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This paper aims to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health and mental health of necessary entrepreneurs in Brasilian favelas, the social problems they experienced and implications for public health social work. The study used structured in-person interviews within selected Favela's, with a sample size of 721 entrepreneurs, aged between 16-70 years. All participants both worked and were resident in 15 out of the 27 Brasilian federal states. The bespoke questions explored socio-demographic questions, sought information on their entrepreneurship, health and administered the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale for Health. The results highlighted that many entrepreneurs have engaged in this form of enterprise due to economic necessity, with 64% of women and 43.6% of men identifying increased levels of anxiety through the pandemic, with the presence of children in the family being statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05 chi-square test) for anxiety. Of the 9.8% sample respondents have accessed the health care service and for women with children, the impact of the pandemic accentuated existing problems of childcare and patriarchy. We conclude by highlighting the importance of universal and accessible health and mental health support and care, their ongoing accessibility, along with the importance of social work during crisis.

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Resumen Este estudio analiza como perciben los estudiantes de turismo y gestión de negocios gastronómicos del Centro Universitario de Ciencias Económico Administrativas (CUCEA-Universidad de Guadalajara) el emprendimiento, se sustenta con la Teoría de Acción Razonada. Los datos se aplicaron a una muestra de 185 estudiantes analizados con ecuaciones estructurales (SEM), entre los resultados destaca que la actitud del alumno ejerce mayor influencia sobre la intención, además, se ofrece información de las características de los potenciales emprendedores, se deja abierto el análisis sobre las líneas de actuación para la instrumentación de políticas públicas que fortalezcan al centro universitario en vías de una universidad emprendedora.

Abstract This study analyzes how students of tourism and gastronomic business management of the Centro Universitario de Ciencias Económico Administrativas (CU- CEA-University of Guadalajara) perceive entrepreneurship. It is supported with the Theory of Reasoned Action. The data were applied to a sample of 185 students analyzed with structural equations (SEM), among the results it is highlighted that the attitude of the student exerts greater influence on the intention. In addition, information is provided on the characteristics of potential entrepreneurs, by leaving open the analysis on the lines of action for the implementation of public policies to strengthen the university center in the path of an entrepreneurial university.

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Despite being among the world's leaders in scientific output, Brazil ranks 66th among countries in the production of reagents and supplies needed for state-of-the-art scientific analyses. The production of needed reagents and equipment for experimental analyses and patient diagnostics is sorely lacking within Brazil and explicit in this pandemic period caused by SARS-CoV-2. A significant fraction of resources from Brazilian funding agencies is now being transferred to companies in other countries for the purchase of essential scientific-related products. Is this sustainable? Therefore it is necessary to draw the attention of all the world and Brazilian society about this situation.

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Many discussions of mafia and criminal entrepreneurs typically focus on violence and illegality, and less on their possible roles in rural transformation, even when they are located in borderland economies linking the subsistence cultivators of illicit crops to regional and global markets. This paper assesses the life stories of drug lords, the Castaño brothers of Colombia and Roberto Suárez Gomez of Bolivia, to draw inferences into how such rural elites in the illicit drugs trade are not only specialists in crime but are also actors who regulate and manipulate, often coercively, access to land and resources, mobilise labour and shape its divisions, and promote certain forms of capital accumulation. This paper contends that a better understanding of the roles of these rural elites as pioneers for capital, intermediaries in commodity chains, and arbitrageurs between state and borderlands may provide ways of unpacking key challenges to peacebuilding and economic transformation in borderlands where illicit economies thrive.

