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The insular cortex (IC) is notably implicated in emotional and cognitive processing; however, little is known regarding to what extent its two main subregions play functionally distinct roles on memory consolidation of conditioned fear tasks. Here we verified the effects of temporary functional inactivation of the anterior (aIC) and posterior IC (pIC) on contextual and tone fear memory. Rats received post-training bilateral infusions of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol into either the aIC or pIC and were tested 48 and 72 h after the delay tone fear conditioning session to assess the background contextual (CFC) and tone (TFC) fear conditioning, respectively. Inactivation of the aIC during memory consolidation did not affect fear memory for CFC or TFC. On the other hand, post-training inactivation of the pIC impaired TFC but not CFC. Our findings indicate that the pIC is a necessary part of the neural circuitry related to the consolidation of cued-fear memories.
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Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Condicionamento Clássico/fisiologia , Medo , Consolidação da Memória/fisiologia , Estimulação Acústica , Animais , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Condicionamento Clássico/efeitos dos fármacos , Agonistas de Receptores de GABA-A/farmacologia , Consolidação da Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Muscimol/farmacologia , RatosRESUMO
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a neuropsychological condition caused by exposure to chronic stressors and extreme trauma. In past decades, Colombia (South America) has experienced high levels of armed conflict, which created an environment of chronic stress, resulting in an increased incidence of PTSD in children. Limited research exists on the effects of PTSD on emotional memory functioning of these Colombian youth living in chronically stressful environments. In the present study, 23 PTSD affected youth and 26 controls were asked to recall items from a memorised word list, as well as remembering details from a short emotional story. Although no significant differences were found for word list memory, deficits for emotional story content were found in the PTSD youth, particularly for facts involving negative emotional details. The latter may suggest a deficit in executive functioning for the integration of emotionally laden stimuli, perhaps induced as a by-product of their traumatic experiences.
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Emoções/fisiologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Adolescente , Criança , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Resumen La memoria emocional alude al efecto que poseen las emociones sobre la formación de recuerdos. En personas que utilizan un segundo idioma, este efecto presenta resultados controversiales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue indagar sobre la relación entre memoria y emoción en sujetos monolingües (ML) y bilingües (BL) español-inglés, a través de una tarea de valoración emocional y de dos tareas de memoria. Participaron 49 sujetos, quienes codificaron una lista de palabras en español (ML y BL) o en inglés (BL) indicando valencia y arousal para cada una. Inmediatamente y siete días después, se evaluaron recuerdo libre y reconocimiento. Para aquellos sujetos que codificaron los estímulos en español (ML y BL) las palabras fueron calificadas con una mayor carga emocional que para aquellos participantes que las codificaron en inglés (BL). Además, el grupo ml presentó mayor cantidad de intrusiones que ambos grupos BL. Existirían factores particulares en el procesamiento de la información emocional que modularían el recuerdo emocional en BL y ML.
Abstract The term emotional memory refers to the particular effect where emotions influence memory formation. This effect is controversial for people who use a second language. This study aims to explore the relationship between memory and emotion on Spanish-English bilingual (BL) and monolingual (ML) adults through an emotional rating task and two memory tasks. The 49 participants (15 ML and 34 BL) encoded a wordlist in either Spanish (ML and BL) or English (BL) while reporting the valence and arousal ratings for each word. All groups took a free recall and recognition task for the list immediately and seven days after encoding. For those subjects who encoded the stimuli in Spanish (ML and BL), the words had a higher emotional load than the ones encoded them in English (BL). Furthermore, the ML-group presented more intrusions than both BL-groups. Particular forms of information processing could modulate memory retrieval on emotional memory for bilinguals and monolinguals.
