. e B. patagonica, que foram substituídos por Argulus pestifer, Urocleidoides sp., Whittingtonocotyle caetei, Whittingtonocotyle jeju e Gorytocephalus spectabilis. Para ambos os hospedeiros, a dominância foi de I. multifiliis e P. pillulare. Houve dispersão agregada para a maioria dos parasitos e similar riqueza de espécies de parasitos, diversidade de Brillouin, uniformidade e dominância de Berger-Parker, para ambos os hospedeiros. O comprimento e peso de H. malabaricus mostrou correlação positiva com a abundância de U. eremitus e Contracaecum sp., enquanto o peso de H. unitaeniatus mostrou correlação positiva com abundância de I. multifiliis. A diversidade de ectoparasitos parece influenciada pelo comportamento desses dois hospedeiros. Isso é mostrado pela similar comunidade de parasitos e caracterizada por uma baixa diversidade de espécies, baixa uniformidade e baixa riqueza de espécies, e pela elevada prevalência de ectoparasitos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study compared the parasite communities of Hoplias malabaricus and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus from Amazon river system. Hoplias malabaricus were infected by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Piscinoodinium pillulare, Tetrahymena sp., Urocleidoides eremitus, Braga patagonica, metacercariae of Clinostomum marginatum, Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus, larvae of Contracaecum sp. and larvae of Nomimoscolex matogrossensis. Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus were also infected by these same species of protozoans, nematodes, digeneans and cestodes, except for Tetrahymena sp. and B. patagonica, which were replaced by Argulus pestifer, Urocleidoides sp., Whittingtonocotyle caetei, Whittingtonocotyle jeju and Gorytocephalus spectabilis. For both hosts, I. multifiliis and P. pillulare were the predominant parasites. Most of the parasites presented an overdispersion. Parasite species richness, Brillouin diversity, evenness and Berger-Parker dominance were similar for the two hosts. The length and weight of H. malabaricus showed a positive correlation with the abundance of U. eremitus and Contracaecum sp., while the weight of H. unitaeniatus showed a positive correlation with the abundance of I. multifiliis. The diversity of ectoparasites seemed to be influenced by the behavior of these two hosts. This was shown by the similar parasite communities and was characterized by low species diversity, low evenness and low richness, and by a high prevalence of ectoparasites.(AU)

Este estudo comparou a comunidade parasitária de Hoplias malabaricus e Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus do sistema do Rio Amazonas. Hoplias malabaricus estavam infectados por Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Piscinoodinium pillulare, Tetrahymena sp., Urocleidoides eremitus, Braga patagonica, metacercarias de Clinostomum marginatum, Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus, larvas de Contracaecum sp. e larvas de Nomimoscolex matogrossensis. Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus estavam também infectados por essas mesmas espécies de protozoários, nematoides, digeneas e cestóide, exceto Tetrahymena sp. e B. patagonica, que foram substituídos por Argulus pestifer, Urocleidoides sp., Whittingtonocotyle caetei, Whittingtonocotyle jeju e Gorytocephalus spectabilis. Para ambos os hospedeiros, a dominância foi de I. multifiliis e P. pillulare. Houve dispersão agregada para a maioria dos parasitos e similar riqueza de espécies de parasitos, diversidade de Brillouin, uniformidade e dominância de Berger-Parker, para ambos os hospedeiros. O comprimento e peso de H. malabaricus mostrou correlação positiva com a abundância de U. eremitus e Contracaecum sp., enquanto o peso de H. unitaeniatus mostrou correlação positiva com abundância de I. multifiliis. A diversidade de ectoparasitos parece influenciada pelo comportamento desses dois hospedeiros. Isso é mostrado pela similar comunidade de parasitos e caracterizada por uma baixa diversidade de espécies, baixa uniformidade e baixa riqueza de espécies, e pela elevada prevalência de ectoparasitos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