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Resumen La normatividad colombiana plantea que las nuevas sociedades que desarrollen todo el proceso productivo en los municipios denominados Zonas más Afectadas por el Con flicto Armado (Zomac) tendrán beneficios tributarios durante 10 años, consistentes en tarifa progresiva del impuesto de renta a partir del 2017, que varía según el tamaño de la empresa que se obliga a cumplir con requisitos mínimos de inversión y generación de empleo o al pago parcial del impuesto de renta mediante la inversión directa en ejecu ción de proyectos de trascendencia social en las Zomac al obtener ingresos brutos igua les o superiores a treinta y tres mil seiscientos diez (33.610) unidades de valor tributario (UVT). Se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo con enfoque mixto (cuantitativo-cuali tativo) para la caracterización de los empresarios, determinar el conocimiento y nivel de acogimiento a la normatividad, aplicándose un cuestionario a los empresarios y una entrevista semiestructurada a personal de los entes municipales y gubernamentales sobre el conocimiento y divulgación sobre lo reglamentado por la ley para las Zomac, permitiendo esclarecer la realidad en la aplicación normativa que plantea incentivos tri butarios para cerrar las brechas de desigualdad socioeconómica en las Zomac.

Abstract Colombian regulations state that new companies that develop the entire production process in municipalities called Zones Most Affected by Armed Conflict (ZOMAC) will have tax benefits for 10 years. They will consist of progressive rate of income tax from 2017, which varies depending on the size of the company that is required to meet mi nimum investment and employment generation requirements or partial payment of income tax through direct investment in execution projects of social significance in the ZOMAC, by obtaining gross income equal to or greater than thirty-three thousand six hundred and ten (33,610) Tax Value Unit. A descriptive type study was carried out with a mixed (quantitative-qualitative) approach to the characterization of entrepreneurs, determine knowledge and level of adherence to regulations, applying a questionnaire to entrepreneurs and a semi-structured interview with staff of municipal and govern ment authorities on knowledge and disclosure of what is regulated by law for ZOMACs, allowing to clarify the reality in the normative application that raises tax incentives to close gaps in socio-economic inequality in the ZOMAC.

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O empreendedorismo vem se afirmando como uma opção de carreira cada vez mais freqüente e habitual para mulheres. Tendo isso em vista, este artigo buscou investigar as motivações e parâmetros de carreira de quatrocentos e dezesseis profissionais do Sul do Brasil, a partir do recorte de gênero. Além de questionário sociodemográfico, das características do negócio e da trajetória empreendedora, foi utilizada a Escala de Parâmetros da Carreira Caleidoscópica. Embora empreendedoras mulheres tenham destacado motivos para empreender mais amplos que a questão financeira em comparação aos empreendedores homens, tais motivos não foram os mais citados pelas empreendedoras. Tampouco foi verificada diferença significativa segundo o gênero em relação aos parâmetros da Carreira Caleidoscópica. Conclui-se que a carreira empreendedora representa uma opção de desenvolvimento profissional e propulsora de emancipação para mulheres e homens. Espera-se que este estudo contribua para o aconselhamento de carreira de empreendedores, bem como na desmistificação de estereótipos sexuais associados às motivações para o empreendedorismo.

Entrepreneurship has been establishing itself as an increasingly frequent career choice for women. Considering this, we investigated the motivations and career parameters of 416 professionals from southern Brazil, according to their sex. In addition to a sociodemographic questionnaire, business characteristics and entrepreneurial trajectory, the Kaleidoscopic Career Parameters Scale was used. Although female entrepreneurs have highlighted reasons for choosing entrepreneurship greater than the financial issue compared to male entrepreneurs, such reasons were not the most cited by female entrepreneurs. There was no significant difference between sexes in relation to Kaleidoscopic Career parameters. It is concluded that the entrepreneurial career represents an option for professional development and emancipation for both women and men. This study is expected to contribute to entrepreneurship career counseling and the demystification of sexual stereotypes associated with entrepreneurial motivations.

El emprendimiento empresarial se viene consolidando como una opción profesional cada vez más frecuente y habitual para las mujeres. Considerando ese dato, esto articulo buscó investigar las motivaciones y los parámetros de carrera de cuatrocientos dieciséis profesionales del sur de Brasil, según el sexo. Además de un cuestionario sociodemográfico, características de negocio y trayectoria empresarial, se utilizó la Escala de parámetros de carrera caleidoscópica. Si bien las empresarias han resaltado otras razones para el emprendimiento que el problema financiero en comparación con los empresarios masculinos, estas no fueron las más citadas por las empresarias. No hubo diferencias significativas según el sexo en relación con los parámetros de la carrera caleidoscópica. Se concluye que la carrera empresarial representa una opción de desarrollo profesional y propulsora de emancipación para mujeres y hombres. Se espera que este estudio contribuya a la orientación profesional sobre emprendimiento, bien como en la desmitificación de los estereotipos sexuales asociados con las motivaciones en el proceso de emprendimiento.