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The detection and processing of novelty play a critical role in memory formation. The effect of novelty intervention in memory has been demonstrated with rodents in several lines of research; however, it has not been explored as extensively in humans. In this research, we evaluated the effect of novelty exposure on two types of emotional memory: visual (Study 1) and verbal (Study 2). Eighty healthy volunteers participated in both studies. First, all participants watched a video (session 1); seven days later (session 2), participants in the control group watched the same video and those in the experimental condition were exposed to a novel one. Immediately after exposure, all participants looked at 36 pictures (or listened to 36 words). Soon afterward, a two-task test was administered to evaluate memory (immediate free recall and recognition). A week later (session 3), the two-task test was run again (deferred free recall and recognition). Regarding emotional memory processing, the emotional information was more activating and better remembered than the neutral one, for both visual and verbal information. Regarding the novelty effect, the participants exposed to the novel video had better recall than the control on the deferred measures. Thus, our results provide evidence of the effect of novelty exposure on two different types of emotional memory, with great potentialities in clinical and educational settings.
Assuntos
Emoções , Comportamento Exploratório , Memória de Curto Prazo , Rememoração Mental , Reconhecimento Psicológico , Estimulação Acústica , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estimulação Luminosa , Projetos de Pesquisa , Adulto JovemRESUMO
AIM: To evaluate the therapeutic potential of ligands of beta-adrenoceptors in cognitive disorders. Testosterone and adrenergic pathways are involved in hippocampal and emotional memory. Moreover, is strongly suggested that androgen diminishing in aging is involved in cognitive deficit, as well as beta-adrenoceptors, particularly beta2-adrenoceptor, participate in the adrenergic modulation of memory. In this regard, some animal models of memory disruption have shown improved performance after beta-drug administration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this work, we evaluated the effects of agonists (isoproterenol and salbutamol) and antagonists (propranolol and carvedilol) on beta-adrenoceptors in orchiectomized rats, as well as their effects in the performance on avoidance task and damage in hippocampal neurons by immunohistochemistry assays. KEY FINDINGS: Surprisingly, we found that both antagonists and salbutamol (but not isoproterenol) modulate the effects of hormone deprivation, improving memory and decreasing neuronal death and amyloid-beta related changes in some regions (particularly CA1-3 and dentate gyrus) of rat hippocampus. SIGNIFICANCE: Two ß-antagonists and one ß2-agonist modulated the effects of hormone deprivation on memory and damage in brain. The mechanisms of signaling of these drugs for beneficial effects remain unclear, even if used ß-ARs ligands share a weak activity on ß-arrestin/ERK-pathway activation which can be involved in these effects as we proposed in this manuscript. Our observations could be useful for understanding effects suggested of adrenergic drugs to modulate emotional memory. But also, our results could be related to other pathologies involving neuronal death and Aß accumulation.
Assuntos
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacologia , Albuterol/farmacologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Emoções/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos da Memória/tratamento farmacológico , Orquiectomia/efeitos adversos , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta/química , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/farmacologia , Animais , Masculino , Transtornos da Memória/etiologia , Transtornos da Memória/metabolismo , Transtornos da Memória/patologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Studies have shown that an injection with the histamine H4 receptor agonist VUF-8430 modulates emotional memory processes. In the present study, the aim was to verify if intraperitoneal (ip) injection of VUF-8430 (500 ng/kg) in mice affects the synthesis of proteins required for memory consolidation processes by activating the phosphorylation of CREB (pCREB) in classical structures linked to emotional memory (prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus) and the cerebellar vermis, a structure that has also been recently implicated in emotional memory. The results obtained using western blot analysis demonstrated that VUF-8430 induced a decrease in CREB and pCREB levels in the cerebellar vermis and prefrontal cortex, suggesting that this dose impaired the activation of cell signaling pathways in these structures. There was no change in protein expression in the amygdala and hippocampus. Our results are preliminary, and further investigations are needed to investigate the role of the H4 receptors in the central nervous system.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Coelhos , Córtex Pré-Frontal/metabolismo , Vermis Cerebelar/metabolismo , Receptores Histamínicos H4/metabolismo , Memória/fisiologia , Fosforilação , Estresse Fisiológico , Córtex Pré-Frontal/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Emoções , Vermis Cerebelar/efeitos dos fármacos , Consolidação da Memória/fisiologia , Hipocampo , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Abstract Introduction Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common disorder that substantially decreases quality of life for both mother and child. In this longitudinal study, we investigated whether emotional memory, salivary cortisol (sCORT) or alpha-amylase during pregnancy predict postpartum depressive symptoms. Methods Forty-four pregnant women (14 euthymic women with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder [MDD] and 30 healthy women) between the ages of 19 and 37 years (mean age = 29.5±4.1 years) were longitudinally assessed in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy (12-22 weeks of gestational age) and again at 14-17 weeks postpartum. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Results Follow-ups were completed for 41 women (7% attrition). Postpartum EPDS scores were predicted by sCORT collected immediately after an incidental encoding memory task during pregnancy (b=-0.78, t -2.14, p=0.04). Postpartum EPDS scores were not predicted by positive (p=0.27) or negative (p=0.85) emotional memory. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that higher levels of sCORT during a memory encoding task in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy are associated with lower postpartum EPDS scores. While the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has long been associated with the neurobiology of MDD, the role of the HPA axis in perinatal depression deserves more attention.
