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Abstract The aim of this study was to recognize the mite fauna associated with apple orchards in southern Brazil and present a dichotomous key of the species sampled and those already reported in apple trees in southern Brazil. The studies were carried out in the 2020/2021 harvest in seven apple orchards of the Eva, Fuji and Gala cultivars located in the municipalities of Muitos Capões, Antônio Prado (Rio Grande do Sul state) and São Joaquim (Santa Catarina state). The orchards were divided into quadrants and sampling was carried out monthly. In each orchard, 40 plants were sampled, with three leaves of each plant collected in apical, median and basal regions of a median branch. In addition, monthly five species of spontaneous plants per orchard were sampled. A total of 8,425 mites were found, with the greatest abundance in Antônio Prado (50%), followed by Muitos Capões (35.5%) and São Joaquim (14.5%). The specimens found belong to 29 families, 64 genera and 99 species, in addition to mites of the order Oribatida. The greatest diversity was found in spontaneous vegetation (59 species), being 19 exclusives to apple trees and 21 species common to apple trees and spontaneous vegetation. Phytoseiidae was the family that presented the greatest richness, with 16 species, of which seven were common in apple trees and spontaneous plants. The most abundant species was Aculus schlechtendali Nalepa (Eriophyidae) (39.5%), followed by Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Tetranychidae) (14.6%), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Tarsonemidae) (9.4%) and Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Phytoseiidae) (7.4%). These results suggest that the mite fauna present in apple orchards in different landscapes and management are distinct, with a greater diversity of phytoseiid mites present in organic areas. Therefore, to maintain a greater diversity of predatory mites in these orchards, organic management seems to be the most appropriate. Furthermore, the high acarine diversity found in spontaneous vegetation demonstrates the importance of maintaining these plants in orchards that serve as refuges and reservoirs, favoring the permanence of natural enemies in these environments.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi reconhecer a acarofauna associada a pomares de macieira no sul do Brasil e apresentar uma chave dicotômica das espécies amostradas e daquelas já relatadas em macieiras no sul do Brasil. Os estudos foram realizados na safra 2020/2021 em sete pomares de macieiras das cultivares Eva, Fuji e Gala localizados nos municípios de Muitos Capões, Antônio Prado (RS) e São Joaquim (SC). Os pomares foram divididos em quadrantes e a amostragem foi realizada mensalmente. Em cada pomar foram amostradas 40 plantas, sendo três folhas de cada planta coletadas nas regiões apical, mediana e basal de um ramo mediano. Além disso, mensalmente foram amostradas cinco espécies de vegetação espontânea por pomar. Foram encontrados 8.425 ácaros, com maior abundância em Antônio Prado (50%), seguido por Muitos Capões (35,5%) e São Joaquim (14,5%). Os exemplares encontrados pertencem a 29 famílias, 64 gêneros e 99 espécies, além de ácaros da ordem Oribatida. A maior abundância foi encontrada em vegetação espontânea (59 espécies), sendo 19 exclusivas de macieiras e 21 espécies comuns a macieiras e vegetação espontânea. Phytoseiidae foi a família que apresentou maior riqueza, com 16 espécies, das quais sete eram comuns em macieiras e vegetação espontânea. A espécie mais abundante foi Aculus schlechtendali Nalepa (Eriophyidae) (39,5%), seguida por Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Tetranychidae) (14,6%), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Tarsonemidae) (9,4%) e Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Phytoseiidae) (7,4%). Esses resultados sugerem que a acarofauna presente em pomares de macieira em diferentes paisagens e manejos são distintas, com maior diversidade de ácaros fitoseídeos presentes em áreas orgânicas. Portanto, para manter uma maior diversidade de ácaros predadores nesses pomares, o manejo orgânico parece ser o mais adequado. Além disso, a elevada diversidade de ácaros encontrada na vegetação espontânea demonstra a importância da manutenção destas plantas em pomares que servem como refúgios e reservatórios, favorecendo a permanência de inimigos naturais nestes ambientes.

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BACKGROUND: Expression quantitative trait methylation (eQTM) analyses uncover associations between DNA methylation markers and gene expression. Most eQTM analyses of complex diseases have focused on cis-eQTM pairs (within 1 megabase). OBJECTIVES: This study sought to identify cis- and trans-methylation markers associated with gene expression in airway epithelium from youth with and without atopic asthma. METHODS: In this study, the investigators conducted both cis- and trans-eQTM analyses in nasal (airway) epithelial samples from 158 Puerto Rican youth with atopic asthma and 100 control subjects without atopy or asthma. The investigators then attempted to replicate their findings in nasal epithelial samples from 2 studies of children, while also examining whether their results in nasal epithelium overlap with those from an eQTM analysis in white blood cells from the Puerto Rican subjects. RESULTS: This study identified 9,108 cis-eQTM pairs and 2,131,500 trans-eQTM pairs. Trans-associations were significantly enriched for transcription factor and microRNA target genes. Furthermore, significant cytosine-phosphate-guanine sites (CpGs) were differentially methylated in atopic asthma and significant genes were enriched for genes differentially expressed in atopic asthma. In this study, 50.7% to 62.6% of cis- and trans-eQTM pairs identified in Puerto Rican youth were replicated in 2 smaller cohorts at false discovery rate-adjusted P < .1. Replicated genes in the trans-eQTM analysis included biologically plausible asthma-susceptibility genes (eg, HDC, NLRP3, ITGAE, CDH26, and CST1) and are enriched in immune pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Studying both cis- and trans-epigenetic regulation of airway epithelial gene expression can identify potential causal and regulatory pathways or networks for childhood asthma. Trans-eQTM CpGs may regulate gene expression in airway epithelium through effects on transcription factor and microRNA target genes.