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BACKGROUND: Government policy measures have a key role to play in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The Caribbean, a middle-income region, has the highest per capita burden of NCDs in the Americas. Our aim was to examine policy development and implementation between the years 2000 and 2013 on NCD prevention and control in Barbados, and to investigate factors promoting, and hindering, success. METHODS: A qualitative case study design was used involving a structured policy document review and semi-structured interviews with key informants, identified through stakeholder analysis and 'cascading.' Documents were abstracted into a standard form. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and underwent framework analysis, guided by the multiple streams framework (MSF). There were 25 key informants, from the Ministry of Health (MoH), other government Ministries, civil society organisations, and the private sector. RESULTS: A significant policy window opened between 2005 and 2007 in which new posts to address NCDs were created in the MoH, and a government supported multi-sectoral national NCD commission was established. Factors contributing to this government commitment and funding included a high level of awareness, throughout society, of the NCD burden, including media coverage of local research findings; the availability of policy recommendations by international bodies that could be adopted locally, notably the framework convention on tobacco control (FCTC); and the activities of local highly respected policy entrepreneurs with access to senior politicians, who were able to bring together political concern for the problem with potential policy solutions. However, factors were also identified that hindered multi-sectoral policy development in several areas, including around nutrition, physical activity, and alcohol. These included a lack of consensus (valence) on the nature of the problem, often framed as being predominantly one of individuals needing to take responsibility for their health rather than requiring government-led environmental changes; lack of appropriate detailed policy guidance for local adaptation; conflicts with other political priorities, such as production and export of alcohol, and political reluctance to use legislative and fiscal measures. CONCLUSION: The study's findings indicate mechanisms to promote and support NCD policy development in the Caribbean and similar settings.

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O empreendedorismo como ocupação é abordado em uma perspectiva cultural e a relação estabelecida com o território é analisada. O artigo reflete sobre o papel do território, na modelagem de projetos profissionais, o seu impacto sobre o futuro do empreendedorismo e como ele interage com o território, em seu contexto próprio. Do ponto de vista metodológico, a pesquisa é parte da tradição compreensiva e baseia-se em entrevistas biográficas, a fim de reconstruir e analisar as trajetórias dos empresários de uma amostra intencional de empresários da Argentina e do Uruguai. Os resultados referem-se principalmente às maneiras pelas quais projetos ocupacionais são acoplados a estilos de vida, a crises e à necessidade de resolvêlos, na estruturação da atividade. Por sua vez, discute-se, dialeticamente, a forma como o território imrime sua marca nesses projetos

In this article, entrepreneurship as occupation is approached from a cultural perspective and entrepreneurial relationship established with the territory is analyzed. It reflects on the role of territory in modeling of occupational projects, their impact on the future of entrepreneurship and how it interacts with the territory in the context. From the methodological point of view, research is part of the hermeneutics tradition and relies on biographical interviews in order to reconstruct and analyze the trajectories of entrepreneurs from a purposive sample of entrepreneurs from Argentina and Uruguay. The findings mainly relate to the ways in which occupational projects are coupled with lifestyles, crises and the need to address them in structuring of activity and in dialectical relationship, the way the territory its mark on projects