In this study, genetic differentiation between karyomorphs A (2n = 42) and D (2n = 39/40) of the wolf fish Hoplias malabaricus, which is comprised of several cryptic species that present a wide variety of diploid chromosome numbers and sex chromosome systems, resulting in the identification of seven distinct karyomorphs (A-G), was investigated using a combination of molecular and cytogenetic tools. Deep sequence divergences for both karyomorphs were observed and indicate a long period of reproductive isolation between karyomorphs A and D. Additionally, one individual with 61 chromosomes was identified, which, as far as is known, is the first case of natural triploidy resulting from the hybridization between these highly differentiated karyomorphs of H. malabaricus. Molecular and cytogenetic analyses revealed that this allotriploid specimen carries two sets of maternal chromosomes from karyomorph D (2n = 40) and one set of chromosomes from karyomorph A (n = 21). Moreover, ribosomal sites and active nucleolus organizer regions from both parental contributors were found in the triploid hybrid. Considering the significant genetic distances between karyomorphs A and D, one of the primary reasons for the lack of recurrent reports of hybridization in the H. malabaricus species complex may be due to post-zygotic barriers, such as hybrid sterility or unviability.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The oropharyngeal cavity of Hoplias malabaricus, an ichthyophagous freshwater fish, is anatomically adapted to predation. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were conducted in order to study the morphology and system of implantation and replacement of teeth. The results showed that this teleost has conical and caniniform teeth, with an orthodentin crown covered by an enameloid cap and a vascularised orthodentin in the root. With regard to the implantation system, there is a junction between the tooth and the bone tissue, as a typical physiological dental ankylosis. The teeth are replaced by a resorption process of multinucleated giant cells that actively eliminate the dentin and bone tissue.

A cavidade orofaríngea do Hoplias malabaricus, um peixe de água doce ictiófago, é anatomicamente adaptado à predação. Análises macroscópica e microscópica foram realizadas com o objetivo de estudar a morfologia e o sistema de implantação e substituição dentária. Os resultados mostraram que este teleósteo apresenta dentes cônicos e caniniformes, com coroa de ortodentina coberta por capuz enamelóide e ortodentina vascularizada na raiz. Em relação ao Sistema de implantação, existe uma junção entre o dente e o tecido ósseo, semelhante a uma anquilose dentária fisiológica típica. Os dentes são substituídos por um processo de reabsorção por células gigantes multinucleadas que ativamente eliminam a dentina e o tecido ósseo.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The oropharyngeal cavity of Hoplias malabaricus, an ichthyophagous freshwater fish, is anatomically adapted to predation. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were conducted in order to study the morphology and system of implantation and replacement of teeth. The results showed that this teleost has conical and caniniform teeth, with an orthodentin crown covered by an enameloid cap and a vascularised orthodentin in the root. With regard to the implantation system, there is a junction between the tooth and the bone tissue, as a typical physiological dental ankylosis. The teeth are replaced by a resorption process of multinucleated giant cells that actively eliminate the dentin and bone tissue.(AU)

A cavidade orofaríngea do Hoplias malabaricus, um peixe de água doce ictiófago, é anatomicamente adaptado à predação. Análises macroscópica e microscópica foram realizadas com o objetivo de estudar a morfologia e o sistema de implantação e substituição dentária. Os resultados mostraram que este teleósteo apresenta dentes cônicos e caniniformes, com coroa de ortodentina coberta por capuz enamelóide e ortodentina vascularizada na raiz. Em relação ao Sistema de implantação, existe uma junção entre o dente e o tecido ósseo, semelhante a uma anquilose dentária fisiológica típica. Os dentes são substituídos por um processo de reabsorção por células gigantes multinucleadas que ativamente eliminam a dentina e o tecido ósseo.(AU)

