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Abstract Elephantiasis, also known as lymphatic filariasis (LF), is a debilitating condition characterized by the thickening of the skin and muscles, primarily affecting the limbs, genitalia, and female breasts. Lymphatic filariasis is a major global health concern, affecting approximately 120 million people worldwide and having a significant impact on people's quality of life, mobility, and socio-economic status. Although LF is endemic in many parts of the world, including Africa, it is a neglected issue in Southern Africa, with little information available. According to the World Health Organisation, approximately 882.5 million people in 44 countries worldwide are at risk of contracting LF, making it the second most common vector-borne disease after malaria. The primary goal of this review was to assess the prevalence of elephantiasis in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. Lymphatic filariasis is endemic in four of the sixteen SADC countries, three countries have administered MDA to the population that required it and they are now under post-intervention surveillance, while LF is no longer a public health problem in Malawi. Global efforts to eliminate LF have been hampered by the non-availability of MDA in some SADC countries such as Angola, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Despite the implementation of mass drug administration programs, a review of the literature reveals gaps in knowledge about LF prevalence cases in SADC countries. Each country faces unique challenges and successes in combating LF due to varying levels of available data and healthcare infrastructure. Some SADC countries continue to bear the burden of LF-related diseases, necessitating ongoing disease prevention and elimination efforts. This review emphasizes the importance of ongoing research, data collection, and novel policies to combat the spread of elephantiasis disease in the SADC region and beyond.

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RESUMEN La elefantiasis escrotal es una condición que ha sido históricamente descripta en áreas endémicas de filariasis, pero es menos frecuente su presentación idiopática o asociada a otras entidades. Presentamos un caso de elefantiasis escrotal gigante de causa adquirida idiopática, al que se le practicó la exéresis de la estructura linfedematosa y la reconstrucción del defecto con colgajos locales y autoinjerto cutáneo. El motivo de su divulgación radica en que se trata de un caso muy poco frecuente, ya sea por la baja incidencia y etiología, así como por la importante magnitud del problema para el individuo. El objetivo principal en el tratamiento del linfedema, en el caso presentado, fue devolverle al paciente funciones primarias y elementales de vida, además de disminuir la morbilidad y otorgarle una mejor calidad de vida.

ABSTRACT Scrotal elephantiasis is a condition that has been historically described in areas where filariasis is endemic, but idiopathic cases or those associated with other entities are rare. We report a case of a patient with idiopathic acquired giant scrotal elephantiasis who underwent excision of the lymphedematous structure and reconstruction of the defect with local flaps and skin autograft. The reason for this presentation is the uncommon nature of the case due to its low incidence, rare etiology and the magnitude of the problem experienced by the patient. The main goal in the treatment of lymphedema in this case was to restore primary and elementary functions of life to the patient, reduce morbidity and provide him with a better quality of life.

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Stage III lymphedema, also known as elephantiasis, is the most advanced stage and involves the occurrence of large deformities. This article reports the case of a 30-year-old woman with bilateral stage III lymphedema who weighed 109 kg. The largest circumference measurements below the knee were 97 cm on the right leg and 76 cm on the left leg. Intensive treatment was performed, involving 8 hour per day of mechanical lymphatic therapy with the RAGodoy® device, which performs passive plantar flexion and extension, 15 min of cervical lymphatic therapy per day, and the use of non-elastic laced compression stockings. Treatment resulted in a considerable loss of edema as well as the occurrence of folds of excess skin, which were resolved by continuing treatment in a slower, non-intensive manner. Folds of excess skin are common during the treatment of large lymphedemas until reaching standards of normality or near normality but can be resolved with further clinical treatment.