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Enterovirus A71 (EVA71) belongs to the Picornaviridae family and is the main etiological agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). There is no approved antiviral against EVA71, and therefore the search for novel anti-EVA71 therapeutics is essential. In this context, the antiviral activity of proteins isolated from snake venoms has been reported against a range of viruses. Here, the proteins CM10 and CM14 isolated from Bothrops moojeni, and Crotamin and PLA2CB isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus were investigated for their antiviral activity against EVA71 infection. CM14 and Crotamin possessed a selective index (SI) of 170.8 and 120.4, respectively, while CM10 and PLA2CB had an SI of 67.4 and 12.5, respectively. CM14 inhibited all steps of viral replication (protective effect: 76 %; virucidal: 99 %; and post-entry: 99 %). Similarly, Crotamin inhibited up to 99 % of three steps. In contrast, CM10 and PLA2CB impaired one or two steps of EVA71 replication, respectively. Further dose-response assays using increasing titres of EVA71 were performed and CM14 and Crotamin retained functionality with high concentrations of EVA71 (up to 1000 TCID50). These data demonstrate that proteins isolated from snake venom are potent inhibitors of EVA71 and could be used as scaffolds for future development of novel antivirals.

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Herpes viruses are widespread in the human population and can cause many different diseases. Genital herpes is common and can increase the risk of HIV infection and neonatal herpes. Acyclovir is the most used drug for herpes treatment; however, it presents some disadvantages due to its poor oral bioavailability. In this study, some ethylene vinyl acetate devices with different acyclovir amounts (0, 10, and 20 wt.%) were manufactured by fused filament fabrication in two different geometries, an intrauterine device, and an intravaginal ring. Thermal analyses suggested that the crystallinity of EVA decreased up to 8% for the sample loaded with 20 wt.% of acyclovir. DSC, SEM, and FTIR analyses confirmed that the drug was successfully incorporated into the EVA matrix. Moreover, the drug release tests suggested a burst release during the first 24 h followed by a slower release rate sustained up to 80 days. Biological assays showed the biocompatibility of the EVA/ACV device, as well as a 99% reduction in vitro replication of HSV-1. Finally, the EVA presented a suitable performance for 3D printing manufacturing that can contribute to developing personalized solutions for long-term herpes treatment.

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En la actualidad la mayoría de las personas por lo menos una vez en el año presenta una molestia en la estructura del cuello, considerado como cervicalgia o dolor cervical, el mismo que está ocasionando un impacto considerable en la vida de las personas dentro del ámbito familiar, laboral y en la comunidad, provocando efectos negativos en la calidad de vida y en casos severos puede llegar a ocasionar discapacidad y limitación funcional de los movimientos. Por lo que este estudio presentó como objetivo determinar la efectividad de la aplicación de la técnica manual craneosacral en mujeres que laboran en la Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil. La metodología que se utilizó fue un enfoque cuantitativo- descriptivo con un diseño experimental del tipo pre experimental, con un corte longitudinal, se utilizó como muestra a 31 mujeres que laboran en diversas áreas de la Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil, a su vez, se utilizó como técnica la encuesta, y el instrumento aplicado para la valoración del dolor cervical fue la escala visual analógica del dolor (EVA). Los resultados de esta técnica respecto a la escala visual analógica (EVA) mediante una valoración inicial y final, reflejaron mejoría en el dolor cervical donde el 68% de las pacientes no presentaron dolor, y el 32% reflejan un dolor leve. Se concluyó, que por medio de la técnica manual craneosacral el dolor disminuyo en un gran porcentaje restableciendo los procesos naturales del equilibrio del cuerpo a través de la terapia manual.

Currently, most people at least once a year have a discomfort in the structure of the neck, considered cervicalgia or cervical pain, which is causing a considerable impact on the lives of people within the family, work and in the community, causing negative effects on the quality of life and in severe cases can lead to disability and functional limitation of movements. Therefore, this study presented the objective of determining the effectiveness of the application of the craniosacral manual technique in women who work at the Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil. The methodology used was a quantitative-descriptive approach with an experimental design of the pre-experimental type, with a longitudinal cut, 31 women who work in various areas of the Santiago de Guayaquil Catholic University were used as a sample, in turn, used the survey as a technique, and the instrument applied for the assessment of neck pain was the visual analogue pain scale (VAS). The results of this technique with respect to the visual analog scale (VAS) through an initial and final evaluation, reflected improvement in cervical pain where 68% of the patients did not present pain, and 32% reflected mild pain. It was concluded that through the craniosacral manual technique, the pain decreased by a large percentage, restoring the natural processes of the body's balance through manual therapy.

Atualmente, a maioria das pessoas pelo menos uma vez ao ano apresenta um desconforto na estrutura do pescoço, considerado cervicalgia ou dor cervical, que está causando um impacto considerável na vida das pessoas dentro da família, no trabalho e na comunidade, causando efeitos negativos na qualidade de vida e em casos graves pode levar à incapacidade e limitação funcional dos movimentos. Portanto, este estudo apresentou o objetivo de determinar a eficácia da aplicação da técnica manual craniossacral em mulheres que trabalham na Universidade Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil. A metodologia utilizada foi uma abordagem quantitativo-descritiva com um desenho experimental do tipo pré-experimental, com corte longitudinal, 31 mulheres que trabalham em várias áreas da Universidade Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil foram usadas como amostra, por sua vez, utilizaram a pesquisa como técnica, e o instrumento aplicado para avaliação da cervicalgia foi a escala visual analógica de dor (EVA). Os resultados desta técnica com relação à escala visual analógica (EVA) através de uma avaliação inicial e final, refletiram melhora da dor cervical onde 68% dos pacientes não apresentavam dor, e 32% refletiam dor leve. Concluiu-se que através da técnica manual craniossacral, a dor diminuiu em grande porcentagem, restabelecendo os processos naturais de equilíbrio do corpo através da terapia manual.

