RESUMO

Ensuring the sustainability and circularity of mixed crop-ruminant livestock systems is essential if they are to deliver on the enhancement of long-term productivity and profitability with a smaller footprint. The objectives of this study were to select indicators in the environmental, economic and social dimensions of sustainability of crop-livestock systems, to assess if these indicators are relevant in the operational schedule of farmers, and to score the indicators in these farm systems. The scoring system was based on relevance to farmers, data availability, frequency of use, and policy. The study was successful in the assemblage of a suite of indicators comprising three dimensions of sustainability and the development of criteria to assess the usefulness of these indicators in crop-ruminant livestock systems in distinct agro-climatic regions across the globe. Except for ammonia emissions, indicators within the Emissions to air theme obtained high scores, as expected from mixed crop-ruminant systems in countries transitioning towards low emission production systems. Despite the inherent association between nutrient losses and water quality, the sum of scores was numerically greater for the former, attributed to a mix of economic and policy incentives. The sum of indicator scores within the Profitability theme (farm net income, expenditure and revenue) received the highest scores in the economic dimension. The Workforce theme (diversity, education, succession) stood out within the social dimension, reflecting the need for an engaged labor force that requires knowledge and skills in both crop and livestock husbandry. The development of surveys with farmers/stakeholders to assess the relevance of farm-scale indicators and tools is important to support direct actions and policies in support of sustainable mixed crop-ruminant livestock farm systems.

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RESUMO

Objetivos: evaluar la magnitud de la relación entre la dimensión socioeconómica y la dimensión salud en familias pertenecientes a diferentes consultorios del médico y la enfermera de la familia. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en 840 familias pertenecientes a 12 consultorios pertenecientes a siete áreas de salud en La Habana. L a dimensión socioeconómica estuvo representada por condiciones de la vivienda y de la familia, y la de salud por las densidades de hipertensión, diabetes y hábito de fumar. Resultados: no existió asociación entre el nivel de escolaridad y la densidad de diabéticos y fumadores, solo en relación con la hipertensión se apreció algún indicio de asociación lineal con la escolaridad, no hubo indicios de asociación entre las variables de salud y la posesión de equipos de primera y segunda necesidad en la vivienda. Los tres factores de riesgo exhibieron claras tendencias en relación con la percepción de la situación económica. Entre los que aprecian que su condición económica es mala o muy mala, hay densidades altas de las tres entidades, las desigualdades socioeconómicas no se asociaron con la densidad de los factores de riesgo. Conclusiones: la relación entre las desigualdades socioeconómicas y la situación de salud en Cuba es baja

Objectives: to evaluate the relationship of the socioeconomic dimension and the health dimension in Cuban families cared for by several family physician's offices. Methods: a cross-sectional study of 840 families from 12 family physician's offices located in seven health areas of Havana was conducted. The socioeconomic dimension was represented by the conditions of the house and of the family, and the health dimension was represented by the hypertension, diabetes and smoking densities. Results: there was no relation between schooling and the density of diabetics and smokers; just hypertension was observed to have some linear relation with schooling. No signs of association between the variables health and the ownership of first and secondary need appliances at home. The three risk factors exhibited clear tendencies in terms of the perception of economic situation. There exist high densities of the three factors among those who considered their economic conditions as bad or very bad; the socio-economic inequalities had no relation with the density of risk factors. Conclusions: there is low association between socio-economic inequalities and health situation in Cuba

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