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The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, launched by the World Health Organization in the year 2000, proposes the use of circulating filarial antigen tests as a diagnostic tool to assess and monitor initiatives to control filarial infection. However, despite a high sensitivity, these tests are not efficient to detect infection at early stages, before worms have reached the adult stage. Considering this limitation, anti-filarial antibody testing has been suggested as an alternative, given that the antibodies produced against the larvae are detectable before the presence of circulating filarial antigen. The objective of the present study was to determine the diagnostic cut-off and the accuracy of the Filaria Detect™ IgG4 kit employing recombinant Wb123 antigen for diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis in Brazil. For that, we performed a diagnostic evaluation study in which 256 serum samples were analyzed: 79 (30.9%) obtained from microfilaremic individuals and 177 (60.1%) from amicrofilaremic individuals who tested negative with the Bm14 CELISA and Og4C3 ELISA immunologic tests. The ideal cutoff as well as the Filaria Detect™ IgG4 kit accuracy were determined based on ROC curve analyses, with an optical density of 0.239 identified as the cutoff with the best performance, with 81.0% sensitivity and 96.6% specificity. The results show that the Filaria Detect™ IgG4 kit is a promising tool for investigation and monitoring of areas undergoing mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis.

En el programa mundial de eliminación de la filariasis linfática, puesto en marcha por la Organización Mundial de la Salud en el año 2000, se propone el uso de pruebas de detección del antígeno filárico circulante como instrumento de diagnóstico para la evaluación y el seguimiento de las medidas de control de la parasitosis. Sin embargo, esas pruebas, a pesar de tener un alto grado de sensibilidad, no permiten detectar con eficiencia la infección en su fase inicial, cuando todavía no existen helmintos adultos. En vista de esa limitación, se ha señalado como una opción el estudio de anticuerpos antifiláricos, puesto que los anticuerpos producidos contra las larvas infectantes del parásito se detectan antes de la existencia de antígeno filárico circulante. El objetivo de este estudio fue definir el punto de corte y evaluar la exactitud del estuche Detect™ para pruebas de anticuerpos antifiláricos IgG4, fabricado con el antígeno recombinante Wb123, para el diagnóstico de la filariasis linfática en Brasil. Para ello, se realizó un estudio de evaluación de la prueba diagnóstica, en el cual se utilizaron 256 muestras de suero, a saber, 79 (30,9%) obtenidas de personas microfilarémicas y 177 (60,1%) de personas amicrofilarémicas, que arrojaron resultados seronegativos en las pruebas inmunológicas CELISA Bm14 y ELISA Og4C3. La definición del punto de corte ideal y de la exactitud del estuche Detect™ se obtuvo con la construcción de curvas de la característica operativa del receptor (ROC); una densidad óptica de 0,239 marcó el mejor nivel de desempeño de la prueba, con una sensibilidad de 81,0% y una especificidad de 96,6%. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que el estuche Detect™ es un instrumento prometedor para la investigación y el seguimiento de las regiones donde se realiza un tratamiento masivo de la filariasis linfática.

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OBJECTIVE: To confirm the absence of Wuchereria bancrofti autochthonous cases in Manaus, a former focus of lymphatic filariasis in the Western Brazilian Amazon. METHODS: A field survey was carried out in 2016 using immunochromatographic rapid tests (ICT card) for the detection of circulating filarial antigens in blood. The sample included a group of 3 000 schoolchildren aged 6 to 10 years enrolled in schools from different urban areas of Manaus (including the former lymphatic filariasis focus in the city) and a group of 709 adolescents and adults, between the ages of 11 and 85 years, born and raised in different areas of Manaus. RESULTS: All of the individuals tested negative for W. bancrofti antigen. CONCLUSIONS: Although Manaus was once considered endemic, this focus no longer seems to be active for lymphatic filariasis transmission. The results of this study could support the certification by the World Health Organization of the lymphatic filariasis transmission elimination exercise in Brazil.

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Podoconiosis is a form of lymphoedema that occurs in tropical highland areas in genetically susceptible individuals who are exposed to irritant volcanic soils. The disease is preventable through consistent use of footwear and attention to foot hygiene; however, in endemic areas there is a strong barefoot tradition, and many cannot afford shoes. Patients with podoconiosis face significant physical disability, psychological comorbidity, reduced quality of life and experience frequent episodes of systemic illness due to acute dermatolymphangioadenitis. This review provides an overview of this important and neglected tropical skin disease and summarizes the latest research findings.