Se aborda la actividad emprendedora como ocupación desde una perspectiva cultural y se analiza la relación que el emprendedor establece con el territorio. Se reflexiona sobre el papel del territorio en el modelaje de los proyectos ocupacionales, su incidencia en el devenir del emprendimiento y el modo en que interactúa con el territorio en el contexto. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, la investigación se inscribe en la tradición comprensiva y se apoya en entrevistas biográficas, con el fin de reconstruir y analizar las trayectorias de emprendedores de una muestra intencional de empresarios de Argentina y Uruguay. Los hallazgos refieren principalmente a los modos en que se acoplan proyectos ocupacionales con estilos de vida, las crisis y la necesidad de afrontarlas en la estructuración de la actividad y, en relación dialéctica, el modo en que el territorio imprime su marca en los proyectos

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En este artículo se muestra la participación económica de las mujeres en el espacio rural y se confirma que se involucran principalmente en la gestión emprendedora, realizando actividades por cuenta propia, la mayoría de ellas inicia su entrada en el mercado en condiciones de irregularidad e inestabilidad. La actividad emprendedora de las mujeres es diversa y abarca casi todos los sectores económicos. Esta investigación se realizó con base en un trabajo de campo llevado a cabo en 2014 en el municipio de Coatepec Harinas, Estado de México y con base en los censos del INEGI.

This article shows the economic participation of women in rural areas and confirms that women are mainly involved in entrepreneurial activity, carrying out activities on their own; most of them started entering the market in irregular and instability Entrepreneurial activity of women is diverse and covers almost all sectors of economic activity. This research was based on fieldwork in 2014 in the town of Coatepec Harinas, Estado de Mexico and based on INEGI census.

Neste artigo, a participação econômica das mulheres é mostrado em áreas rurais e confirmou que principalmente envolver em gestão empresarial, a realização de actividades por conta própria, a maioria deles começar a sua entrada no mercado em condições de irregularidade e instabilidade. A actividade empresarial das mulheres é diversificada e abrange quase todos os setores da economia. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com base no trabalho de campo realizado em 2014 no município de Coatepec Harinas, Estado do México e com base no censo INEGI.

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Este trabalho apresenta a percepção de Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho (QVT) dos empreendedores de Incubadoras Tecnológicas de São Paulo. Para os empreendedores, abrir o próprio negócio está relacionado à busca de prazer no trabalho. A opção por empreender faz que aumente sua carga horária de trabalho e, dessa forma, descuide da saúde e das atividades de lazer. A pesquisa foi exploratória-descritiva, quali-quanti com aplicação de questionário BPSO-96 e quatro grupos focais. Conclui-se que os empreendedores estão satisfeitos com sua QVT, principalmente em sua dimensão organizacional e psicológica; atribuem à QVT um significado de realização pessoal por estarem desenvolvendo sua empresa com sucesso. Foi identificada uma nova categoria a habitabilidade para a QVT, relacionada ao contexto no qual a empresa é instalada.

This paper reflects on the perception of the Quality of Work Life (QWL) of entrepreneurs working with technological incubation projects in São Paulo State. For entrepreneurs, starting up their own business relates to the pursuit of pleasure at work. The choice of becoming an entrepreneur leads to an increase their working hours and neglect their health and leisure needs. For this exploratory-descriptive, qualitative and quantitative research the BPSO-96 questionnaire was applied with four focus groups. According to its findings, entrepreneurs were satisfied with the organizational and psychological aspects of their QWL and they attribute to QWL a sense of personal fulfillment due to developing their own business successfully. A new category of habitability was identified in relation to QWL, which is linked to the setting where the company is being set up.

Este trabajo presenta la percepción de Calidad de Vida en el Trabajo (CVT) de los emprendedores de Incubadoras Tecnológicas de São Paulo. Para los emprendedores, la apertura de su propia empresa está relacionada a la busca del placer en el trabajo. La decisión de emprender es aumentar sus horas de trabajo y el abandono de las actividades del ocio y de la salud. La investigación fue exploratoria y descriptiva, cualitativa y cuantitativa con la aplicación de cuestionario BPSO-96 y cuatro grupos focales. Se concluye que los emprendedores están satisfechos con su CVT en su dimensión organizacional y psicológica; atribuyen a CVT un significado de realización personal porque están desarrollando su negocio con éxito. Fue identificada una nueva categoría la habitabilidad para CVT, relacionada con el contexto donde está instalada la empresa.