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RESUMO

Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus is popularly known as jeju or aimara. Widely distributed, occurs in many Central and South America basins, with the São Francisco River as type locality. In Brazil, the southernmost record of the species is the Uruguay River, Rio Grande do Sul State. This study reports the first record of H. unitaeniatus in the Patos Lagoon system, Guaiba hydrographic region, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The capture occurred in a floodplain adjacent of the Sinos River near São Leopoldo city (29° 44' 14.04" S and 51° 05' 11.08" W). Two specimens were collected with drag net in May 2008. One specimen was anesthetized with 2-phenoxy-ethanol solution, fixed in formalin 10 percent, identified and included in the Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da Pontífícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul fish collection. The second specimen was kept alive in aquarium. After ten months it died of Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea, Copepoda) infestation. The presence of Lernaea and ease of captive breading of this species support the hypothesis that the collected fish escaped from regional fish farms. The accidental capture does not necessarily reflect a self-sustaining population, but shows the absence of supervision on breeding and marketing of non-native species, which may lead to a homogenized aquatic community.

A espécie Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus é conhecida popularmente como jeju ou aimara. Possui ampla distribuição geográfica, ocorrendo em diversas bacias hidrográficas da América Central e do Sul, com sua localidade tipo, o Rio São Francisco. No Brasil o registro mais ao Sul da espécie é a bacia do Rio Uruguai, Rio Grande do Sul. O presente estudo reporta a primeira ocorrência de H. unitaeniatus no Sistema da Laguna dos Patos, Região Hidrográfica do Guaíba, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A captura ocorreu em um banhado adjacente ao Rio dos Sinos no Município de São Leopoldo (29° 44' 14,04" S e 51° 05' 11,08" W). Dois exemplares foram coletados com redes de arrasto em maio de 2008. Um dos espécimes foi anestesiado com 2-phenoxy-ethanol, fixado em formalina 10 por cento, identificado e incluído na coleção de peixes do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. O segundo espécime foi mantido vivo em aquário durante dez meses, vindo a óbito por debilidade devido a infestação por Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea, Copepoda). A presença de lérnea e a facilidade de criação em cativeiro da espécie fazem factível pensar que os peixes escaparam de alguma piscicultura da região. A captura acidental não reflete na proliferação de uma população auto-sustentável, mas direciona à falta de fiscalização para a criação e comercialização de espécies alóctones e exóticas, que futuramente tendem a gerar a homogeneização da biota aquática.

RESUMO

Herein we describe spawning and egg guarding in the erythrinid fish Hoplias malabaricus observed in the southern Pantanal (19° 34' S and 57° 00' W), state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Nests were depressions built on sandy soil in flooded areas, and contained a mean of 8,197 ± 2,204 eggs (N = 4); the mean diameter of eggs was 1.44 ± 0.09 mm (N = 400). Among 11 nests observed, eight were guarded by males and three by the pair. One male remained in the nest for six days, and two pairs remained guarding the eggs for at least three days before being captured. Females (N = 2) captured in the nest contained oocytes in their ovaries. Our observations suggest that male parental care is the normal form of parental care in H. malabaricus, but biparental care also seems to occur.

No presente estudo, descrevemos os comportamentos de desova e cuidado parental para um membro da referida família, Hoplias malabaricus, os quais foram observados no Pantanal sul (19° 34' S e 57° 00' W), Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. As desovas foram observadas no início da cheia, depositadas em ninhos construídos em substrato arenoso em áreas alagadas. As desovas continham, em média, 8.197 ± 2.204 ovos (N = 4); o diâmetro médio dos ovos foi de 1,44 ± 0,09 mm (N = 400). Entre 11 ninhos observados, oito foram guardados por machos e em três observamos o casal. Um macho permaneceu no ninho por seis dias, e dois casais foram observados por três dias no ninho até serem capturados. As fêmeas (N = 2) capturadas nos ninhos continham óvulos nos ovários. O cuidado parental em Hoplias malabaricus é normalmente exercido pelos machos, mas nossas observações sugerem que o cuidado biparental pode ocorrer de forma facultativa.