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The Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) is a program that aims to eliminate lymphatic filariasis by 2030. The GPELF strategy is based on interrupting transmission using mass drug administration (MDA) and, in parallel, managing morbidity cases. However, it has been seen that there is a shortage of research in the literature and public policies regarding this last pillar. In this study, we reviewed the literature and available information regarding the burden of filarial morbidity. In addition, we identified that in the Americas, the implementation of structured services with regard to morbidity assistance in the Americas was scarce. We formed a review that aimed to assess the pathogenesis, epidemiology, repercussions, and treatment of filarial morbidity in countries in the Americas where lymphatic filariasis is endemic. Structured searches were carried out on PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, and Web of Science databases without time and language restrictions. Three reviewers evaluated the 2150 studies and performed data extraction, and quality assessment by assigning scores to the studies found. The current literature and available information on the burden of filarial morbidity, as well as the implementation of structured services with regard to morbidity assistance in the Americas, were all found to be scarce. Now that this knowledge gap has been identified, both health services and researchers need to seek the implementation and enhancement of the maintenance of GPELF strategies that relate to the morbidity pillar.

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ABSTRACT Objective. To confirm the absence of Wuchereria bancrofti autochthonous cases in Manaus, a former focus of lymphatic filariasis in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Methods. A field survey was carried out in 2016 using immunochromatographic rapid tests (ICT card) for the detection of circulating filarial antigens in blood. The sample included a group of 3 000 schoolchildren aged 6 to 10 years enrolled in schools from different urban areas of Manaus (including the former lymphatic filariasis focus in the city) and a group of 709 adolescents and adults, between the ages of 11 and 85 years, born and raised in different areas of Manaus. Results. All of the individuals tested negative for W. bancrofti antigen. Conclusions. Although Manaus was once considered endemic, this focus no longer seems to be active for lymphatic filariasis transmission. The results of this study could support the certification by the World Health Organization of the lymphatic filariasis transmission elimination exercise in Brazil.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Confirmar la ausencia de casos autóctonos de Wuchereria bancrofti en Manaos, anteriormente un foco de filariasis linfática en la Amazonia occidental de Brasil. Métodos. En el 2016 se llevó a cabo una encuesta en el terreno con pruebas rápidas inmunocromatográficas (tiras inmunocromatográficas) para detectar antígenos filáricos circulantes en sangre. La muestra constó de un grupo de 3 000 escolares de 6 a 10 años matriculados en escuelas de diferentes zonas urbanas de Manaos (incluida la zona que anteriormente era el foco de filariasis linfática en la ciudad) y de un grupo de 709 adolescentes y adultos, de edades comprendidas entre 11 y 85 años, nacidos y criados en diferentes áreas de Manaos. Resultados. Todas las personas dieron negativo en la prueba de antígeno de Wuchereria bancrofti. Conclusiones. Aunque hubo un tiempo en que Manaos se consideraba zona endémica, parece que este foco de transmisión de la filariasis linfática ya no está activo. Los resultados de este estudio podrían brindar apoyo a la certificación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud respecto de los esfuerzos realizados en Brasil para eliminar la transmisión de la filariasis linfática.

RESUMO Objetivo. Confirmar a ausência de casos autóctones de Wuchereria bancrofti em Manaus, anteriormente um foco da filariose linfática na parte leste da Amazônia brasileira. Métodos. Uma pesquisa de campo foi realizada em 2016 com o uso de teste rápido por imunocromatografia (cartão ICT) para detecção de antígenos de microfilárias circulantes no sangue. A amostra estudada consistiu de um grupo de 3 000 crianças escolares entre 6 e 10 anos de idade matriculados em escolas de diferentes áreas da zona urbana de Manaus (englobando a área anteriormente com o foco de filariose linfática) e um grupo de 709 adolescentes e adultos entre 11 e 85 anos de idade nascidos e crescidos em diferentes áreas de Manaus. Resultados. Todos os indivíduos pesquisados tiveram teste negativo para o antígeno da W. bancrofti. Conclusões. Apesar de Manaus ter sido anteriormente uma área endêmica, parece que não existe mais foco ativo de transmissão da filariose linfática na cidade. Os resultados deste estudo podem servir para embasar a certificação pela Organização Mundial da Saúde da eliminação da transmissão da filariose linfática no Brasil.