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Este trabalho pretende fazer uma reflexão sobre a relação das mulheres com o poder. Isto é feito embasado em uma síntese de observações realizadas em diferentes estudos sobre o empreendedorismo feminino. Tendo em vista o desafio da escolha do empreendedorismo, analisa-se as motivações das mulheres para empreender, as consequências e as dificuldades enfrentadas, além das estratégias utilizadas para lidar com as demandas vinculadas à multiplicidade dos papéis femininos. O exame das características de liderança, observadas em empreendedoras, revela que elas tendem a construir redes sociais e a exercer o poder com os outros e não sobre os outros. Além disso, no comando de seus empreendimentos sociais, evidencia-se que as mulheres exercem o poder em prol de mulheres, objetivando empoderá-las e promover sua inclusão profissional e social. Com isto, provocam significativas mudanças sociais, econômicas e culturais.(AU)

This article aims to think about women's relationship to power, based a synthesis of observations made in different studies on women's entrepreneurship. In view of the challenge of choosing entrepreneurship, analyses are performed on women's motivations to become entrepreneurs, on the consequences of this choice, as well as on the difficulties faced by women entrepreneurs and the strategies they use to cope with different demands linked to the multiplicity of gender roles. The examination of leadership characteristics of women entrepreneurs reveals that they tend to build social networks and to use their power with others and not over others. Furthermore, it becomes evident that women social entrepreneurs in charge of their social ventures, while exercising their power on behalf of women, aim to empower them and promote their social and professional inclusion thus causing significant social, economical and cultural changes.(AU)

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Este trabalho pretende fazer uma reflexão sobre a relação das mulheres com o poder. Isto é feito embasado em uma síntese de observações realizadas em diferentes estudos sobre o empreendedorismo feminino. Tendo em vista o desafio da escolha do empreendedorismo, analisa-se as motivações das mulheres para empreender, as consequências e as dificuldades enfrentadas, além das estratégias utilizadas para lidar com as demandas vinculadas à multiplicidade dos papéis femininos. O exame das características de liderança, observadas em empreendedoras, revela que elas tendem a construir redes sociais e a exercer o poder com os outros e não sobre os outros. Além disso, no comando de seus empreendimentos sociais, evidencia-se que as mulheres exercem o poder em prol de mulheres, objetivando empoderá-las e promover sua inclusão profissional e social. Com isto, provocam significativas mudanças sociais, econômicas e culturais.

This article aims to think about women's relationship to power, based a synthesis of observations made in different studies on women's entrepreneurship. In view of the challenge of choosing entrepreneurship, analyses are performed on women's motivations to become entrepreneurs, on the consequences of this choice, as well as on the difficulties faced by women entrepreneurs and the strategies they use to cope with different demands linked to the multiplicity of gender roles. The examination of leadership characteristics of women entrepreneurs reveals that they tend to build social networks and to use their power with others and not over others. Furthermore, it becomes evident that women social entrepreneurs in charge of their social ventures, while exercising their power on behalf of women, aim to empower them and promote their social and professional inclusion thus causing significant social, economical and cultural changes.

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Este artigo apresenta parte dos resultados de um estudo que investigou como pequenas empresárias do Estado do Rio de Janeiro percebem a atividade profissional, a maternidade e a conciliação trabalho-família. Nossos resultados apontam para o fato de que, se antes a maternidade definia a vida da mulher, agora, apesar de ser vista como essencial para a completa realização da mulher, ela parece já não ser suficiente para sua plena satisfação pessoal. Desenvolver uma atividade profissional é, para elas, não apenas fonte de sustento, mas, em especial, algo extremamente importante em suas vidas, e que se fez presente, inclusive, nos projetos e planos por elas traçados. Assim, estas duas esferas de atuação, a família e o trabalho, que, num primeiro momento, parecem mutuamente excludentes, acabam por ser vividas e assumidas concomitantemente no cotidiano, o que traz conseqüências importantes para a vida da mulher atual.(AU)