Resumo Introdução A depressão pós-parto é um transtorno prevalente que afeta negativamente a qualidade de vida da mãe e da criança. Neste estudo longitudinal, nós investigamos se a memória emocional, o cortisol salivar (salivary cortisol, sCORT) ou alfa-amilase durante a gravidez predizem sintomas depressivos no período pós-parto. Métodos Um total de 44 mulheres grávidas [14 eutímicas com diagnóstico de transtorno depressivo maior (TDM) e 30 voluntárias sadias] entre 19 e 37 anos de idade (idade média = 29.5±4.1 anos) foram avaliadas longitudinalmente no 2° trimestre da gravidez (12-22 semanas de gestação) e na 1417ª semana pós-parto. Sintomas depressivos foram avaliados com a Escala de Depressão Pós-Natal de Edimburgo (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, EPDS). Resultados Quarenta e uma mulheres completaram o seguimento (7% de perda). sCORT coletado imediatamente antes de um teste de aquisição memória durante a gravidez foi preditor dos escores da escala EPDS no período pós-parto (b=-0.78, t -2.14, p=0.04). Memória emocional positiva (p=0.27) ou negativa (p=0.85) não foram preditores dos escores da escala EPDS no período pós-parto. Conclusão Os resultados deste estudo indicam que altos níveis de sCORT durante um teste de aquisição de memória no 2° trimestre da gravidez foram associados com baixos escores na escala EPDS no período pós-parto. Uma vez que o eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal (HHA) tenha sido envolvido na neurobiologia do TDM, o papel do eixo HHA na depressão perinatal merece mais atenção.
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Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Saliva/metabolismo , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Depressão Pós-Parto/diagnóstico , Prognóstico , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Modelos Lineares , Seguimentos , Estudos Longitudinais , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/diagnóstico , Emoções/fisiologia , Aprendizagem/fisiologia , Memória/fisiologia , Mães/psicologia , Testes NeuropsicológicosRESUMO
Resumen INTRODUCCIÓN: los trastornos funcionales se han reconocido a través del tiempo de manera segmentaria y, por tanto, de manera incompleta, desde su diagnóstico hasta su tratamiento. Ejemplos de estos trastornos los constituyen: la migraña, el síndrome de colon irritable, la discinesia vesicular, la fibromialgia, el síndrome de fatiga crónica, la vejiga irritable, el síndrome de prolapso de la válvula mitral, la intolerancia ortostática, la taquicardia postural ortostática, el síncope vasovagal o, en conclusión, la hoy llamada disautonomía. PROPUESTAS: los trastornos funcionales, como el síndrome llamado disautonomía, podrían tener su origen en las respuestas rápidas y poco apropiadas que la amígdala realiza ante ciertos estímulos en relación con la memoria emocional. Se propone nombrar a estos trastornos "síndrome de respuesta disfuncional (REDIS), con el fin de evitar errores diagnósticos en los casos de disautonomía secundaria. Se propone, además, establecer el diagnóstico clínico de estos padecimientos y seleccionar tan sólo aquéllos para la prueba de inclinación en caso de poca respuesta al tratamiento inicial, en donde, los inhibidores de la recaptura de serotonina parecen controlar adecuadamente los síntomas.