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This paper proposes a time-series stochastic socioeconomic model for analyzing the impact of the pandemic on the regulated distribution electricity market. The proposed methodology combines the optimized tariff model (socioeconomic market model) and the random walk concept (risk assessment technique) to ensure robustness/accuracy. The model enables both a past and future analysis of the impact of the pandemic, which is essential to prepare regulatory agencies beforehand and allow enough time for the development of efficient public policies. By applying it to six Brazilian concession areas, results demonstrate that consumers have been/will be heavily affected in general, mainly due to the high electricity tariffs that took place with the pandemic, overcoming the natural trend of the market. In contrast, the model demonstrates that the pandemic did not/will not significantly harm power distribution companies in general, mainly due to the loan granted by the regulator agency, named COVID-account. Socioeconomic welfare losses averaging 500 (MR$/month) are estimated for the equivalent concession area, i.e., the sum of the six analyzed concession areas. Furthermore, this paper proposes a stochastic optimization problem to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on the electricity market over time, considering the interests of consumers, power distribution companies, and the government. Results demonstrate that it is successful as the tariffs provided by the algorithm compensate for the reduction in demand while increasing the socioeconomic welfare of the market.

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In this study, polymer blends with a mechanical property balance based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA), stiff polymer, and elongated polymer were developed. First, the binary blends PLA-elongated polymer [ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) or polyethylene], or PLA-stiff polymer [polystyrene or poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) (SMMA)] blends were studied using dynamic mechanic analysis (DMA) and analyzed using Minitab statistical software to determine the factors influencing the elongation or stiffness of the blends. Then, ternary blends such as elongation-poly(lactic acid)-stiff, were made from the binary blends that presented optimal performance. In addition, three blends [EVA-PLA-SMMA (EPS)] were elaborated by studying the mixing time (5, 15, and 15 min) and the added time of the SMMA (0, 0, and 10 min). Specifically, the mixing time for EPS 1, EPS 2, and EPS 3 is 5 min, 15 min, and 15 min (first EVA + PLA for 10 min, plus 5 min PLA-EVA and SMMA), respectively. Mechanical, thermal, rheological, and morphological properties of the blends were studied. According to DMA, the results show an increase in elongation at break (εb) and do not decrease the elastic module of poly(lactic acid). Nevertheless, EPS 3 excels in all properties, with an εb of 67% and modulus of elasticity similar to PLA. SMMA has a significant role as a compatibilizing agent and improves PLA processability.

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RESUMEN La investigación presentada en este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar el desempeño financiero del sector elaboración de productos lácteos en Colombia en el período 2014-2019, aplicando como metodología el análisis estático y de tendencias de indicadores contables y de gestión de valor que miden su crecimiento, eficiencia, eficacia, efectividad, valor económico agregado (EVA) y valor de mercado agregado (VMA). Se encuentra que este sector crece en ventas, activos y utilidad neta; y logra rendimientos fluctuantes sobre su patrimonio, siguiendo el comportamiento de la eficacia en el control de erogaciones, aumentada por el uso de un apalancamiento financiero positivo. No obstante, este sector destruye EVA en tres años, con una pérdida residual importante en el 2015, que hace que su VMA resulte negativo. El EVA sigue la dirección del rendimiento después de impuestos del activo neto operacional, que en promedio es inferior al costo de capital. Estos hallazgos pueden complementarse con estudios semejantes para grupos homogéneos en edad, tamaño, organización jurídica y zona geográfica. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL G10, M40, L66

ABSTRACT The objective of the research presented in this article is to evaluate the financial performance of the dairy production sector in Colombia in the 2014-2019 period, applying as a methodology the static and trend analysis of accounting and value management indicators that measure its growth, efficiency, efficacy effectiveness, economic value added (EVA) and market value added (MVA). It is found that this sector grows in sales, assets and net income; and achieves fluctuating returns on its equity, following the behavior of efficiency in the control of expenditures, increased by the use of positive financial leverage. However, this sector destroys EVA in three years, with a significant residual loss in 2015, which makes its MVA negative. The EVA follows the direction of the after-tax return on operating net assets, which on average is less than the cost of capital. These findings can be complemented with similar studies for homogeneous groups in age, size, legal organization and geographical area. JEL CLASSIFICATION GI0, M40, L66

RESUMO A pesquisa apresentada neste artigo visa avaliar o desempenho financeiro do setor de processamento de laticínios na Colômbia no período 2014-2019, aplicando como metodologia a análise estática e de tendências dos indicadores contábeis e de gestão de valor que medem seu crescimento, eficiência, eficácia, efetividade, valor agregado econômico (EVA) e valor agregado de mercado (MVA). Verifica-se que este setor cresce em vendas, ativos e lucro líquido; e atinge retornos flutuantes sobre o patrimônio líquido, seguindo o comportamento de eficiência no controle de despesas, ampliado pelo uso de alavancagem financeira positiva. Entretanto, este setor destrói o EVA em três anos, com uma perda residual significativa em 2015, o que torna seu AMV negativo. O EVA segue a direção do retorno após impostos sobre o ativo operacional líquido, que em média é inferior ao custo de capital.BEstas descobertas podem ser complementadas por estudos semelhantes para grupos homogêneos em idade, tamanho, organização legal e área geográfica. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL GI0, M40, L66

