RESUMO
Rigidoporus microporus, which causes white root rot disease (WRD) in Hevea brasiliensis, is a looming threat to rubber plantation in Malaysia. The current study was conducted to determine and evaluate the efficiency of fungal antagonists (Ascomycota) against R. microporus in rubber trees under laboratory and nursery conditions. A total of 35 fungal isolates established from the rubber tree rhizosphere soil were assessed for their antagonism against R. microporus by the dual culture technique. Trichoderma isolates can inhibit the radial growth of R. microporus by 75% or more in the dual culture test. Strains of T. asperellum, T. koningiopsis, T. spirale, and T. reesei were selected to assess the metabolites involved in their antifungal activity. Results indicated that T. asperellum exhibited an inhibitory effect against R. microporus in both volatile and non-volatile metabolite tests. All Trichoderma isolates were then tested for their ability in producing hydrolytic enzymes such as chitinase, cellulase and glucanase, indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophores production, and phosphate solubilization. From the positive results of the biochemical assays, T. asperellum and T. spirale were selected as the biocontrol candidates to be further tested in vivo against R. microporus. The nursery assessments revealed that rubber tree clone RRIM600 pretreated with only T. asperellum or with the combination of T. asperellum and T. spirale was able to reduce the disease severity index (DSI) and exert higher suppression of R. microporus compared to other pretreated samples, with the average DSI below 30%. Collectively, the present study demonstrates that T. asperellum represents a potential biocontrol agent that should be further explored to control R. microporus infection on rubber trees.
RESUMO
Endophytes are being considered for use in biological control, and the enzymes they secrete might facilitate their initial colonization of internal plant tissues and direct interactions with microbial pathogens. Microbial proteases are also biotechnologically important products employed in bioremediation processes, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical, photographic and food industries. In the present study, we evaluated antagonism and competitive interactions between 98 fungal endophytes and Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum sp., Phyllosticta citricarpa and Moniliophthora perniciosa. We also examined the proteolytic activities of endophytes grown in liquid medium and conducted cup plate assays. The results showed that certain strains in the assemblage of P. hispidum endophytes are important sources of antifungal properties, primarily Lasiodiplodia theobromae JF766989, which reduced phytopathogen growth by approximately 54 to 65%. We detected 28 endophytes producing enzymatic halos of up to 16.40 mm in diameter. The results obtained in the present study highlight the proteolytic activity of the endophytes Phoma herbarum JF766995 and Schizophyllum commune JF766994, which presented the highest enzymatic halo diameters under at least one culture condition tested. The increased activities of certain isolates in the presence of rice or soy flour as a substrate (with halos up to 17.67 mm in diameter) suggests that these endophytes have the potential to produce enzymes using agricultural wastes.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Endófitos/isolamento & purificação , Endófitos/metabolismo , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Fungos/metabolismo , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Piper/microbiologia , DNA Fúngico/química , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/química , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas Microbiológicas , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Endophytes are being considered for use in biological control, and the enzymes they secrete might facilitate their initial colonization of internal plant tissues and direct interactions with microbial pathogens. Microbial proteases are also biotechnologically important products employed in bioremediation processes, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical, photographic and food industries. In the present study, we evaluated antagonism and competitive interactions between 98 fungal endophytes and Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum sp., Phyllosticta citricarpa and Moniliophthora perniciosa. We also examined the proteolytic activities of endophytes grown in liquid medium and conducted cup plate assays. The results showed that certain strains in the assemblage of P. hispidum endophytes are important sources of antifungal properties, primarily Lasiodiplodia theobromae JF766989, which reduced phytopathogen growth by approximately 54 to 65%. We detected 28 endophytes producing enzymatic halos of up to 16.40 mm in diameter. The results obtained in the present study highlight the proteolytic activity of the endophytes Phoma herbarum JF766995 and Schizophyllum commune JF766994, which presented the highest enzymatic halo diameters under at least one culture condition tested. The increased activities of certain isolates in the presence of rice or soy flour as a substrate (with halos up to 17.67 mm in diameter) suggests that these endophytes have the potential to produce enzymes using agricultural wastes.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Endófitos/isolamento & purificação , Endófitos/metabolismo , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Fungos/metabolismo , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Piper/microbiologia , DNA Fúngico/química , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/química , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas Microbiológicas , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Endophytes are being considered for use in biological control, and the enzymes they secrete might facilitate their initial colonization of internal plant tissues and direct interactions with microbial pathogens. Microbial proteases are also biotechnologically important products employed in bioremediation processes, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical, photographic and food industries. In the present study, we evaluated antagonism and competitive interactions between 98 fungal endophytes and Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum sp., Phyllosticta citricarpa and Moniliophthora perniciosa. We also examined the proteolytic activities of endophytes grown in liquid medium and conducted cup plate assays. The results showed that certain strains in the assemblage of P. hispidum endophytes are important sources of antifungal properties, primarily Lasiodiplodia theobromae JF766989, which reduced phytopathogen growth by approximately 54 to 65%. We detected 28 endophytes producing enzymatic halos of up to 16.40 mm in diameter. The results obtained in the present study highlight the proteolytic activity of the endophytes Phoma herbarum JF766995 and Schizophyllum commune JF766994, which presented the highest enzymatic halo diameters under at least one culture condition tested. The increased activities of certain isolates in the presence of rice or soy flour as a substrate (with halos up to 17.67 mm in diameter) suggests that these endophytes have the potential to produce enzymes using agricultural wastes.(AU)