INTRODUCTION: Functional disorders have been recognized over time in a segmental way, and therefore, incompletely, from diagnosis to treatment. Examples of such disorders are: migraine, irritable bowel syndrome, biliary dyskinesia, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bladder, mitral valve prolapse syndrome, orthostatic intolerance, orthostatic postural tachycardia, vasovagal syncope or, in conclusion, the so-called dysautonomia. PROPOSALS: Functional disorders, such as the syndrome called dysautonomia, could have its origin in the rapid and inappropriate responses that the amygdala makes before certain stimuli in relation to emotional memory. It is proposed to name such disorders as "dysfunctional response syndrome (REDIS)", in order to avoid diagnostic errors in cases of secondary dysautonomia. In addition, it is proposed to establish a clinical diagnosis of these conditions and to select only those for the tilt test in case of poor response to the initial treatment, where the serotonin reuptake inhibitors seem to perform an adequate control of the symptoms.
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La memoria emocional es una memoria de largo término con contenido emocional, positivo o negativo, donde los eventos emocionales se recuerdan mejor que los neutros. La motivación se define como un impulso para comportarse de una manera determinada, y puede dividirse en intrínseca (sin recompensas) y extrínseca (dirigida a metas). Debido a que los procesos cognitivos son favorecidos por la motivación, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la interacción entre motivación y memoria de imágenes negativas, neutras y positivas, en dos grupos de niñas y niños de 5 años (recompensado y no recompensado). Los grupos no difirieron en el recuerdo de las imágenes de las tres valencias. Sólo en el grupo recompensado, las imágenes negativas fueron mayormente recordadas, lo cual indicaría que la recompensa luego de la tarea, favoreció la evocación posterior, y que este recuerdo fue diferencial en función del contenido emocional de las imágenes.
Emotional memory is defined as a long-term memory with emotional content, positive or negative, where emotional events are better remembered than neutral ones. Motivation is defined as an impulse to behave in a certain way, and can be divided into intrinsic (without rewards) and extrinsic (goal oriented). Cognitive processes are favored by motivation, so the objective of this work was to analyze the interaction between motivation and memory of images with different emotional valence in two groups of 5-year-old children (rewarded and not rewarded). The groups did not differ in the recall of any of the three valences. Only in the rewarding group did the negative images be remembered, which would indicate that the reward after the task favored the later evocation and that this memory was differential according to the emotional content of the images.
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Pré-Escolar , Memória , Motivação , Reforço por Recompensa , Pré-Escolar , EmoçõesRESUMO
Los estímulos que contienen alto contenido emocional son mejor recordados por sujetos sanos que los estímulos neutros. La música actúa como modulador de la memoria emocional en sujetos músicos y no músicos. El papel que juega en patologías neurodegenerativas, como lo es la demencia tipo Alzheimer, ha sido poco estudiado. Algunos estudios sugieren que la capacidad musical se encuentra deteriorada en este tipo de pacientes, con lo cual, ésta parecería ser irrelevante a la hora de considerar las emociones que la música despierta en ellos. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión bibliográfica acerca de la modulación de la memoria emocional a través de la música en sujetos sin patología y pacientes con demencia, así como también de las habilidades, tanto emocionales como musicales, conservadas y deterioradas en pacientes con esta patología.
Healthy subjects remember high emotional stimuli better than neutral stimuli. Music acts as a modulator of emotional memory in musicians and non-musicians. The role it plays in neurodegenerative pathologies, such as Alzheimer\'s disease, has been scarcely studied. Some studies suggest that musical ability is impaired in this type of patients, which would seem to be irrelevant when considering the emotions that music arouses in them. The aim of the present study is to review the literature about the modulation of emotional memory through music in subjects without pathology and patients with dementia, as well as the emotional and musical abilities, preserved and impaired in patients with this pathology.
