RESUMO
Conduct problems are associated with an increased risk of a wide range of physical, mental, and social problems. However, there is still uncertainty about how early risk factors differentiate different developmental patterns of conduct problems and whether findings replicate across diverse social contexts. We aimed to identify developmental trajectories of conduct problems, and test early risk factors, in the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort in Brazil. Conduct problems were measured at ages 4, 6, 11, and 15 years from caregiver reports on the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Conduct problem trajectories were estimated using group-based semi-parametric modeling (n = 3938). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between early risk factors and conduct problem trajectories. We identified four trajectories: three with elevated conduct problems, including early-onset persistent (n = 150; 3.8%), adolescence-onset (n = 286; 17.3%), and childhood-limited (n = 697; 17.7%), and one with low conduct problems (n = 2805; 71.2%). The three elevated conduct problem trajectories were associated with a wide range of sociodemographic risk factors, prenatal smoking, maternal mental health, harsh parenting, childhood trauma, and child neurodevelopmental risk factors. Early-onset persistent conduct problems were particularly associated with trauma, living without a father figure, and attention difficulties. The four trajectories of conduct problems from ages 4 to 15 years in this Brazilian cohort have similar longitudinal patterns to those identified in high-income countries. The results confirm previous longitudinal research and developmental taxonomic theories on the etiology of conduct problems in a Brazilian sample.
Assuntos
Transtorno da Conduta , Criança , Feminino , Gravidez , Humanos , Adolescente , Estudos Longitudinais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Transtorno da Conduta/epidemiologia , Transtorno da Conduta/psicologia , Coorte de Nascimento , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: La evidencia de las últimas décadas ha demostrado que el apego temprano es un proceso vital para la comprensión, prevención e intervención de la salud mental y física de las personas. Sin embar go, es escasa la información sobre el comportamiento del sistema de apego en la realidad chilena. OBJETIVO: Describir la distribución de los estilos de apego en poblaciones de niños bajo diferentes tipos de cuidado. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: A través de un método descriptivo retrospectivo, se evaluaron 714 díadas madre-bebé (de 1 a 36 meses) seleccionadas al azar y de modo intencionado, a través de los procedimientos de la Situación Extraña, Escala de Apego durante Stress (ADS), y la Escala de Relación Profesor-Alumno. Las muestras provinieron de familias normativas seleccionadas al azar, infantes de salas de cuna y jardines infantiles JUNJI, e infantes de los centros CONIN y en condiciones de privación de libertad junto a sus madres. RESULTADOS: Las 6 muestras provenien tes de 6 estudios demuestran el espectro del comportamiento de los estilos de apego en diversas condiciones: un 70% seguro y 30% inseguro, y un 51,1% seguro y 48.9% inseguro en muestras normativas; un 48,5% de seguridad y un 51,5% de inseguridad en cuidado alternativo y; un 39,6% de seguridad y 60,4% inseguridad, y 25% de estilos seguros y 75% inseguros en muestras de alto riesgo. CONCLUSIÓN: El estudio presenta interesantes evidencias sobre las distribuciones de apego en la infancia, que permiten reflexionar sobre la dispar realidad de la situación chilena en lo que a desarrollo socio-afectivo temprano.
INTRODUCTION: Scientific evidence gathered over the last decades has demonstrated that early attachment is a vital process for the understanding, prevention, and intervention of people's mental and physical health. However, information about the attachment system functioning in Chile is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To des cribe attachment styles distribution in populations of children under different types of care. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Through a retrospective descriptive method, 714 mother-child pairs (1 to 36 months- old) selected at random and purposefully, were assessed using the Strange Situation Procedure, Atta chment during Stress Scale (ADS), and Student-Teacher Relationship Scale. The samples were collec ted from randomly selected normative families, infants attending JUNJI nurseries and kindergartens, and infants from CONIN centers and who live in prison with their mothers. RESULTS: The samples from six studies show the spectrum of the attachment system functioning in diverse conditions: 70% secure and 30% insecure, and 51.1% secure and 48.9% insecure in normative samples; 48.5% secure and 51.5% in secure in alternative care; 39.6% secure and 60.4% insecure, and 25% secure and 75% in secure styles in high-risk samples. CONCLUSION: the study presents interesting evidence on the atta chment distributions in childhood, which allow reflecting on the uneven Chilean reality with regard to early social and emotional development.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Prisões , Relações Mãe-Filho/psicologia , Apego ao Objeto , Chile , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the relation between early social behavioral tendencies and the risk of violent victimization in late adolescence. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed 5 waves of data from the Zurich Project on the Social Development from Childhood into Adulthood (z-proso), a longitudinal sample of Swiss first graders (N = 1138). Early social behavioral tendencies were measured at age 7 years and included internalizing problems, externalizing behavior, prosocial behavior, negative peer relations, competent problem solving, dominance, and sensation seeking. Path analyses were conducted of the association between these tendencies and violent victimization at age 17 years, and mediation through intermediate victimization at ages 11, 13, and 15 years was examined. RESULTS: Several childhood social behavioral tendencies predicted victimization 10 years later. Though this was the case for both sexes, the number and type of significant risk factors differed. For male children, sensation seeking, externalizing behavior, high prosociality, and negative peer relations at age 7 years increased later victimization, whereas for female children, dominance and externalizing behavior were predictive. In addition, results showed that the relation between early risk factors and age 17 years victimization was mediated by intermediate victimization, showing that differences in victimization risk in early adolescence are carried forward into late adolescence. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood social behavioral tendencies predict victimization 10 years later. Incorporating this finding into early prevention programs could reduce victimization over the life course.