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This research reports the influence of polar monomer contents in ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) on the morphology, mechanical and barrier properties of polypropylene/ethylene copolymer (PP) reinforced with organically modified montmorillonite (MMT). PP/EVA and PP/EVOH (75/25 wt %) blends were reinforced with 3 wt % MMT in an internal mixer system. Samples were compression-molded into films of 300µ µm. The structural characterization was made using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the mechanical properties were obtained by tension tests and the barrier properties by oxygen transmission rate (OTR). XRD patterns showed a combination of intercalated/exfoliated morphologies for the MMT, with higher d-001 interplanar distance increments for the blends with higher content of polar functional groups. SEM and TEM micrographs complement the results of the XRD analysis and show differences in the morphologies depending on the miscibility of the polyolefin and the polar monomer copolymer. Mechanical properties and oxygen permeability of composites exhibited a higher improvement, by the addition of MMT, for higher intermolecular interactions and most miscible polymeric system of the EVA. These results show that the higher the number of interactions, given by the VA or OH polar functional groups, the morphology and the miscibility between polyolefin and copolymer imply dispersion improvements of the nanocomposites and, in consequence, a higher improvement on the mechanical and barrier properties of the composite material.

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The objective of this research was to simulate the genetic gains expected comparing random mating strategies and mate selection by optimum contribution with different penalty levels in the inbreeding rate of Santa Inês sheep. The optimum contribution theory was thus applied to optimize genetic gain in the long term in twelve selection groups by selectively mating 500 females with the respective males, increasingly penalizing the increase in inbreeding in the objective function. Genetic algorithms were used to find the optimum contribution. Optimization was achieved via EVA software. Selection candidates had their contribution defined into four treatments, using different values to weigh the genetic merit and penalize increases in inbreeding. This made it possible to measure the degree of control over those parameters that can be obtained with this methodology. This selection offers different levels of genetic gain, which are achievable from restrictions on the coancestry. The number of males selected and their distribution into selection groups varied according to the penalty attributed to inbreeding in the objective function. Mate selection using optimum contribution should be adopted when aiming to limit the increase in inbreeding. Increasing the exchange of genetic material between groups is recommended to elevate genetic gain and maintain control over inbreeding.

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La actualidad está marcada por el desarrollo cada vez más vertiginoso de la tecnología. Este hecho incide necesariamente en el proceso formativo de nuestros estudiantes Los EVA (entornos virtuales del aprendizaje) son herramientas para facilitar la transmisión del conocimiento mediado por la informática.

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After the accident on Apolo1, with 100% oxygen in the cabin, all spaceships now travel with a sea level pressure and 20.9% oxygen. Extravehicular activity requires lowering the pressures. It is complex and time consuming. Permanently reducing the cabin pressure would be a great advantage. A paper by NASA in 2013, proposed for the spaceflight environment: 8 psia / 32% O2 (reducing the sea level pressure (14.7 psi / 20.9% O2), but increasing the fraction of oxygen in order to replicate the sea level PaO2). However, we question this proposal, as it is based on the fear of hypoxia. Our proposal back in 2007 suggested that space travel should take place in a hypobaric environment of 9.5 psi / 20.9% O2 (like in the city of La Paz-Bolivia (3,600m) [11,811ft]). The logic behind it is that at all altitudes on planet Earth, life thrives in a 20.9% Oxygen, 79% Nitrogen. PaCO2 also needs to be considered. In a physiological manner, over 200 million inhabitants of high altitude above 2,000m [6,561ft], have perfectly normal lives. The astronauts could benefit of a Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA) suit pressure of only 149 mmHg [2.8psi] (lighter, much more comfortable and efficient spacesuits) and space travel anemia could be reduced. The preparation prior-to-space travel could be carried out by adapting and living in a high altitude environment. We consider chronic hypoxia a fundamental step in BioSpaceForming (Adaptation to life in space). As all living beings start to move out of Earth into space, they will have to change their biology and adapt to new conditions.

Después del accidente del Apolo 1, ocurrido con 100 % de oxígeno en la cabina, todas las naves espaciales viajan con una presión de nivel del mar y 20,9 % de oxígeno. La actividad extravehicular requiere que se reduzcan las presiones. Es un proceso complejo que consume mucho tiempo. Reducir la presión de la cabina de manera permanente sería una gran ventaja. En un artículo de la NASA de 2013 se proponen las siguientes condiciones para el entorno de los vuelos espaciales: 8 psia / 32 % O2 (reduciendo la presión de nivel del mar (14,7 psi / 20,9 % O2), pero incrementando la fracción de oxígeno para replicar la PaO2 de nivel del mar). Sin embargo, nosotros nos cuestionamos esa propuesta, ya que está basada en el miedo a la hipoxia. La propuesta que hicimos en 2007 sugería que los vuelos espaciales se realizaran en un entorno hipobárico de 9,5 psi / 20,9 % O2 (como en la ciudad de La Paz, Bolivia (3 600 m) [11 811 ft]). El fundamento lógico es que en el planeta Tierra la vida se desarrolla a todas las alturas con 20,9 % oxígeno, 79 % nitrógeno, aunque también hay que tener en cuenta la PaCO2. Desde el punto de vista fisiológico, más de 200 millones de habitantes de grandes alturas de más de 2 000 m [6 561 ft] tienen una vida perfectamente normal. Para la Actividad Extra-Vehicular (EVA) a los astronautas les convendría más que el traje tuviera una presión de sólo 149 mmHg [2,8 psi], es decir, un traje más ligero y mucho más cómodo y eficiente, a la vez que se reduciría la ocurrencia de anemia espacial. La preparación previa al vuelo espacial podría basarse en la adaptación a un entorno de gran altitud y la vida en el mismo. Consideramos que la hipoxia crónica es un paso fundamental en la adaptación biológica y la supervivencia en el espacio. Todo organismo vivo que se traslade de la Tierra al espacio debe cambiar su biología y adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones.

