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BACKGROUND: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is the most prevalent neoplasia in children and teenagers in Mexico. Although epidemiological data supports that children's residence close to emissions from vehicular traffic or industrial processes increases the risk of ALL; and the IARC states that benzene, PAHs, and PM 2.5 are well-known environmental carcinogens, there is a gap in linking these carcinogenic hazards with the sources and their distribution from scenario perspective. AIM: To identify ALL clusters in the population under 19 years of age and characterize the environment at the neighborhood level by integrating information on sources of carcinogenic exposure using spatial analysis techniques in the Metropolitan Area of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. METHODS: Using the Kernel Density test, we designed an ecological study to identify ALL clusters from incident cases in the population under 19 years of age. A multicriteria analysis was conducted to characterize the risk at the community level from carcinogenic sources. A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to characterize risk at the individual level based on carcinogenic source count within 1 km for each ALL case. RESULTS: Eight clusters of carcinogenic sources were located within the five identified ALL clusters. The multicriteria analysis showed high-risk areas (by density of carcinogenic source) within ALL clusters. CONCLUSIONS: This study has a limited source and amount of available data on ALL cases, so selection bias is present as well as the inability to rule out residual confounding factors, since covariates were not included. However, in this study, children living in environments with high vehicular density, gas stations, brick kilns, incinerators, commercial establishments burning biomass, or near industrial zones may be at higher risk for ALL.
Assuntos
Carcinógenos Ambientais , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras , México/epidemiologia , Humanos , Criança , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/epidemiologia , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/induzido quimicamente , Pré-Escolar , Adolescente , Lactente , Carcinógenos Ambientais/toxicidade , Feminino , Masculino , Análise por Conglomerados , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Recém-Nascido , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/toxicidade , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Características de ResidênciaRESUMO
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the prevalent form of liver cancer in adults and the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. HCC predominantly arises in the context of cirrhosis as a result of chronic liver disease, injury and inflammation. Full-blown HCC has poor prognosis because it is highly aggressive and resistant to therapy. Consequently, interventions that can prevent or restrain HCC emergence from pre-cancerous diseased liver are a desirable strategy. Histone methylation is a dynamic, reversible epigenetic modification involving the addition or removal of methyl groups from lysine, arginine or glutamine residues. Aberrant activity of histone methylation writers, erases and readers has been implicated in several cancer types, including HCC. In this review, we provide an overview of research on the role of histone methylation in pre-cancerous and cancerous HCC published over the last 5 years. In particular, we present the evidence linking environmental factors such as diet, viral infections and carcinogenic agents with dysregulation of histone methylation during liver cancer progression with the aim to highlight future therapeutic possibilities.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Adulto , Humanos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Metilação , Histonas/metabolismoRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: el cáncer de pulmón es un problema de Salud Pública en el mundo y en nuestro país por su alta mortalidad e incidencia. Los carcinógenos medioambientales y el tabaquismo están directamente relacionados como factores de riesgo. Objetivo: Caracterizar los factores etiológicos de fumador activo y carcinógenos medioambientales de los pacientes con cáncer de pulmón detectados durante 9 años en el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer, Paraguay. Metodología: estudio observacional retrospectivo descriptivo analítico de una base de datos del período 2004-2013. Las variables medidas fueron datos demográficos, carga tabáquica, tabaquismo, la exposición a carcinógenos medioambientales categoría I. Resultados: se incluyeron 478 pacientes con cáncer pulmonar, 88,1% de sexo masculino y 11,9% femenino. La edad promedio del sexo masculino fue 60±10 años y del sexo femenino 58±12 años. La prevalencia de exposición carcinógenos medioambientales categoría I fue 36,90%. La media del índice tabáquico fue 4,48±20. El modelo de regresión lineal múltiple entre exposición ambiental, tabaquismo y tipo histológico para predecir la severidad clínica fue 3,6%. En el análisis de regresión logística de la relación de tipos histológicos con tabaquismo, género y exposición ambiental no mejoran el modelo de predicción. Conclusiones: Los factores etiológicos relacionados con carcinógenos medioambientales estuvieron presentes en más de un tercio de la población, el hábito tabáquico es mayor en hombres que en mujeres. El tipo histológico más frecuente para ambos sexos, con y sin el hábito tabáquico, es el carcinoma de células no pequeñas.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Lung cancer is a public health problem in the world and in our country due to its high mortality and incidence. Environmental carcinogens and smoking are directly related as risk factors. Objective: To characterize the etiological factors of active smokers and environmental carcinogens of patients with lung cancer detected during 9 years at the National Cancer Institute, Paraguay. Methodology: Retrospective observational descriptive analytical study of a database for the period 2004-2013. The variables measured were demographic data, smoking load, smoking, exposure to category I environmental carcinogens. Results: Four hundred seventy-eight patients with lung cancer, 88.1% male and 11.9% female were included. The mean age of the male sex was 60±10 years and 58±12 years of the female age. The prevalence of exposure to category I environmental carcinogens was 36.90%. The mean smoking index was 4.48±20. The multiple linear regression model between environmental exposure, smoking and histological type to predict clinical severity was 3.6%. In the logistic regression analysis of the relationship of histological types with smoking, gender and environmental exposure, the prediction model was not improved. Conclusions: The etiological factors related to environmental carcinogens were present in more than one third of the population, and smoking was greater in men than in women. The most frequent histological type for both sexes, with and without the smoking habit, was non-small cell carcinoma.