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Humanos , Doença de Alzheimer , Memória , MusicoterapiaRESUMO
Sleep deprivation impairs performance in emotional memory tasks, however this effect on memory is not completely understood. Possible mechanisms may involve an alteration in neurotransmission systems, as shown by the fact that many drugs that modulate neural pathways can prevent memory impairment by sleep loss. Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) is a neuropeptide that emerged as a regulatory molecule of emotional memory through the modulation of other neurotransmission systems. Thus, the present study addressed the effect of intraperitoneal (IP) administration of bombesin (BB) (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0µg/kg), a GRP agonist, on the performance of Wistar rats in a multiple trail inhibitory avoidance (MTIA) task, after sleep deprivation, using the modified multiple platforms method (MMPM). Sleep deprived animals exhibited acquisition and retention impairment that was not prevented by BB injection. In addition, non-sleep deprived animals treated with BB before and after the training session, but not before the test, have shown a retention deficit. In summary, BB did not improve the memory impairment by sleep loss and, under normal conditions, produced a memory consolidation deficit.
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Bombesina/farmacologia , Transtornos da Memória/induzido quimicamente , Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Privação do Sono , Animais , Aprendizagem da Esquiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/farmacologia , Ratos Wistar , Privação do Sono/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
It is well established that corticosterone (CORT) enhances memory consolidation of emotionally arousing experiences. Despite emotional memories being usually referred to as well remembered for long periods, there are no studies that have investigated the effects of CORT in modulating the duration and specificity of memory. In the present study, we trained Wistar rats in a single-trial contextual fear conditioning protocol and injected CORT (0.3, 1.0 or 3.0mg/kg), immediately after training, to investigate its effects on memory consolidation. Rats were tested 2 and 29days after the training session or only 29days after training to assess recent or remote memory. Our results show that animals tested for recent memory discriminated the training context from a novel one, while those tested only for remote memory generalized the fear response to both contexts. Animals tested for remote memory after being tested for recent memory were able to discriminate both contexts. These results support the literature regarding memory specificity and duration. However, CORT treatment, even at the dose of 1.0mg/kg that effectively enhanced the plasmatic hormone levels, did not affect the strength or the specificity of memory in either recent or remote memory tests. We hypothesize that the lack of effect of CORT treatment could be due to the low arousing training experience of the single-trial protocol which, despite being sufficient to induce significant recent and remote memory consolidation, may not be sufficient to allow the memory-enhancing effect of CORT.
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Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Condicionamento Clássico/efeitos dos fármacos , Corticosterona/administração & dosagem , Medo/efeitos dos fármacos , Memória de Longo Prazo/efeitos dos fármacos , Rememoração Mental/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise de Variância , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/sangue , Corticosterona/sangue , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Successive negative contrast (SNC) is an incentive relativity procedure that has been widely used to model emotional reactivity in rodents. The reward downshift experienced during SNC is thought to result in frustration. The exploration of a novel open field (OF), a complex situation involving stress induction and novelty detection, can enhance or block the acquisition of associative and non-associative memories. Previous experiments found a modulatory effect of OF, applied before downshift trials, on SNC. This schedule, however, can affect retention performance by influencing attentional, motivational, motor or sensory-perceptual mechanisms at training or retention testing. The use of post-training OF exposure avoids these confounds. This work assessed the effect of OF exposure after the acquisition of the downshifted memory, with the goal of targeting the consolidation of this mnemonic trace. We also investigated the involvement of the cholinergic and adrenergic systems in this phenomenon. The results indicated that OF facilitates recovery from reward loss and that both transmitter systems, cholinergic and adrenergic, play a role in this effect of OF.