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A novel strategy for the analysis of 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) monitoring in marine surface waters through ethylenevinyl acetate (EVA) passive samplers was developed and validated. The approach is based on the coupled of ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UASE) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) as extraction method for OCPs from EVA samplers. The UASE-HS-SPME method was optimized with a 27-4 Plackett-Burman design, while the significant factors (salting out, temperature and extraction time) were optimized using a central composite design (CCD) combined with desirability function (DF). The OCPs detection was performed using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The optimum experimental conditions comprised: salting out: 23% wv-1 NaCl, temperature: 75°C and extraction time: 55 min. The optimized method was validated in terms of linearity (R2>0.9946), recovery (>61%) and inter-day and intra-day reproducibility (<19%) for 20 OCPs studied. The limits of detection (LODs) were ranging from 0.01 ng for α-hexachlorocyclohexane and 0.27 ng for endrin aldehyde. Finally, the methodology was tested in marine surface seawater of Southern Chile using EVA samplers, where twelve OCPs were detected at ultra-trace levels (ngL-1).

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The high flame-retardant loading required for ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer blends with polyethylene (EVA-PE) employed for insulation and sheathing of electric cables represents a significant limitation in processability and final mechanical properties. In this work, melamine triazine (TRZ) and modified bentonite clay have been investigated in combination with aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) for the production of EVA-PE composites with excellent fire safety and improved mechanical properties. Optimized formulations with only 120 parts per hundred resin (phr) of ATH can achieve self-extinguishing behavior according to the UL94 classification (V0 rating), as well as reduced combustion kinetics and smoke production. Mechanical property evaluation shows reduced stiffness and improved elongation at break with respect to commonly employed EVA-PE/ATH composites. The reduction in filler content also provides improved processability and cost reductions. The results presented here allow for a viable and halogen-free strategy for the preparation of high performing EVA-PE composites.

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Introducción. El envejecimiento vascular acelerado (EVA) puede ser detectado por ecografía vascular midiendo el espesor miointimal carotídeo (EMC) y/o la rigidez arterial (RA). El objetivo fue estimar la presencia de EVA en niños y adolescentes con alto riesgo vascular. Material y método. Se incluyeron pacientes Diabéticos tipo 1 (DM1), dislipidémicos familiares (DLP) y obesos. Se evaluaron el EMC y determinantes de la RA, y se compararon los resultados con tablas de percentilos para niños y adolescentes sanos ya publicadas. Cuando el EMC y/o los índices de RA superaron el percentilo 95, se informó como EVA. El análisis estadístico se realizó con SPSS 20., Los datos discretos fueron presentados como frecuencia en porcentaje. Se utilizó el chi cuadrado para comparar las variables dicotómicas. Se consideró estadísticamente significativo un valor de p < 0,05. Resultados. De un total de 199 pacientes, 54,8% eran mujeres (109), edad media de 12,6 años ± 3,4 años. Con DM1: el 41,7%; DLP: 32,2%; y obesos: 25,6%. Presentaron EMC anormal el 34,7% (69 pacientes). Los obesos tuvieron menor alteración del EMC (p=0,002), siendo los varones los más afectados: el 43,3%, p= 0,02. A 141 pacientes se les realizaron mediciones de RA, que fueron anormales en el 46,1% (65 pacientes), sin diferencias por sexo o diagnóstico. La presencia de EVA medida por ambos métodos alcanzó al 58% de la muestra. Conclusiones. Presentó EVA el 58% de los pacientes. Un tercio tuvo EMC anormal, que fue más frecuente en los varones, en los pacientes con diabetes y en los dislipidé- micos. La mitad de las mediciones de la rigidez arterial fueron anormales, independientemente del diagnóstico o del sexo. Futuros estudios serán necesarios para determinar la utilidad clínica de estos hallazgos.

Introduction. Early vascular aging can be detected by vascular ultrasound measuring the carotid intima media thickness and/or the arterial stiffness. The objective was to estimate the presence of early vascular aging in children and adolescents with high vascular risk. Material and method. Type 1 diabetic patients, patients with familial dyslipidemia and obese patients were included. The carotid intima media thickness and determinants of arterial stiffness were evaluated, and the results were compared to already published percentile tables of healthy children and adolescents. When the carotid intima media thickness and/or the arterial stiffness indexes exceeded 95th percentile, it was informed as early vascular aging. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20. Data are shown as mean ±SD, median or percentage. Comparisons of dichotomous variables (percentage) were made using χ2 test. P values <0.05 were considered significant. Results. Out of a total of 199 patients, 54.8% were females (109 patients), with mean age of 12.6 years ± 3.4 years. With type 1 diabetes: 41.7%; familial dyslipidemia: 32.2%; obesity: 25.6%. 34.7% (69 patients) presented with abnormal carotid intima media thickness. Obese patients had minor alteration of the carotid intima media thickness (p = 0,002), and males were the most affected ones: 43.3%, p = 0.02. Arterial stiffness was measured in 141 patients, which was abnormal in 46.1% (65 patients), with no age or diagnosis difference. The presence of early vascular aging measured by both methods reached 58% of the sample. Conclusions. Early vascular aging occurred in 58% of the patients. One third had abnormal carotid intima media thickness, which was more frequent in males, in diabetic patients and patients with dyslipidemia. Half of the arterial stiffness measurements were abnormal, independent of diagnosis or sex. Further studies will be required to determine the clinical utility of these findings.