Este texto presenta parte de los resultados de un estudio sobre como pequeñas empresarias de Rio de Janeiro perciben la actividad profesional, la maternidad y la conciliación entre casa y trabajo, entre otras cosas. Los resultados evidenciaron que, aunque la maternidad otrora definía la vida de una mujer, hoy ella ya no parece suficiente para su satisfacción personal. Para estas empresarias, desarrollar una actividad profesional constituye, no apenas fuente de sustento, sino, principalmente, algo de extrema importancia en sus vidas, algo que siempre estuvo presente, incluso, en sus proyectos y planos de vida. No obstante, la maternidad sigue siendo vista por ellas como esencial para la completa realización de una mujer. Así, estas dos esferas de acción, que, en un primer momento parecen mutuamente excluyentes, resultan por ser vividas y asumidas concomitantemente en lo cotidiano, algo que trae consecuencias importantes para la vida de la mujer de hoy.(AU)

This article presents part of the results of a study that investigated how small entrepreneurs from Rio de Janeiro see professional activity, motherhood, and the conciliation of work and family, among other things. Ours results point to the fact that, although maternity used to define the life of a woman, nowadays it does not seem sufficient for their personal satisfaction. For these entrepreneurs, the development of a professional activity, despite bringing them financial support, is mainly a fundamental part of their lives, something that was always present in life projects and plans. Despite that, maternity continues to be seen as essential for the full realization of a woman. Thus, these two spheres of action, house and work, which, at a first glance, seem mutually excluding, end up by being lived and adopted concomitantly in daily life, something that brings important consequences for the life of women nowadays.(AU)

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Este artigo apresenta parte dos resultados de um estudo que investigou como pequenas empresárias do Estado do Rio de Janeiro percebem a atividade profissional, a maternidade e a conciliação trabalho-família. Nossos resultados apontam para o fato de que, se antes a maternidade definia a vida da mulher, agora, apesar de ser vista como essencial para a completa realização da mulher, ela parece já não ser suficiente para sua plena satisfação pessoal. Desenvolver uma atividade profissional é, para elas, não apenas fonte de sustento, mas, em especial, algo extremamente importante em suas vidas, e que se fez presente, inclusive, nos projetos e planos por elas traçados. Assim, estas duas esferas de atuação, a família e o trabalho, que, num primeiro momento, parecem mutuamente excludentes, acabam por ser vividas e assumidas concomitantemente no cotidiano, o que traz conseqüências importantes para a vida da mulher atual.

Este texto presenta parte de los resultados de un estudio sobre como pequeñas empresarias de Rio de Janeiro perciben la actividad profesional, la maternidad y la conciliación entre casa y trabajo, entre otras cosas. Los resultados evidenciaron que, aunque la maternidad otrora definía la vida de una mujer, hoy ella ya no parece suficiente para su satisfacción personal. Para estas empresarias, desarrollar una actividad profesional constituye, no apenas fuente de sustento, sino, principalmente, algo de extrema importancia en sus vidas, algo que siempre estuvo presente, incluso, en sus proyectos y planos de vida. No obstante, la maternidad sigue siendo vista por ellas como esencial para la completa realización de una mujer. Así, estas dos esferas de acción, que, en un primer momento parecen mutuamente excluyentes, resultan por ser vividas y asumidas concomitantemente en lo cotidiano, algo que trae consecuencias importantes para la vida de la mujer de hoy.

This article presents part of the results of a study that investigated how small entrepreneurs from Rio de Janeiro see professional activity, motherhood, and the conciliation of work and family, among other things. Ours results point to the fact that, although maternity used to define the life of a woman, nowadays it does not seem sufficient for their personal satisfaction. For these entrepreneurs, the development of a professional activity, despite bringing them financial support, is mainly a fundamental part of their lives, something that was always present in life projects and plans. Despite that, maternity continues to be seen as essential for the full realization of a woman. Thus, these two spheres of action, house and work, which, at a first glance, seem mutually excluding, end up by being lived and adopted concomitantly in daily life, something that brings important consequences for the life of women nowadays.

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