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Case-control studies show an association between residential radon and lung cancer. The aim of this paper is to investigate this association through a cohort study. We designed an ambispective cohort study using the Galician radon map, Spain, with controls drawn from a previous case-control study. Subjects were recruited between 2002 and 2009. The data were cross-checked to ascertain lung cancer incidence and then analysed using a Cox regression model. A total of 2,127 subjects participated; 24 lung cancer cases were identified; 76.6% of subjects were drawn from the radon map. The adjusted hazard ratio was 1.2 (95%CI: 0.5-2.8) for the category of subjects exposed to 50Bq/m3 or more. This risk rose when subjects from the case-control study were analyzed separately. In conclusion, we did not observe any statistically significant association between residential radon exposure and lung cancer; however, it appears that with a sample of greater median age (such as participants from the case-control study), the risk of lung cancer would have been higher.
Los estudios de casos y controles muestran una asociación entre el radón residencial y el cáncer de pulmón. El objetivo del artículo fue investigar esa asociación a través de un estudio de cohorte. Proyectamos un estudio de cohorte ambispectivo, utilizando el mapa de radón de Galicia, España, con los controles obtenidos de un estudio anterior de casos y controles. Los individuos fueron reclutados entre 2002 y 2009. Los datos fueron verificados para confirmar la incidencia de cáncer de pulmón y después analizados con un modelo de regresión de Cox. Participaron un total de 2.127 individuos; se identificaron 24 casos de cáncer de pulmón; un 76,6% de los individuos fueron obtenidos a través del mapa de radón. El hazard ratio ajustado era 1,2 (IC95%: 0,5-2,8) para la categoría de individuos expuestos a 50Bq/m3 o más. El riesgo aumentó cuando los individuos del estudio de casos y controles fueron analizados separadamente. En conclusión, no se observó una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre exposición al radón residencial y cáncer de pulmón; sin embargo, parece que con una muestra con una media de edad más elevada (tales como los participantes del estudio de casos y controles), el riesgo de cáncer de pulmón habría sido más alto.
Estudos de casos e controles mostram uma associação entre radônio residencial e câncer de pulmão. O artigo teve como objetivo investigar essa associação através de um estudo de coorte. Projetamos um estudo ambispectivo coorte, utilizando o mapa de radônio da Galícia, Espanha, com os controles obtidos de um estudo anterior de casos e controles. Os indivíduos foram recrutados entre 2002 e 2009. Os dados foram verificados para confirmar a incidência de câncer de pulmão e depois analisados com um modelo de regressão de Cox. Participaram um total de 2.127 indivíduos; foram identificados 24 casos de câncer de pulmão; 76,6% dos indivíduos foram obtidos através do mapa de radônio. O hazard ratio ajustado era 1,2 (IC95%: 0,5-2,8) para a categoria de indivíduos expostos a 50Bq/m3 ou mais. O risco aumentou quando os indivíduos do estudo de casos e controles foram analisados separadamente. Em conclusão, não foi observada associação estatisticamente significativa entre exposição ao radônio residencial e câncer de pulmão; entretanto, parece que com uma amostra com mediana de idade mais elevada (tais como os participantes do estudo de casos e controles), o risco de câncer de pulmão teria sido mais alto.