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Abstract Introduction: Various types of separators have been advocated, but the ideal separator should produce optimum separation with minimal pain and discomfort. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the amount of separation achieved by three different types of separators (Elastomeric, Kesling and Kansal), and to assess the associated pain and discomfort. Methods: A random single-blind split-mouth study was conducted on 108 patients seeking fixed orthodontic treatment, in which two different separators were used on each side in both the arches for a single patient. After five days, the amount of separation was measured with a feeler gauge. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scoring was performed by the patient on each day, to evaluate pain perception. Discomfort was evaluated by questionnaire filled by the patient at the time of separator removal. Results: The greatest amount of separation was seen with the elastomeric separators, while the smallest separation was seen with Kansal separators. VAS scoring showed maximum pain at day 1 with all the three separator types. Highest pain was perceived in the Elastomeric separators group, followed by Kesling and Kansal separators, respectively. Statistically significant difference was found in VAS score of Elastomeric separators, when compared to both Kesling and Kansal, on day 1 and 2 (p= 0.001). Analysis of the questionnaires revealed that a greater number of patients experienced discomfort with elastomeric separators placement (69.4%), which was statistically significant (p< 0.01) when compared to the other two types of separators. Answers to the other questions were comparable, except for the need for medications, which was reportedly highest with elastomeric separators. Conclusion: Kesling separators produce adequate separation with minimal discomfort and pain, compared to Elastomeric and Kansal separators.

Resumo Introdução: diversos tipos de separadores de dentes já foram descritos e seu uso, justificado na literatura. Porém, o separador ideal deve produzir uma força adequada para realizar a separação com o mínimo de dor e desconforto. Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar a separação ortodôntica obtida por meio de três diferentes tipos de separadores (Elastômeros, Kesling e Kansal), bem como a dor e o desconforto a eles vinculados. Métodos: foi conduzido um estudo randomizado, cego e de boca dividida em 108 pacientes interessados em realizar tratamento ortodôntico, nos quais foram utilizados dois separadores diferentes, um em cada lado de ambas as arcadas de cada paciente. Cinco dias após a inserção dos dispositivos, a quantidade de separação foi mensurada com o auxílio de um medidor (calibrador de folga). Para avaliar a dor, os pacientes preencheram uma Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) a cada dia do estudo; e, para a avaliação do desconforto, preencheram um questionário no dia da remoção dos separadores. Resultados: os Elastômeros obtiveram a maior quantidade de separação, enquanto os separadores Kansal conseguiram a menor separação. A análise das EVAs apontou a maior intensidade de dor no primeiro dia, para os três tipos de separadores, sendo os maiores índices relatados no grupo de Elastômeros, seguido pelos grupos Kesling e Kansal, respectivamente. Diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram encontradas nas escalas EVA dos Elastômeros em comparação aos separadores Kesling e Kandal, nos dias 1 e 2 (p= 0,001). A análise dos questionários mostrou que um grande número de pacientes relatou desconforto após a inserção dos Elastômeros (69,4%), valor estatisticamente significativo em comparação aos outros dois tipos de separadores (p< 0,01). As respostas às outras questões foram semelhantes entre os grupos, com exceção da necessidade de uso de medicamentos, a qual foi maior no grupo dos Elastômeros. Conclusão: os separadores Kesling produziram uma separação adequada, com o mínimo de dor e desconforto, em comparação aos Elastômeros e separadores Kansal.

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Introducción: el presente estudio corresponde a una serie de casos clínicos que describe los resultados del tratamiento de fracturas de mano realizado por el grupo de investigación F- CIBER-HAND en Manizales, Colombia; este tratamiento integra el manejo quirúrgico de la fractura, la rehabilitación convencional y la rehabilitación con ortesis robóticas. Objetivo: generar evidencia clínica (nivel III) de que el manejo interdisciplinario especializado y el uso de ortesis robóticas disminuye la rigidez articular en los pacientes post-quirúrgicos de fracturas de la mano. Materiales y métodos: se seleccionaron 10 pacientes con fracturas de mano que presentaron signos clínicos de rigidez articular después de dos semanas del post operatorio, se les practicó terapia física y movilización pasiva con la ortesis robótica PRO-Dix. Resultados: todos los pacientes tuvieron mejoría funcional de la mano según escala DASH, disminución de la intensidad del dolor según escala visual análoga del dolor y recuperación del arco de movilidad articular según goniometría; además, retornaron a las actividades de la vida diaria que realizaban previas a la fractura. Discusión: se requieren ensayos clínicos aleatorizados para determinar las ventajas del protocolo de rehabilitación que incluye ortesis robótica versus la terapia convencional exclusivamente. Conclusiones: la movilización pasiva con ortesis robóticas complementa de forma eficaz la terapia física en pacientes post-quirúrgicos de fracturas de la mano, lo que favorece la recuperación de los arcos de movilidad articular y disminuye la rigidez articular.