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Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacologia , Antagonistas Colinérgicos/farmacologia , Frustração , Atividade Motora , Propranolol/farmacologia , Escopolamina/farmacologia , Animais , Comportamento Exploratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Consolidação da Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
This study investigated the effects of histamine H1 or H2 receptor antagonists on emotional memory consolidation in mice submitted to the elevated plus maze (EPM). The cerebellar vermis of male mice (Swiss albino) was implanted using a cannula guide. Three days after recovery, behavioral tests were performed in the EPM on 2 consecutive days (T1 and T2). Immediately after exposure to the EPM (T1), animals received a microinjection of saline (SAL) or the H1 antagonist chlorpheniramine (CPA; 0.016, 0.052, or 0.16 nmol/0.1 µL) in Experiment 1, and SAL or the H2 antagonist ranitidine (RA; 0.57, 2.85, or 5.7 nmol/0.1 µL) in Experiment 2. Twenty-four hours later, mice were reexposed to the EPM (T2) under the same experimental conditions but they did not receive any injection. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Duncan test. In Experiment 1, mice microinjected with SAL and with CPA entered the open arms less often (%OAE) and spent less time in the open arms (%OAT) in T2, and there was no difference among groups. The results of Experiment 2 demonstrated that the values of %OAE and %OAT in T2 were lower compared to T1 for the groups that were microinjected with SAL and 2.85 nmol/0.1 µL RA. However, when animals were microinjected with 5.7 nmol/0.1 µL RA, they did not show a reduction in %OAE and %OAT. These results demonstrate that CPA did not affect behavior at the doses used in this study, while 5.7 nmol/0.1 µL RA induced impairment of memory consolidation in the EPM.
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Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Vermis Cerebelar/efeitos dos fármacos , Clorfeniramina/farmacologia , Emoções/efeitos dos fármacos , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos H1/farmacologia , /farmacologia , Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Ranitidina/farmacologia , Microinjeções , Memória/fisiologiaRESUMO
The present study investigated the effect of thioperamide (THIO), an H3 histaminergic receptor antagonist, microinjected into the cerebellar vermis on emotional memory consolidation in male Swiss albino mice re-exposed to the elevated plus-maze (EPM). We implanted a guide cannula into the cerebellar vermis using stereotactic surgery. On the third day after surgery, we performed behavioral tests for two consecutive days. On the first day (exposure), the mice (n=10/group) were exposed to the EPM and received THIO (0.06, 0.3, or 1.5 ng/0.1 µL) immediately after the end of the session. Twenty-four hours later, the mice were re-exposed to the EPM under the same experimental conditions, but without drug injection. A reduction in the exploration of the open arms upon re-exposure to the EPM (percentage of number of entries and time spent in open arms) compared with the initial exposure was used as an indicator of learning and memory. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Duncan post hoc test was used to analyze the data. Upon re-exposure, exploratory activity in the open arms was reduced in the control group, and with the two highest THIO doses: 0.3 and 1.5 ng/0.1 µL. No reduction was seen with the lowest THIO dose (0.06 ng/0.1 µL), indicating inhibition of the consolidation of emotional memory. None of the doses interfered with the animals' locomotor activity. We conclude that THIO at the lowest dose (0.06 ng/0.1 µL) microinjected into the cerebellum impaired emotional memory consolidation in mice.
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The capability to perceive and emit alarm substances, such as 2-heptanone, makes animals aware of the presence of danger, leading to some strategies directed towards survival. Strategies of survival involve emotional memory which is processed by deep temporal lobe structures, such as amygdaloid complex and hippocampus. In the Wistar rat, 2-heptanone produces anxiety-like behavior and an increased firing rate of basal amygdaline neurons. However, it is unknown whether 2-heptanone modifies the responsivity of medial amygdaline-hippocampal connection. Therefore, we placed a group (n=10) of Wistar rats in a plexiglass cage impregnated with 2-heptanone. Rats from control group (n=10) were introduced into a similar clean cage. Twenty four hours later we obtained single-unit extracellular recordings from the hippocampus (CA1-CA3) neurons identified by their connection to medial amygdala. Although the basal neuronal firing rate was similar between groups, first order interval distribution histogram analysis showed that 2-heptanone produced shorter intervals of firing rate. Peristimulus histograms indicated that: i) the amygdaline stimulation produces an increased firing rate in hippocampal neurons; and ii) this response is increased and enlarged on the 2-heptanone group. Since a single exposure to an alarm pheromone seems to facilitate the amygdala-hippocampal connection, results suggest the initial formation of contextual memories related with fear.