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RESUMO O Plano Global de Eliminação da Filariose Linfática, lançado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde em 2000, propõe o uso de testes de detecção de antígeno circulante filarial como ferramenta diagnóstica para avaliação e monitoramento das ações de controle da parasitose. Entretanto, esses testes, apesar de apresentarem alta sensibilidade, não conseguem detectar com eficiência a infecção em seu estágio inicial, quando ainda não existe a presença de helmintos adultos. Considerando essa limitação, a pesquisa de anticorpos antifilariais tem sido apontada como uma alternativa, uma vez que os anticorpos produzidos contra as larvas infectantes do parasito são detectados antes da presença de antígeno circulante filarial. O objetivo deste estudo foi definir o ponto de corte e avaliar a acurácia do kit Filaria Detect™ IgG4 produzido com o antígeno recombinante Wb123 para diagnóstico da filariose linfática no Brasil. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo de avaliação de teste diagnóstico, no qual foram utilizadas 256 amostras de soro: 79 (30,9%) obtidas de indivíduos microfilarêmicos e 177 (60,1%), de indivíduos amicrofilarêmicos e que testaram negativo para os testes imunológicos Bm14 CELISA e Og4C3 ELISA. A definição do ponto de corte ideal, bem como da acurácia do kit Filaria Detect™ IgG4, foi obtida através da construção de curvas ROC, sendo a densidade óptica de 0,239 aquela na qual o teste obteve melhor desempenho, com sensibilidade de 81,0% e especificidade de 96,6%. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o kit Filaria Detect™ IgG4 é uma ferramenta promissora para investigação e monitoramento de áreas submetidas ao tratamento em massa para filariose linfática.

ABSTRACT The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, launched by the World Health Organization in the year 2000, proposes the use of circulating filarial antigen tests as a diagnostic tool to assess and monitor initiatives to control filarial infection. However, despite a high sensitivity, these tests are not efficient to detect infection at early stages, before worms have reached the adult stage. Considering this limitation, anti-filarial antibody testing has been suggested as an alternative, given that the antibodies produced against the larvae are detectable before the presence of circulating filarial antigen. The objective of the present study was to determine the diagnostic cut-off and the accuracy of the Filaria Detect™ IgG4 kit employing recombinant Wb123 antigen for diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis in Brazil. For that, we performed a diagnostic evaluation study in which 256 serum samples were analyzed: 79 (30.9%) obtained from microfilaremic individuals and 177 (60.1%) from amicrofilaremic individuals who tested negative with the Bm14 CELISA and Og4C3 ELISA immunologic tests. The ideal cutoff as well as the Filaria Detect™ IgG4 kit accuracy were determined based on ROC curve analyses, with an optical density of 0.239 identified as the cutoff with the best performance, with 81.0% sensitivity and 96.6% specificity. The results show that the Filaria Detect™ IgG4 kit is a promising tool for investigation and monitoring of areas undergoing mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis.

RESUMEN En el programa mundial de eliminación de la filariasis linfática, puesto en marcha por la Organización Mundial de la Salud en el año 2000, se propone el uso de pruebas de detección del antígeno filárico circulante como instrumento de diagnóstico para la evaluación y el seguimiento de las medidas de control de la parasitosis. Sin embargo, esas pruebas, a pesar de tener un alto grado de sensibilidad, no permiten detectar con eficiencia la infección en su fase inicial, cuando todavía no existen helmintos adultos. En vista de esa limitación, se ha señalado como una opción el estudio de anticuerpos antifiláricos, puesto que los anticuerpos producidos contra las larvas infectantes del parásito se detectan antes de la existencia de antígeno filárico circulante. El objetivo de este estudio fue definir el punto de corte y evaluar la exactitud del estuche Detect™ para pruebas de anticuerpos antifiláricos IgG4, fabricado con el antígeno recombinante Wb123, para el diagnóstico de la filariasis linfática en Brasil. Para ello, se realizó un estudio de evaluación de la prueba diagnóstica, en el cual se utilizaron 256 muestras de suero, a saber, 79 (30,9%) obtenidas de personas microfilarémicas y 177 (60,1%) de personas amicrofilarémicas, que arrojaron resultados seronegativos en las pruebas inmunológicas CELISA Bm14 y ELISA Og4C3. La definición del punto de corte ideal y de la exactitud del estuche Detect™ se obtuvo con la construcción de curvas de la característica operativa del receptor (ROC); una densidad óptica de 0,239 marcó el mejor nivel de desempeño de la prueba, con una sensibilidad de 81,0% y una especificidad de 96,6%. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que el estuche Detect™ es un instrumento prometedor para la investigación y el seguimiento de las regiones donde se realiza un tratamiento masivo de la filariasis linfática.