RESUMO

Herein we describe spawning and egg guarding in the erythrinid fish Hoplias malabaricus observed in the southern Pantanal (19° 34' S and 57° 00' W), state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Nests were depressions built on sandy soil in flooded areas, and contained a mean of 8,197 ± 2,204 eggs (N = 4); the mean diameter of eggs was 1.44 ± 0.09 mm (N = 400). Among 11 nests observed, eight were guarded by males and three by the pair. One male remained in the nest for six days, and two pairs remained guarding the eggs for at least three days before being captured. Females (N = 2) captured in the nest contained oocytes in their ovaries. Our observations suggest that male parental care is the normal form of parental care in H. malabaricus, but biparental care also seems to occur.

No presente estudo, descrevemos os comportamentos de desova e cuidado parental para um membro da referida família, Hoplias malabaricus, os quais foram observados no Pantanal sul (19° 34' S e 57° 00' W), Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. As desovas foram observadas no início da cheia, depositadas em ninhos construídos em substrato arenoso em áreas alagadas. As desovas continham, em média, 8.197 ± 2.204 ovos (N = 4); o diâmetro médio dos ovos foi de 1,44 ± 0,09 mm (N = 400). Entre 11 ninhos observados, oito foram guardados por machos e em três observamos o casal. Um macho permaneceu no ninho por seis dias, e dois casais foram observados por três dias no ninho até serem capturados. As fêmeas (N = 2) capturadas nos ninhos continham óvulos nos ovários. O cuidado parental em Hoplias malabaricus é normalmente exercido pelos machos, mas nossas observações sugerem que o cuidado biparental pode ocorrer de forma facultativa.

RESUMO

Records of cleaning symbiosis between freshwater fish are scarce. Here we report on juvenile catfish, Platydoras costatus, cleaning the piscivorous characin Hoplias cf. malabaricus in a stream of the rio Araguaia drainage in the Brazilian Amazon. The scarcity of records on cleaning behavior in freshwater systems seems to be in part a consequence of the few observational studies under natural conditions in the Neotropics. Otherwise, the rareness of this behavior in freshwaters is possibly related to the short evolutionary time available to the fish fauna to develop these complex interactions, when compared to the ocean environment.

Registros de simbiose de limpeza entre peixes dulcícolas são raros. No presente trabalho registramos um juvenil de Platydoras costatus, limpando uma traíra, Hoplias cf. malabaricus em um riacho do rio Araguaia, Bacia Amazônica. A escassez de registros de comportamento de limpeza em peixes de água doce parece ser uma conseqüência dos poucos estudos subaquáticos nos Neotrópicos. Por outro lado, a raridade deste comportamento em ambientes dulcícolas está possivelmente relacionada ao curto tempo evolutivo disponível para o desenvolvimento de interações complexas, quando comparada ao ambiente marinho.

RESUMO

Records of cleaning symbiosis between freshwater fish are scarce. Here we report on juvenile catfish, Platydoras costatus, cleaning the piscivorous characin Hoplias cf. malabaricus in a stream of the rio Araguaia drainage in the Brazilian Amazon. The scarcity of records on cleaning behavior in freshwater systems seems to be in part a consequence of the few observational studies under natural conditions in the Neotropics. Otherwise, the rareness of this behavior in freshwaters is possibly related to the short evolutionary time available to the fish fauna to develop these complex interactions, when compared to the ocean environment.

Registros de simbiose de limpeza entre peixes dulcícolas são raros. No presente trabalho registramos um juvenil de Platydoras costatus, limpando uma traíra, Hoplias cf. malabaricus em um riacho do rio Araguaia, Bacia Amazônica. A escassez de registros de comportamento de limpeza em peixes de água doce parece ser uma conseqüência dos poucos estudos subaquáticos nos Neotrópicos. Por outro lado, a raridade deste comportamento em ambientes dulcícolas está possivelmente relacionada ao curto tempo evolutivo disponível para o desenvolvimento de interações complexas, quando comparada ao ambiente marinho.