La percepción olfatoria de feromonas de alarma, como la 2-heptanona, promueve ciertas estrategias de supervivencia con la participación de la memoria emocional, integrada en estructuras del lóbulo temporal, como la amígdala y el hipocampo. En la rata Wistar, la olfacción de 2-heptanona genera conductas sugerentes de ansiedad y un incremento de la tasa de disparo neuronal del núcleo basal de la amígdala. Sin embargo, no se conoce si la 2-heptanona modifica la responsividad de la conexión amígdala medial-hipocampo. Un grupo de ratas Wistar (n=10) fue colocado dentro de una caja de acrílico impregnada con 2-heptanona; el grupo control (n=10) fue introducido en una caja limpia. Veinticuatro horas después se obtuvo el registro unitario extracelular de neuronas del hipocampo (CA1-CA3) identificadas por su conexión con la amígdala medial. Aunque la tasa de disparo basal fue similar entre los grupos experimentales, el histograma de distribución de intervalos de primer orden indicó un predominio de intervalos de breve duración en el grupo 2-heptanona. Los histogramas periestímulo indicaron que: i) las neuronas hipocampales responden con un incremento en la tasa de disparo neuronal ante la estimulación amigdalina; ii) la respuesta es de mayor magnitud y duración en el grupo previamente expuesto a 2-heptanona. Dado que una sola exposición a una feromona de alarma facilita la conexión amígdala medial-hipocampo, los resultados sugieren la formación inicial de una memoria contextual relacionada con el miedo.
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Introducción: Algunos estudios han sugerido que el recuerdo potenciado de eventos negativos en personas que presentan trastornos depresivos parece ser un factor importante en la Etiología, curso y sostenimiento de la depresión. Objetivo: Evaluar la memoria emocional en Personas con y sin sintomatología depresiva, mediante una prueba auditivo-visual. Método: Se evaluaron 73 estudiantes universitarios, hombres y mujeres, con edades entre los 18 y 40 años, distribuidos en dos grupos: con sintomatología depresiva (32) y sin sintomatología Depresiva (40), utilizando la Escala del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos para Depresión(CES-D) y un punto de corte de 20. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias significativas Entre el recuerdo libre de los voluntarios con y sin sintomatología depresiva, a pesar de que Ambos asignaron un valor emocional más alto a la versión emocional de la prueba auditivo-Visual y de asociarla a la emoción de tristeza. Conclusión: Las personas con sintomatología Depresiva no presentaron el efecto de potenciación mnemónica generalmente asociado al Contenido de la versión emocional de la prueba; por lo tanto, no se comprobó la hipótesis De congruencia emocional...
Introduction: Some studies have suggested that potentiated remembrance of negative events on people with depressive disorders seems to be an important factor in the etiology, course and maintenance of depression. Objective: Evaluate the emotional memory in people with and without depressive symptomatology by means of an audio-visual test. Methodology: 73 university students were evaluated, male and female, between 18 and 40 years old, distributed in two groups: with depressive symptomatology (32) and without depres-sive symptomatology (40), using the Scale from the Center of Epidemiologic Studies for Depression (CES-D, English Abbreviation) and a cutting point of 20. Results: There were not meaningful differences between free and voluntary recalls, with and without depressive symptomatology, in spite of the fact that both groups had granted a higher emotional value to the audio-visual test and that they had associated it with emotional sadness. Conclusion: People with depressive symptomatology did not exhibit the effect of mnemonic potentiation generally associated to the content of the emotional version of the test; therefore, the hypothesis of emotional consistency was not validated...
Assuntos
Depressão , MemóriaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Some studies have suggested that potentiated remembrance of negative events on people with depressive disorders seems to be an important factor in the etiology, course and maintenance of depression. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the emotional memory in people with and without depressive symptomatology by means of an audio-visual test. METHODOLOGY: 73 university students were evaluated, male and female, between 18 and 40 years old, distributed in two groups: with depressive symptomatology (32) and without depressive symptomatology (40), using the Scale from the Center of Epidemiologic Studies for Depression (CES-D, English Abbreviation) and a cutting point of 20. RESULTS: There were not meaningful differences between free and voluntary recalls, with and without depressive symptomatology, in spite of the fact that both groups had granted a higher emotional value to the audio-visual test and that they had associated it with emotional sadness. CONCLUSION: People with depressive symptomatology did not exhibit the effect of mnemonic potentiation generally associated to the content of the emotional version of the test; therefore, the hypothesis of emotional consistency was not validated.