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La elefantiasis verrugosa nostra es una patología poco frecuente secundaria a linfedema crónico no filariásico, con la consecuente deformación y aumento de volumen del miembro afecto acompañado de un engrosamiento excesivo de la piel. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino con hiperplasia verrugosa en miembros inferiores secundaria a linfedema crónico por trastornos de la circulación venolinfática.

The elephantiasis nostra verrucosa is a rare pathology secondary to chronic non-filarial lymphedema, with the consequent deformation and volume increase of the affected limb accompanied by excessive thickening of the skin. We present the case of a male patient with verrucous hyperplasia in the lower limbs secondary to chronic lymphedema due to disorders of the venolymphatic circulation.

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Abstract Introduction: The low frequency of cases and deaths from the SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 virus in some countries of Africa has called our attention about the unusual behavior of this disease. The ivermectin is considered a drug of choice for various parasitic and viral diseases and shown to have in vitro effects against SARS-CoV-2. Aims: Our study aimed to describe SARS-CoV2 infection and death rates in African countries that participated in an intensive Ivermectin mass campaign carried out to control onchocerciasis and compare them with those of countries that did not participate. Methods: Data from 19 countries that participated in the World Health Organization (WHO) sponsored African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC), from 1995 until 2015, were compared with thirty-five (Non-APOC), countries that were not included. Information was obtained from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ database. Generalized Poisson regression models were used to obtain estimates of the effect of APOC status on cumulative SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality rates. Results: After controlling for different factors, including the Human Development Index (HDI), APOC countries (vs. non-APOC), show 28% lower mortality (0.72; 95% CI: 0.67-0.78) and 8% lower rate of infection (0.92; 95% CI: 0.91-0.93) due to COVID-19. Conclusions: The incidence in mortality rates and number of cases is significantly lower among the APOC countries compared to non-APOC countries. That a mass public health preventive campaign against COVID-19 may have taken place, inadvertently, in some African countries with massive community ivermectin use is an attractive hypothesis. Additional studies are needed to confirm it.

Resumen Introducción: La baja frecuencia de casos y muertes por el virus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 en algunos países de África llamó nuestra atención sobre el comportamiento inusual de esta enfermedad. La ivermectina se considera un fármaco de elección para diversas enfermedades parasitarias y virales, y se ha demostrado que tiene efectos in vitro contra el SARS-CoV-2. Objetivos: Nuestro estudio tiene el objetivo describir las tasas de infección y mortalidad del SARS-CoV-2 en los países africanos que participaron en una campaña intensiva masiva de ivermectina para el control de la oncocercosis y compararlas con las de los países que no participaron. Métodos: Los datos de 19 países que participaron en el Programa Africano para el Control de la Oncocercosis (APOC) patrocinado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), desde 1995 hasta 2015, se compararon con 35 países que no fueron incluidos (NO APOC). La información sobre casos y muertes por COVID-19 se obtuvo de la base de datos https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión de Poisson para obtener estimaciones del efecto del estado APOC sobre las tasas acumuladas de infección y mortalidad por SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: Después de controlar diferentes factores, incluido el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), los países APOC (frente a los no APOC) mostraron una mortalidad 28% menor (razón de tasas ajustada: RR= 0.72, IC 95%: 0.67-0.78) y una tasa de infección 8% menor (RR= 0.92, IC 95%: 0.91-0.93) por COVID-19. Conclusiones: Las tasas de mortalidad e infección son significativamente más bajas en países APOC en comparación con los países no APOC. Una campaña preventiva masiva de salud pública contra el COVID-19 pudo haber tenido lugar inadvertidamente en algunos países africanos con un uso masivo de ivermectina en la comunidad es una hipótesis atractiva. Se necesitan estudios adicionales para confirmarlo.