Introduction: the present study corresponds to a series of clinical cases describing the results of the treatment of hand fractures carried out by the F- CIBER-HAND research group in Manizales, Colombia; this treatment integrates surgical management of the fracture, conventional rehabilitation and rehabilitation with robotic orthoses. Objective: to generate clinical evidence (level III) that specialized interdisciplinary management and the use of robotic orthoses reduces joint stiffness in post-surgical patients with hand fractures. Materials and methods: 10 patients with hand fractures who presented clinical signs of joint stiffness two weeks after surgery were selected and underwent physical therapy and passive mobilization with the PRO-Dix robotic orthosis. Results: all patients had functional improvement of the hand according to the DASH scale, reduction of pain intensity according to the visual analog pain scale and recovery of joint mobility arc according to goniometry; they also returned to their pre-fracture activities of daily living. Discussion: randomized clinical trials are required to determine the advantages of the rehabilitation protocol that includes robotic orthosis versus conventional therapy alone. Conclusions: passive mobilization with robotic orthoses effectively complements physical therapy in post-surgical patients with hand fractures, which favors the recovery of joint mobility arcs and reduces joint stiffness.

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RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como propósito evaluar el desempeño financiero de la industria de fabricación de papel, cartón y derivados en Colombia en el período 2010-2015, mediante un análisis de los indicadores contables y de gestión del valor que miden su crecimiento, eficiencia, eficacia y efectividad. Se encuentra que esta industria genera rentabilidades contables en casi todos los años, menos en el 2014; y que el comportamiento de su efectividad depende en orden de importancia a la eficacia en el control de costos y gastos, a la eficiencia del uso de los recursos, quedando como tercer factor el apalancamiento financiero; no obstante, en cada año se destruye valor económico agregado (EVA), y su valor de mercado agregado (VMA) es negativo. Esta industria es destructora de valor porque la rentabilidad del activo neto operacional es inferior al costo de capital, donde la rentabilidad es creciente, con una caída considerable en el 2014, y el costo de capital oscilante. Esto contrasta con el sector homólogo en Estados Unidos de América donde se crea valor en cinco años, con rentabilidades del activo neto operacional superior y costo de capital inferior a la de Colombia. Los resultados encontrados podrían complementarse con estudios similares para grupos de empresas más homogéneos en cuanto a la edad, tamaño y ubicación geográfica. CÓDIGOS JEL G10, M40, L73

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the financial performance of the paper paperboard and derivatives industry in Colombia in the period 2010-2015, through an analysis of accounting and value management indicators that measure growth, efficiency, efficacy and effectiveness. It is found that this industry generates accounting returns in almost every year less in 2014; and that the behavior of its effectiveness depends in order of importance to the efficacy in the control of costs and expenses, to the efficiency of the use of resources, leaving as a third factor the financial leverage; however aggregate economic value (EVA) is destroyed each year and its aggregate market value (VMA) is negative. This industry is a value-destroyer because the profitability of net operating assets is lower than the cost of capital, where profitability is increasing, with a considerable drop in 20l4, and the cost of oscillating capital. This contrasts with the counterpart sector in the United States of America where value is created in five years, with higher net operating income and lower capital cost than Colombia. The results found could be complemented with similar studies for groups of companies more homogeneous in age, size and geographical location. JEL CLASSIFICATION G10, M40, L73

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o desempenho financeiro da indústria de papel, papelão e derivados na Colômbia no período 2010-2015, através de uma análise dos indicadores contábeis e de gestão de valor que medem seu crescimento, eficiência, eficácia e efetividade Verifica-se que esta indústria gera retornos contábeis quase todos os anos, exceto em 2014; e que o comportamento de sua efetividade depende, por ordem de importância, da eficácia no controle de custos e despesas, na eficiência do uso de recursos, com alavancagem financeira como terceiro fator; no entanto, em cada ano, o valor econômico agregado (EVA) é destruído e seu valor agregado de mercado (VMA) é negativo. Essa indústria é uma destruidora de valor porque o retorno sobre os ativos operacionais líquidos é menor do que o custo de capital, onde a lucratividade está aumentando, com uma queda considerável em 2014, e o custo do capital flutua. Isso contrasta com o setor de contrapartida nos Estados Unidos da América, onde o valor é criado em cinco anos, com retornos sobre ativos operacionais líquidos e custos de capital inferiores aos da Colômbia. Os resultados encontrados poderiam ser complementados por estudos semelhantes para grupos de empresas que são mais homogêneas em termos de idade, tamanho e localização geográfica. CLASSIFICAÇÕES JEL G10, M40, L73