RESUMO
Introducción: Diferentes niveles de alertamiento emocional pueden favorecer la potenciación o el deterioro de la memoria. El impacto emocional en personas víctimas del desplazamiento en Colombia puede constituirse en un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo del trastorno por estrés postraumático (TEPT). Objetivo: Evaluar la memoria emocional de sujetos en condición de desplazamiento por la violencia con y sin diagnóstico positivo para el TEPT. Método: Muestra de 95 voluntarios en condición de desplazamiento del área metropolitana de Bucaramanga (18 a 61 años), a quienes se les aplicaron los instrumentos de diagnóstico para TEPT (DSM IV, Checklist) y una prueba auditivo-visual de memoria emocional. Los participantes fueron distribuidos en dos grupos: sujetos con TEPT y sujetos sin TEPT. Ambos grupos fueron redistribuidos en cuatro subgrupos según la versión neutra y emocional de la prueba auditivo-visual. Resultados: El grupo de participantes clasificado con TEPT atribuyó Una mayor ponderación a la historia emocional, pero su contenido alertador no potenció la memoria de estos participantes. Conclusión: El contenido alertante de la prueba auditivo visual no potenció la memoria de aquellos sujetos diagnosticados con TEPT, lo cual sugiere que estos participantes pueden presentar un deterioro de las potencialidades mnemónicas dado por las limitaciones funcionales que involucran los procesos de reforzamiento emocional...
Introduction: Different levels of emotional arousal can potentiate or impair memory. Since the emotional impact on victims of displacement in Colombia may constitute a risk factor for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the objective of this study was to evaluate emotional memory of people displaced by violence with and without PTSD. Method: The sample consisted of 95 volunteers in condition of displacement of the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga (18 to 61 years old), to whom an instrument for the diagnosis of PTSD (DSM IV, Checklist) and An audio-visual Emotional Memory Test were applied. The participants were distributed into two groups: Subjects with and without PTSD. Both groups were redistributed into four subgroups according with the emotional or neutral version of the emotional memory test. Results: The group of participants with PTSD attributed an emotional rate higher to the emotional story than to the neutral story, but the emotional arousal content did not potentiate the memory of these participants. Conclusion: The emotional contents implemented in this emotional memory test did not potentiate the memory of subjects diagnosed with PTSD. Based on this, it could be that these participants present a deterioration of the mnemonic potential given by the functional limitations that involve the processes of emotional reinforcement...
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Sintomas Afetivos , Memória , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-TraumáticosRESUMO
Epileptic seizures generate cognitive and behavioral impacts in individuals who suffer from epilepsy. Declarative memory is one of the cognitive functions that can be affected by epileptic seizures. The main objective of this work was to investigate neurocognitive function, especially the emotional working memory of patients with unilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, and that of patients submitted to unilateral mesial temporal lobectomy. A face recognition test that can simultaneously recruit the frontal lobe (working memory) and mesial temporal lobe (emotional memory) was used to investigate emotional working memory. Our findings showed that the epilepsy factor significantly compromised the performance in the emotional memory test. On the other hand, surgical removal of the epileptic focus promoted an improvement in the emotional working memory of these patients, in addition to the significantly decrease in the number of seizures.
Crises epilépticas geram impactos comportamentais e cognitivos em indivíduos que sofrem de epilepsia. Uma das funções cognitivas que pode ser afetada pelas crises epilépticas é a memória declarativa. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi investigar funções cognitivas, especialmente a memória operacional emocional de pacientes com epilepsia temporal mesial unilateral e pacientes submetidos a lobectomia temporal mesial unilateral. Para investigar a memória operacional emocional foi utilizado um teste de reconhecimento de faces que pode recrutar simultaneamente o lobo frontal (memória operacional) e o lobo temporal mesial (memória emocional). Nossos resultados demonstram que o fator epilepsia compromete de forma significativa o desempenho no teste de memória emocional. Por outro lado, a remoção cirúrgica do foco epiléptico promoveu uma melhora na memória emocional desses pacientes, além de diminuir o número de crises.