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INTRODUCTION: The low frequency of cases and deaths from the SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 virus in some countries of Africa has called our attention about the unusual behavior of this disease. The ivermectin is considered a drug of choice for various parasitic and viral diseases and shown to have in vitro effects against SARS-CoV-2. AIMS: Our study aimed to describe SARS-CoV2 infection and death rates in African countries that participated in an intensive Ivermectin mass campaign carried out to control onchocerciasis and compare them with those of countries that did not participate. METHODS: Data from 19 countries that participated in the World Health Organization (WHO) sponsored African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC), from 1995 until 2015, were compared with thirty-five (Non-APOC), countries that were not included. Information was obtained from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ database. Generalized Poisson regression models were used to obtain estimates of the effect of APOC status on cumulative SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality rates. RESULTS: After controlling for different factors, including the Human Development Index (HDI), APOC countries (vs. non-APOC), show 28% lower mortality (0.72; 95% CI: 0.67-0.78) and 8% lower rate of infection (0.92; 95% CI: 0.91-0.93) due to COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence in mortality rates and number of cases is significantly lower among the APOC countries compared to non-APOC countries. That a mass public health preventive campaign against COVID-19 may have taken place, inadvertently, in some African countries with massive community ivermectin use is an attractive hypothesis. Additional studies are needed to confirm it.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La baja frecuencia de casos y muertes por el virus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 en algunos países de África llamó nuestra atención sobre el comportamiento inusual de esta enfermedad. La ivermectina se considera un fármaco de elección para diversas enfermedades parasitarias y virales, y se ha demostrado que tiene efectos in vitro contra el SARS-CoV-2. OBJETIVOS: Nuestro estudio tiene el objetivo describir las tasas de infección y mortalidad del SARS-CoV-2 en los países africanos que participaron en una campaña intensiva masiva de ivermectina para el control de la oncocercosis y compararlas con las de los países que no participaron. MÉTODOS: Los datos de 19 países que participaron en el Programa Africano para el Control de la Oncocercosis (APOC) patrocinado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), desde 1995 hasta 2015, se compararon con 35 países que no fueron incluidos (NO APOC). La información sobre casos y muertes por COVID-19 se obtuvo de la base de datos https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión de Poisson para obtener estimaciones del efecto del estado APOC sobre las tasas acumuladas de infección y mortalidad por SARS-CoV-2. RESULTADOS: Después de controlar diferentes factores, incluido el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), los países APOC (frente a los no APOC) mostraron una mortalidad 28% menor (razón de tasas ajustada: RR= 0.72, IC 95%: 0.67-0.78) y una tasa de infección 8% menor (RR= 0.92, IC 95%: 0.91-0.93) por COVID-19. CONCLUSIONES: Las tasas de mortalidad e infección son significativamente más bajas en países APOC en comparación con los países no APOC. Una campaña preventiva masiva de salud pública contra el COVID-19 pudo haber tenido lugar inadvertidamente en algunos países africanos con un uso masivo de ivermectina en la comunidad es una hipótesis atractiva. Se necesitan estudios adicionales para confirmarlo.

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En el año 2000, había más de 120 millones de personas infectadas por filarias en el mundo; unos 40 millones están desfiguradas e incapacitadas por la enfermedad. La infestación de los ganglios linfáticos por el parásito Wuchereira bancrofti, es la causa más frecuente del linfedema secundario. Se presenta un caso inusual de elefantiasis vulvar por filariasis. Se analizan las alternativas terapéuticas que incluyen el tratamiento farmacológico y quirúrgico, con el fin de considerar esta última como un tratamiento paliativo más que curativo tanto para el linfedema como para la cirugía reconstructiva(AU)

In 2000, there were more than 120 million people infected by filarias in the world; some 40 million are disfigured and disabled by the disease. Infestation of the lymph nodes by Wuchereira bancrofti parasite is the most frequent cause of secondary lymphoedema. An unusual case of vulvar elephantiasis due to filariasis is reprted in this paper. The therapeutic alternatives that include pharmacological and surgical treatment are analyzed, in order to consider the latter as a palliative rather than a curative treatment both for lymphedema and for reconstructive surgery(AU)