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Introducción El presente estudio de casos revela los avances tecnológicos en el tratamiento de las fracturas de mano realizados por el grupo de investigación F-CIBER-HAND en Manizales, Colombia; integra la intervención quirúrgica practicada por el cirujano ortopedista de mano, la movilización temprana indicada por Fisiatría, la rehabilitación convencional por fisioterapeuta especializada en Ortopedia y Traumatología, y la terapia de movilización pasiva mediante ortesis robóticas. Materiales y métodos Se seleccionaron cuatro pacientes: paciente con fractura intraarticular compleja de la cabeza del quinto metacarpiano de la mano derecha; paciente con fractura conminuta de la base del cuarto metacarpiano de la mano izquierda; paciente con fractura diafisiaria del quinto metacarpiano de la mano derecha, y paciente con fractura subcapital del segundo metacarpiano de la mano izquierda, los cuales fueron tratados de acuerdo con los cuatro momentos terapéuticos descritos, con seguimiento de su evolución clínica individual. Resultados En todos los pacientes se ponen de manifiesto la recuperación funcional de la mano según la Escala de Discapacidades del Hombro, el Codo y la Mano (DASH), la disminución de la intensidad del dolor según la Escala Visual Análoga del Dolor (EVA) y la recuperación del arco de movilidad articular; además, todos los pacientes retornaron a las actividades de la vida diaria y laborales. Discusión Se concluye que con el manejo quirúrgico especializado y la rehabilitación temprana complementada con ortesis robóticas, se mejoró la funcionalidad de la mano, disminuyó el dolor, hubo ganancia del arco articular y reinserción a las actividades cotidianas. El propósito del estudio es generar evidencia clínica de que el manejo interdisciplinario especializado y el uso de ortesis robóticas mejora la condición clínica de los pacientes con fracturas de la mano. Nivel de evidencia clínica nivel IV.

Background The present cases study reveals technological advances in the treatment of hand fractures performed by the F-CIBER-HAND research group in Manizales - Colombia, integrating the surgical intervention by Hand Orthopedic Surgeon, early mobilization Indicated by Physiatry, the conventional rehabilitation by Physiotherapist specialized in Orthopedics and Traumatology, and passive mobilization therapy whit robotic orthoses. Materials and methods Four patients were selected: patient with complex intra-articular fracture in the head of the 5th right metacarpal, patient with a fracture in the base of the 4th left metacarpal, patient with diaphyseal fracture of the 5th right metacarpal, and patient with subcapital fracture of the 2nd left metacarpal, who were treated according to the four therapeutic moments described, with follow-up of their individual clinical evolution. Results In all patients was evident functional recovery of the hand according to the DASH scale, decrease of pain intensity according to analogous visual scale, and recovery of the joint mobility arc. In addition, all the patients returned satisfactorily to the daily life activities and jobs. Discussion It was concluded that with specialized surgical management and early rehabilitation complemented with robotic orthoses, the functionality of the hand was improved, pain decreased, there was gain of the articular arch and reinsertion to daily activities. The purpose of the study is to generate clinical evidence that specialized interdisciplinary management and the use of robotic orthoses improve the clinical condition of patients with hand fractures. Evidence level IV.

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Introdução: o EVA (polietileno-co acetato de vinila) é um tipo de espuma, com baixo custo e ampla gama de aplicações. Misturas de EVA e amido proporcionam diferentes tipos de estrutura porosa favorecendo seu uso como scaffold para regeneração tecidual óssea. Objetivo: resultados prévios mostraram reação tecidual favorável ao seu uso como biomaterial, sendo assim, os mesmos foram investigados para fins de regeneração óssea. Método: nesse trabalho, 22 ratos linhagem Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos (4 destinados ao experimento piloto e 18 destinados ao projeto). Primeiramente, 4 animais foram submetidos à cirurgia na calota craniana para en xerto onlay em tecido ósseo dos biomateriais: 1) EVA com amido a 15% espumado em alta pressão com ultrassom (EVAMCU), 2) EVA espumado em alta pressão com ultrassom (EVACU), 3) EVA espumado em alta pressão sem ultrassom (EVASU), 4) EVA com amido a 15% espumado em alta pressão sem ultrassom (EVAMSU). Após 30 dias do pós-operatório, os biomateriais EVACU e EVAMCU apresentaram resultados microscópicos com fibrovascularização favorável e bom desempenho. Em sequência, 18 ratos foram submetidos à cirurgia de enxerto e após 7, 14 e 90 dias, 6 animais foram submetidos à eutanásia para coleta dos biomateriais e tecidos adjacentes da calota craniana. Foi realizada análise qualitativa da região de fibrovascularização, bem como do possível potencial osteogênico da região ao redor dos biomateriais ao longo dos períodos. Resultados e Conclusão: os biomateriais testados demonstraram biocompatibilidade e capacidade para regeneração óssea, no entanto, mais estudos precisam ser realizados, como por exemplo, em defeitos ósseos bicorticais.

Introduction: the EVA (polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate) is a kind of foam with low cost and wide range of applications. EVA and starch mixtures provide different types of porous structure favoring its use as scaffold for bone tissue regeneration. Objective: Previous results showed tissue reaction favorable to its use as biomaterial, and thus, they were investigated for purposes of bone regeneration. Method: in this study, 22 male Wistar rats were divided into two groups, 4 of them for the pilot experiment and 18 for the project. First, 4 animals underwent surgery on the skull cap for onlay graft in bone tissue of the biomaterials: 1) EVA with starch to 15% foamed at high pressure with ultrasound, 2) EVA foam at high pressure with ultrasound, 3) EVA foam for high pressure without ultrasound, 4) EVA with 15% starch foamed at high pressure without ultrasound). The results were evaluated microscopically 30 days after surgery and the biomaterials EVACU and EVAMCU presented good performance with favorable fibrovascularization. Eighteen rats were submitted to graft surgery and after 7, 14 and 90 days, 6 animals were submitted to euthanasia for the collection of biomaterials and adjacent tissues of the skullcap. A qualitative analysis of the region of fibro vascularization was performed, as well as the potential osteogenic based on the microscopic findings of the region surrounding the biomaterials throughout the periods. Results and Conclusion: the biomaterials tested demonstrated biocompatibility and capacity for bone regeneration, however, more studies need to be performed, for example, on bicortical bone defects.

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