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Lymphatic filariasis affects millions of people around the world and may have disabling consequences. Lymphedema stands out as a chronic manifestation in patients with this disease, affecting the lower limbs and limiting motor function. This study aimed to propose a treatment protocol to decrease lower limb lymphedema of treated patients and to show the efficacy of Complex Decongestive Therapy (CDT) as an auxiliary resource for this condition. This is a case study of a patient treated with CDT, making use of compression methods with alternative materials and instructions for asepsis during 10 weeks. The results demonstrated that this treatment reduced lymphedema in the right lower limb of the patient from grade V to grade III, with areas of measurement reduction of up to 41%. In addition, acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (ADLA) manifestations stopped in the treated patient. CDT associated with low-cost compression material, has been shown to be effective in reducing lower limb lymphedema and ADLA crises, as well as in promoting improved locomotion and performance of daily activities by the patient

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Linfedema escrotal es una patología de escasa frecuencia como presentación idiopática. Se conoce también como elefantiasis por las modificaciones que produce en tejido dérmico, se clasifica de acuerdo a la edad de aparición en congénito o adquirido. El diagnóstico es clínico y la etiología se confirma con exámenes complementarios. El tratamiento recomendado es quirúrgico aunque se puede recurrir a tratamientos paliativos en casos de menor gravedad. Se presenta paciente procedente de Cochabamba-Bolivia, masculino de 33 años con cuadro de 3 años de evolución, se realizó la extirpación de 3,7 Kg de tejido escrotal linfedematoso que tras la intervención quirúrgica presentó una evolución favorable sin complicaciones, mejorando la calidad de vida del paciente y el cuadro clinico.

Scrotal Lymphedema is an infrequent pathology as an idiopathic presentation. Also, it is known as elephantiasis because of the modifications of dermic tissue, it is classified, in order to the age off apparition, in congenital or acquired. The diagnosis is clinic and the etiology could be confirmed by complementary tests. In general, the recommended treatment is surgical although with less serious cases it should appeal to palliative treatment. It is presented a case of a 33 year-old male, from Parotani, in Cochabamba-Bolivia with a clinical presentation of three years of evolution. It was made an extraction of 3,7 kg lump of lymphoedematical scrotal tissue after that he did not present complications and patient's quality of life improved.

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Resumen:El linfedema consiste en la retención de líquido linfático en los tejidos, causada por una obstrucción del sistema linfático. El sistema linfático devuelve el líquido intersticial al conducto torácico y este luego al torrente sanguíneo, y de allí se recircula a los tejidos. Puede ser un fenómeno aislado o no, tal como manifestación de una displasia linfática congénita (primaria), desarrollada durante la etapa tardía de linfangiogénesis; o puede ser secundario, es decir, causado por una lesión u obstrucción en los vasos linfáticos, ya sea por disección quirúrgica radical, irradiación, malignidad, linfangitis con linfagioesclerosis, trauma o causa idiopática. Los síntomas pueden incluir fatiga grave, edema focal o generalizado en algunas regiones del cuerpo, así como descoloración de la piel que recubre el linfedema y, finalmente, la deformidad, que en el caso de las extremidades inferiores se llama elefantiasis. El linfedema no solo puede causar desfiguración, sino también limitación del estilo de vida, e incluso trastornos psicológicos. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 45 años, portador de linfedema severo (elefantiasis) de miembros inferiores crónico y del saco escrotal, valorado y manejado quirúrgicamente en el Servicio de Cirugía Plástica y Reconstructiva del Hospital México.

Abstract:Lymphedema is a localized retention of lymphatic fluid in the tissues, usually caused by a blockage of the vessels that carry lymph. The lymphatic system returns the interstitial fluid to the thoracic duct and this in turn, brings it to the bloodstream, where it is recirculated to the tissues. It may be an isolated phenomenon or not, as a manifestation of a congenital lymphatic dysplasia (primary) developed during the late stage of lymphangiogenesis; or it may be secondary, caused by an injury or blockage to the lymphatic vessels, either by radical surgical dissection, irradiation, malignancy, lymphangitis with lymphangiosclerosis, trauma or of an idiopathic cause. Symptoms may include severe fatigue, focal or generalized edema of some regions of the body, as well as discoloration of the skin overlying the affected area, and eventually deformity, which is called elephantiasis when it refers to the lower limbs. Lymphedema not only may cause disfiguration, but also can limit lifestyle, and even cause psychological disorders. We present the case of a 45-year old patient with severe chronic lower limb (elephantiasis), and scrotal sac lymphedema, who was evaluated and successfully treated by the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the Hospital Mexico.

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The aim of this study is to report on the intensive treatment of lymphedema of the legs demonstrating a large reduction in volume in a short period of time. The case of a 29-year-old female patient, who developed the most serious form of lymphedema, associated with verrucosities of the leg and genitalia is reported. Elephantiasis evolved after surgery and radiotherapy. The patient was treated at the Clinica Godoy in Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil using an intensive course of treatment. Baseline and then daily evaluations of the leg perimeter and body weight were performed during treatment. Intensive treatment for 8 hours daily was performed on an outpatient basis using manual and mechanical (RAGodoy device, São Jose do Rio Preto, São Paulo-Brazil) lymph drainage and the continuous use of a compression garment made of a cotton-polyester textile and adjusted every 3 hours. A reduction of 31 kg was seen in 10 days (over 2 weeks); in the first few days, the patient lost 6 kg per day. Due to the excess of skin, the length of intensive treatment sessions was reduced to avoid the compression garment causing a tourniquet effect, the size of the compression stocking was only adjusted once per day and daily walks were included in the treatment program. After 1 month, the size of the leg was reduced by another 4 kg. Intensive lymphedema treatment is an option that rapidly reduces edema, and constant use of low-stretch compression maintains the result achieved and continues to reduce the swelling.

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Introduction: Culex is an insect of the family Culicidae. It occurs in tropical and subtropical regions. It is known as the domestic mosquito. Their larvae develop in stagnant and dirty water, with plenty of organic matter. Some species of the insect such as Culex quinquefasciatus transmit the worms (helminths) called Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis or Elephantiasis.(AU)

Introdução: O Culex é um inseto da família Culicidae. Ele ocorre em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Éconhecido como mosquito doméstico. Suas larvas se desenvolvem em água parada e suja, com muita matériaorgânica. Algumas espécies do inseto, como Culex quinquefasciatus transmite os vermes (helmintos) chamadoWuchereria bancrofti filiarose ou Elefantíase.(AU)

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Demonstra-se quadro raro de Elefantíase Nostra, na sua forma verrucosa, no dorso de pé de homem de 80 anos por episódios prévios de erisipela de repetição. As lesões confluentes vegetantes e difusas em dorso de pé são comparáveis aos corais Trumpet Coral (Caulastrea curvata).

Study of a rare case of Elephantiasis Nostra in verrucous form on the dorsum of the foot of an 80year-old male with a history of recurrent erysipelas infection. The vegetant, confluent lesions on the foot resemble Trumpet Coral (Caulastrea curvata).

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One of the oldest of the neglected tropical diseases, lymphatic filariasis, is caused by filarial worms transmitted by insect vectors that live in the lymphatic system and most commonly cause lymphedema, elephantiasis and hydrocele, which may lead to severe deformity, stigma and disability. Similar to other neglected tropical diseases, lymphatic filariasis occurs mostly among the poor disenfranchised populations living in highly endemic settings perpetuating a cycle that traps people into further poverty and destitution. Through the leadership of the World Health Organization, the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis has reached substantial achievements in decreasing the transmission of lympahtic filariasis in multiple settings. The strategic plan for the next 10 years of the Global Programme, in addition to working within the new 'neglected tropical diseases environment,' lays out necessary mass drug administration implementation goals for the filariasis-endemic countries that have not yet started their elimination programs (principally in Africa). The neglected tropical diseases programs-and the lymphatic filariasis program in particular-are among the very least expensive, most cost-effective tools to benefit needy populations of the developing world.